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IntroductionElectrospinning is the most versatile of all the methods formaking nanofibers. The method could be applied to virtuallyeverysolubleorfusiblepolymerandthepolymersolutionscanbemodifiedwithadditivespriortoorafterelectrospinningforspecialpurposes[1,2].Thoughtheelectrospinningtechniquecanbescaledupforcommercialproduction,itsproductivityhasbeena challenge [2]. There have therefore been many attempts toimproveontheproductivityoftheprocess.Improvedandmoreefficient versionsofelectro spinninghave recentlyevolvedbutthey all operateon thebasic principles of the techniques. Thedifferentversionscanbecategorizedundermononozzle,multinozzleandneedlelesselectrospinning.
In the multi nozzle electro spinning, the polymer solution isfed into an array of nozzles or needleswhich are either staticormoving [3,4].Uniformandbead-freenanofibersare formed
only when all the electrospinning parameters are optimized.However, it is difficult to check case-by-case whether all theparametersareoptimizedpriortoelectrospinnning.Optimizationof the electrospinning parameters could be checked duringelectrospinningusingthestabilityandshapeoftheTaylorconeorthepatternofnanofiberdeposition.
Thesurfaceof theelectrospunnanofibrecanbe functionalizedwith a ligand in order to create reactive sites that are specificto thedesiredbindingmoleculesoranalyteof interest [5]andalso, to enhance their absorption properties (chemical sensorsandbiosensors)andalsoextendtheirshelflife[6].Themoderntrendsinthefunctionalizationofnanofiberssuchastreatmentbyblending,coating,radiationwithelectromagneticwave,electronbeam,ironbeamandcoronaorplasmatreatmenthavealsobeenfoundusefulforthesynthesisofelectrospunnanofibers[7].
Electrospinning, Functionalization and Quaternization of Polyvinylbenzylchloride
(PVBC) Electrospun Nanofibers
AbstractThepolyvinylbenzylchloride(PVBC)waselectrospunintonanofibersina1:1(v/v)ratioofN,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), Tetrahyhdrofuran solventmixture, thesurfacewas functionalizedusingethylenediamineandfinallyquaternizedPVBCusingthreedifferentalkylgroups(CH3, C2H5 and C3H7).Fouriertransforminfrared(FTIR)analysiswasusedtocharacterizethefunctionalgroupspresent.Thebandassignedto670cm-1
v(C-Cl)disappearedcompletelytoformanewbandat1562cm-1 indicatingthepresenceofNHgrouponthefibers.Energydispersivex-rayspectrometer(EDX)forPVBCshowsthepresenceofabroadpeakforClontheunfunctionalizedfiberandthispeakdisappearstoformasharppeakofnitrogenfrom the amine in ethylenediamine (EDA) of thefibers. X-raydiffraction (XRD)analysisofthefibersrevealsthesharppeakon40(2θ)degreeaxisonthesurfaceofthefunctionalizedfibers.Itwasalsoobservedthat,Brunauer,Emmett,Teller (BET)surfaceareaofthesorbentmaterials(PVBC)changedafterthefunctionalizationwithamine.
Keywords: Polyvinylbenzylchloride(PVBC);Ethylenediamine(EDA);Alkylgroups(CH3, C2H5 and C3H7)
Journal of Organic & Inorganic ChemistryISSN 2472-1123
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In thiscaseElectrospinpolyvinylbenzylchloride intonanofibers,postfunctionalizedwithethylenediamineandthenquaternized,usingthreedifferentalkylgroupstoproducedifferentnanofibersandcharacterizationofthesorbentmaterials.
Materials and MethodsMaterials polyvinylbenzylchloride (PVBC), N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), Tetrahyhdrofuran (THF),ethylenediamine (EDA), were purchased from Sigma Aldrich(Johannesburg, South Africa) and used as obtained. All thechemicalswereofanalyticalgrade.
