Electronics Components and Schema3cs J.R. Leeman and C. Marone Techniques of Geoscien3fic Experimenta3on October 11, 2016
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ElectronicsComponentsandSchema3cs
J.R.LeemanandC.Marone
TechniquesofGeoscien3ficExperimenta3on
October11,2016
Todaywewillcovercomponents,schema3cs,andbasiccircuitanalysis-whichisalotofmaterial
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ElectronicsFundamentals
Electriccircuitsareclosedloopsthatelectronsflowthrough.Electricalenergyisthestoredelectricalpoten3aldifference
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Electriccircuitsareclosedloopsthatelectronsflowthrough.Electricalenergyisthestoredelectricalpoten3aldifference
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OSencircuitsarethoughtofintermsofconven3onalcurrentflow,notelectronflow
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We’llstartbylookingatvoltage,current,resistanceandtheirrela3on
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Awatersystemisusedasacommonanalogy
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Voltageissimilartowaterpressureinahydraulicsystem
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Currentisanalogoustowaterflow
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Resistanceissimilartoflowlimitsduetothewaterpipesize
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Voltage,Current,andResistanceareallrelated
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Kirchhoff’sLaws
Kirchoff’sCurrentLaw
At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node
or equivalently the algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors meeting at a point is zero.
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Kirchoff’sVoltageLaw
The directed sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed network is zero.
More simply, the sum of the emfs in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of the potential drops in that loop.
The algebraic sum of the products of the resistances of the conductors and the currents in them in a closed loop is equal to the total emf available in
that loop.
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Ohm’sLaw
Ohm’sLawrelatesvoltage,current,andresistance
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V = I * R
Ohm’sLawrelatesvoltage,current,andresistance
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Let’scalculatethedropperresistorforanLED
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3.8V
Vf = 3.1 V If = 30 mA
Yourturn!
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Nowthat’scalculatethepowerthatresistormusthandle
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Let’sapplyourknowledgetoamorecomplexexample
Calculate the currents in this circuit
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100
200
300
4V
3V
Yourturn!
Calculate the currents, resistor voltage drops, and resistor power consumption in this circuit
ReadingaSchema3c
Wedrawcircuitsinschema3cdiagramswithsymbolstorepresentthepartsinthecircuit
Thesymbolsarestandardizedforthebasiccomponents
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Junc3onsmarkwherewiresareconnected
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Wealsousenetnamelabelstoreduceschema3cclu_er
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Whenencounteringaschema3c,splititupintofunc3onalblocks
Whenencounteringaschema3c,splititupintofunc3onalblocks
Lookforvoltagerails,theseagreatstaringtestpoints
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Readthedatasheets,thereisalotofhelpfulinforma3oninthem
Nowlet’stakeadeeperdiveintothebasiccomponents
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Resistors
Resistorsrestricttheflowofelectronsthroughacircuit
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Resistorsinseriesareaddedtogether
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Resistorsinparallelaretheinversesumoftheinverseresistances
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Let’sworkoutanexamplesimpleresistornetwork
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Let’sworkoutanexamplesimpleresistornetwork
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Let’sworkoutanexamplesimpleresistornetwork
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Capacitors
Capacitorscanstoreenergyinacircuitandresistvoltagechanges
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Capsinparallelareaddedtogether
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Capsinseriesgoastheinversesum
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Powersupplydecoupling/bypassisacommonapplica3on
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Filteringisanothercommonapplica3onofcaps
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Bewareofpolarizedcapacitorsanddesignwiththeappropriatera3ngs/typeinmind
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sW0a9d_vWoc
Inductors
Inductorsarecoilsofwire,generallyonaferrouscorethatstoreenergyinamagne3cfield.Theyresistchangesincurrent
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Whenpowerisappliedamagne3cfieldisbuiltup
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Whenpowerisremovedthatmagne3cfielddumpsitsenergy
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Inductorsarethebasisfortransformersaswell
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Diodes
Diodesareliketheone-wayvalveofelectronics(ideally)
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Currentcanfromfromtheanodetothecathode,butnotfromthecathodetotheanode
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Herearetwosimpleequivalentcircuits
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Realdiodesaremorecomplexthantheideal
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Smallsignaldiodesarelowcurrent,inexpensivediodes(i.e.1N4148)
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Powerdiodeshavehighercurrentra3ngs(i.e.1N4001)
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Scho_kydiodeshaveverylowforwardvoltages,goodwhenyoucannottoleratelargevoltagedrops
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Zenerdiodesaremeanttobeusedinreversebiastotakeadvantageoftheirprecisebreakdown(zener)voltage
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Therearealsoop3caldiodes(lightemihngandcurrentgenera3ng)
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Diodescanbeusedasarec3fiertoconvertACtoDC
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DiodesareoSenusedasreversepolarityprotec3on
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Youcanevenbuildlogicgates!Whatarethesegates?
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Youcanevenbuildlogicgates!Whatarethesegates?
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OR
Youcanevenbuildlogicgates!Whatarethesegates?
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OR AND
Flybackdiodesprotectyourcircuitsfrominduc3vevoltagespikes
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Transistors
Forsimplicity,we’lldiscusstheNPNBJT
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ButtherearetwotypesofBJT-NPNandPNP
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Transistorscanbeconceptualizedasback-to-backdiodes,butdon’ttaketheanalogyveryfar
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ElectronscaneasilyfromfromNtoPmaterial,butnotPtoN
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ButelectronsCANflowfrombasetocollectorifBase-Emi_erisforwardbiased
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Transistorscanbeusedasswitches,controlsoramplifiers
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Transistorsarenon-lineardevicesandoperateinoneoffourquadrantsofbehavior
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Satura3onisthe“ON”stateofatransistor
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Ve<VbVc<Vb
Cutoffisthe“OFF”stateofthetransistor
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Ve>VbVc>Vb
Ac3vemodeamplifiescurrentintothebasepintotheC-Ecurrent
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Vc>Vb>Ve
Reverseac3veamplifiescurrentfromemi_ertocollector,butisn’taverycommondesigncase
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Vc<Vb<Ve
Let’suseatransistorasaswitch
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Wecanalsohigh-sideswitchwithaPNP
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H-BridgescandrivesmotorsintheCWorCCWdirec3on
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Amplifiercircuitscanbesingleormul3-stageandareonlyslightlymorecomplicated
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Assignment:PairupandbuildtheArduinoVoltmeterwithonekit
Due:10/13
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