Electrospinning of polyvinylbenzylchloride (PVBC)ThedifferentconcentrationsofPVBCfrom20,25,30,35,40and45wt%solutionswerepreparedina1:1(v/v)ratioofDMF:THFsolventmixture.Themixtureswerestirredatroomtemperatureovernight until a homogeneous solution was formed. It wasthentransferredintoasyringe.Thesyringewasconnectedtoanelectrospinningset-upconsistingofahighvoltagesupplyandanaluminumcollectingplate.Theflowrateofthepolymersolutionwascontrolledusingaprogrammablesyringepump.Thesolutionwaselectrospunatapositivevoltageof15kV,thetip-to-collectordistancewas15cmandtheflowratewas0.2mL/handalltheseconditionsgaveananofiber.Allprocedureswerecarriedoutatroomtemperature.
Post functionalization of polyvinylbenzylchloride (PVBC) nanofibers2.15gofPVBCnanofiberpresented in Figure 1.4(E)wascutoutincircularportionsof(1.5cm)ofthenanofibersheetsoakedin8.0gofethylenediamine(EDA)in15mLofethanolandshakenonamechanicalshakerforfivedays(Figure 1.0)andthereactioninthevesselwasallowedtoproceedat80-100°Cfor36hrsfortheaminationreaction.Afterthereaction,themodifiedfiberswereremovedfromthesolutionandthefiberswashedwithmethanol,Soxhletextractedwithmethanol,andthenairdried.
Quatenization of polyvinylbenzylchloride (PVBC)2.0 g each of the post functionalized polyvinylbenzylchloridewereprepared indifferent100mL reactionvessel.A50mLof
ethylenediaminewasintroducedintothe100mLvesselcontaining7.0gofmethyliodidein4.0goflutidineandethanolwasaddedinto100mLreactionvesselwithastirrerandwasshakenonamechanical shaker at 50°C to60°C for 24hrs. Thequaternizedfibrewas filtered under vacuum and,washed extensivelywithwater.Theiodinewasremovedbywashingthequaternizedfiberswith100mLof0.1MFeCl3in6MHCl,followedbyusingahot100mLof0.05MNa2S2O5solutionandfinally50mLofconc.HClwasusedtoprotonatethesitesandthefiberwasdriedinadesiccatorfor24hrs(sameprocedurewasusedforethylandproply).
FT-IR spectroscopyThe Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of PVBC,functionalized PVBC and quaternized PVBC were obtainedusing a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 100FT-IR spectrometerwith anAutoIMAGESystem.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)To determine the surface morphology of the PVBC, EDA andquaternized of PVBC, ground particles of each polymer weretakenanddustedontoa carbon sticker, then coatedwith goldusingasputtercoater(BalzersUnion,FL-9496)for30min.Imageswere recorded using INCAPentaFET3 (VegaTescan) SEM fittedwithanOxfordISISEDS.
Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS)TheEDSiscoupledtoaScanningElectronMicroscope(SEM).TheobviousadvantageofEDSelementalanalysisoverconventionalchemicalanalysisisthat,elementalcompositionofselectedphasecanbeanalysedinabulksample.Inordertogetmorestructuralinformation and understanding on the adsorption mechanismoftheunfunctionalizedandthefunctionalizedPVBC,anenergydispersivex-rayspectrometer(EDS)wasusedtoinvestigatetheelementalcompositionofthefibers.TheEDSdetectsX-raysfromthe sample when excited by the highly focused, high-energy,primaryelectronbeam,penetratingintothesample.
Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (BET) analysisBrunauer,Emmett,Teller (BET)analysis involvescarbondioxideadsorption isotherms which were measured at 77K, usingMicrometricsASAP2020surfaceareaandporosityanalyzer.Prior
SEMimages (scalebar=20µm)showingthemorphologyof fibers electrospun from PVBC solutions atconcentrationof(e)35%w/v(f)40%w/v.(voltageof15Kvandataconstantspinningdistanceof15cm).
Figure 1.4
E F
The functionalization of polyvinylbenzylchloride-baseddiquaternaryammoniumnanofibresPVBC(R’=CH3, C2H5 and C3H7).
Journal of Organic & Inorganic ChemistryISSN 2472-1123
toeachmeasurement,thesamplesweredegassedforaminimumoftwoweekstoensurecompleteremovalofadsorbedimpurities.Degassing was performed at 70°C for the liner polymers andat150°Cforcross linkedpolymers.TheBETtheory [8]explainsthephysical adsorptionof gasmoleculeson solid surfaces andprovidesthebasisformeasurementofthespecificsurfaceareaof amaterial. Thebasic conceptof the theory is anexpansionof Langmuir theory, which deals with monolayer molecularadsorptionandamultilayeradsorptionbuilton thehypothesisthat,gasmoleculesareadsorbedonsolidlayersandthat,thereisnointeractionbetweeneachadsorptionlayer[9].
Results and DiscussionCharacterization studiesFTIR studies of unfunctionalized and functionalized PVBC:Thecharacteristic peaks in the spectrum (A) of the PVBC can beassignedasfollows:670cm-1
v(C-Cl),2976cm-1 corresponds to the
CH(CH3, C2H5 and C3H7),while1451cm-1spectrum represents the
-1disappearedcompletelytoformanewbandatpeaks1562cm-1whichcanbeassignedtoN-Hgroupoftheaminegroup,whilethepeaksatbetween1610and799cm-1areduetoC=OandC=Nstretchinggroups.Thepresenceofbandat3336cm-1isduetobondedOHgroups,whichindicatesthe presence ofwater of crystallization. According to the FTIRspectra, the location where the chemical reaction took placeduringthepreparationofPVBCmaybeproposedinFigure 1.1.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)Electrospinning is a technique thatutilizes theelectric force todrive polymer fluid and to produce polymer nanofibers. Theshear viscosity, electric conductivityand surface tensionof thepolymersolutionarethemostimportantpropertiesaffectingtheformationofnanofibers[10].
The increase in polymer concentration could adversely affectthecohesivenessof the liquid, thus leadingtoreduction inthesurfacetensionofthepolymerinsolution.
The SEM images of the 20 and 25% (w/v) electrospunnanofibersfor(PVBC)PVBCinN,N’-dimethylformamide(DMF),Tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution are shown in Figures 1.2a and 1.2b,adropletsprayoccurredandacontinuous jetofpolymerparticleswas formedatFigure 1.2a. The jet from lowviscositysolutionsbreaksupintodropletsduetotheloweramount20%w/vofpolymer.Atsolutionconcentrationof25,30,(w/v)PVBCin Figures 1.2b and 1.3c thepresenceof beadswasobserved,but thebeadswerecompletelydisappearedandthe formationofbeadfreefiberswereobservedwhentheconcentrationofthesolutionwasincreasedto40and45%w/v.Itisbelievedthat,therelativelyhighviscosity(30,40,45%w/v),oftheconcentrationsolution,voltageanddistancemadethemorphologyofthefiberto improve from bead to bead free fibers. The best optimumcondition for the morphology was observed with 45% (w/v)solution,withdiameter ranging from650-680nmandthiswassubjectedforpostfunctionalizationusingethylenediamine(EDA).
Figure 1.5g themorphologyof the45%w/velectrospunPVBCnanofibers was functionalized with EDA. The SEM images waspresented in Figure 1.5hwithaslightdifferencewithachangeinmorphologyduringfunctionalizationandthefiberswerenotdamaged.Thefiberdiameterrangewas665-769nm.ThisshowsaslightincreaseinthefiberdiameterafterthefunctionalizationwithEDA.
FTIR absorption spectra for the unfunctionalizedpolyvinylbenzylchloride(A),functionalizedPVBC(B)andthequaternizedPVBC(R’=CH3, C2H5 and C3H7)(C,DandE)nanofibres.
Figure 1.1
799 1610 3336
799
799
1610
1610
3336
3336
3336
1451
1451670
E
D
C
B
A1562
1000 2000 3000 4000Wavenumber (cm-1)
SEMimages(scalebar=20µm)showingthemorphologyof fibers electrospun from PVBC solutions atconcentration of (a) (particles) 20% w/v (b) (beaded)25%w/v. (voltageof15Kvandataconstantspinningdistanceof15cm).
Journal of Organic & Inorganic ChemistryISSN 2472-1123
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AfterthefunctionalizePVBCinEDA,asshowninFigure 1.5h, the functionalizedfiberswerequaternizedusing,methyl,ethylandpropyliodide,inlutidineandethanoltogivetheSEMmorphologyin Figures 1.6I, 1.6j and 1.7k.
Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) used for PVBCTheEDSiscoupledtoaScanningElectronMicroscope(SEM).TheobviousadvantageofEDSelementalanalysisoverconventionalchemicalanalysisisthat,elementalcompositionofselectedphasecanbeanalysedinabulksample.Inordertogetmorestructuralinformation and understanding on the adsorption mechanismoftheunfunctionalizedandthefunctionalizedPVBC,anenergydispersivex-rayspectrometer(EDS)wasusedtoinvestigatetheelementalcompositionofthefibersasshowninFigures 1.8 and 1.9.TheEDSdetectsX-raysfromthesamplewhenexcitedbythehighlyfocused,high-energy,primaryelectronbeam,penetratingintothesample.ComparingEDSimagesofunfunctionalizedandfunctionalizedPVBC,Figure 1.8showsthepresenceofChlorineonthePVBC,theremovalofchlorineinFigure 1.9confirmsthatthefiberswerefunctionalizedwiththepresenceofNitrogenasclearlyobservedintheEDSspectraandthiswasincorroborationwithFT-IRresults.
SEMimages(scalebar=20µm)showingthemorphologyof of nanofibers (g) unfunctionalized fiber and (h)functionalized fiber with EDA, methyl iodide, lutidineandethanol.
Figure 1.5
G H
SEMimages(scalebar=20µm)showingthemorphologyof nanofibers (i) quaternized fiber with CH3 and (j)quaternizedfiberwithC2H5.
Journal of Organic & Inorganic ChemistryISSN 2472-1123
X-ray defraction analysis (XRD)Figure 2.0ashowsthespectrumofthePVBCwithabroadpeakat2 theata in2θdegreeaxis isassignedtocarbonbeforepostfunctionalizationwith EDA. The sharp peak onFigure 2 theata at40 in2θdegreeaxis isassignedtotheN in theNH3
+groupsonthesurfaceofthefunctionalizedPVBC[11]verifyingthat,theenhanced nitrogen content on the fiber surface was from theaminegroupsFigure 2.0b.
BET surface areaThe specific surface area of the sorbent defines its efficiencyfor adsorption. The surface area of unfunctionalized and thefunctionalizedPVBCnanofibermaterialsweremeasured, usingtheBETmethodandtheresultsarepresentedinTable 1.
Itwasobservedthat, thesurfaceareaofthesorbentmaterials(PVBC) changed after the functionalizationwith EDA. It canbeconcluded that the surface area of the sorbent materials wasreduced as shown in Table 2.
with R’ = CH3, C2H5 and C3H7, characterized using differentinstrumentssuchasFouriertransforminfrared(FTIR),ScanningElectronMicroscopy,EnergyDispersiveX-raySpectrometer(EDS),X-ray Defraction Analysis (XRD) and Brunauer, Emmett, Teller(BET)Analysis.Thelowcostsorbentmaterialwillbeeffectiveandserveasanalternativematerialfortheremovalofanionsfromaqueoussolutionsdueto the functionalgroupspresentonthequaternizedPVBC.
AcknowledgementsThe authors acknowledge the Department of Chemistry andElectronMicroscopy Unit, Rhodes University, for facilities andLagosstateUniversity,Nigeriaforgrantingstudyleavetothefirstauthor.
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