Electronic Commerce COMP3210 Session 2: Internetworking and the World Wide Web Dr. Paul Walcott Department of Computer Science, Mathematics and Physics.
Dec 25, 2015
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Electronic Commerce COMP3210
Session 2: Internetworking and the World Wide WebDr. Paul Walcott Department of Computer Science, Mathematics and PhysicsUniversity of the West Indies, Cave Hill CampusBarbados
The Department of Computer Science Mathematics and Physics, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados
© 2007 Dr. Paul Walcott
Session Objectives After completing this session you will be
able to: Describe the Internet and its history Describe the World Wide Web (WWW) Describe some of the software required to
build an e-commerce Web site Describe the Open System Interconnection
(OSI) model
Session Objectives Cont’d Describe the use of tools in the construction
of Web sites Compare and contrast different types of
computer networks Compare and contrast different methods of
connecting to the Internet Create a simple Web Page Create a simple XML document
The Internet What is the Internet? The history of the
Internet The growth of the
Internet
What is the Internet1
The Internet is a large system of inter-connected networks that span the globe
Internet-ready computers and personal digital assistants (palm and pocket PCs) can access this network2
What is the Internet Cont’d The Federal Networking Council (FNC)
defines the Internet more formally as the global information system that3: is logically linked together by a globally
unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons
What is the Internet Cont’d is able to support communications using the
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and
provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein
What is the Internet Cont’d The Internet allows:
communication by e-mail the reading of on-line newspapers, academic journals
and books the joining of discussion groups, participation in simulations and games downloading of software, electronic books, movies
and music businesses to market and sell products and services
and exchange information (e-commerce) And much more …
The History of the Internet1
In the early 1960s the US department of defense began investigating ways of creating networks of computers that coordinate and control nuclear weapons
This network was to withstand attack, so that even if part of it was down it will continue to function This network was to have no central control
These new networks required multiple channels to send information (leased lines inadequate)
The History of the Internet Cont’d In 1969 the advanced research agency
(ARPA) used this network model to connect four computers
This network was called the ARPANET During the 1970s and 1980s the academic
community contributed to this network In the late 1980s this network became the
Internet
The History of the Internet Cont’d
www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/ivh/chap2.htm
Internet Growth1
In 1969 ARPANET (the Internet) connected 4 computers
In 1990 the Internet connected 300,000 In 1995 the intranet was privatised
The structure was based on four network access points (NAPs) operated by different telecom companies in the US
As the Intranet grew, more NAPs were added
Internet Growth Cont’d The NAPs began selling Internet access rights to large
customers Internet service providers (ISPs) sold on the service to
small businesses and individuals Growth in Internet hosts rose from under 10 million in
1995 to over 180 million in 2004 Millions of people now use the Internet Billions of dollars are exchanged from the sales of
products and services Estimated number of Web sites is 40 million and
billions of web pages
The World Wide Web What is the World
Wide Web? What is hypertext? Hypertext markup
language (HTML) example
What types of Web sites exist?
www.ransen.com/Repligator/Spider.htm
What is the World Wide Web The World Wide Web (WWW) was an
Internet-based hypertext project that allowed global information sharing2
It is software that runs on machines connected to the WWW
The WWW is based on two concepts1: Hypertext and a graphical user interface (a Web browser)
What is Hypertext1
In 1945, Vannevar Bush wrote an article in the Atlantic Monthly describing a system, called Memex, that would store all a person’s books, records, letters and research results on microfilm (http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush/1)
Microfilm and indexes would then be used to quickly access this information
What is Hypertext Cont’d In the 1960s, Ted Nelson described a similar
system (http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_nelson.htm): He incorporated a page linking system called
hypertext
Tim Berners-Lee wrote a hypertext server in 1989 which
stored files written in hypertext markup language (HTML) allowed other computers to read these files
What is Hypertext Cont’d Tim Berners-Lee
hypertext server was called httpd and his client browser “WorldWideWeb” which is illustrated in the picture
HyperText Markup Language HTML is a markup language that includes a set of
tags attached to text These tags describe the relationship between text
elements A hypertext link (or hyperlink) points to another
location in the same or another HTML document (that might be stored on the same or another computer)
Given below is an example of a simple HTML document.
HTML Example<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xhtml1-20020801/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <!-- This is a simple XHTML 1.0 document --> <head> <title>Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Example</title> </head> <!-- This is the body part of the document --> <body> <p>An XHTML 1.0 document must include:</p> <ol> <li>A HEAD element</li> <li>A BODY element</li> </ol> </body> </html>
Creates a numbered list of items
HTML Example Cont’d This page includes
the paragraph, <p> tag, and the ordered list, <ol> tag
The rendered web page is illustrated on the right
You will learn more about XHTML in the next session
XML Markup Language XML or Extensible Markup Language is a
markup language that is similar to XHTML XHTML and XML, however have different
purposes: XHTML is primarily used to present (display) data,
while XML is used to describe data
An example of a simple XML document which stores course information is illustrated below:
XML Example<?xml version="1.0"?><!-- The syntax for comments is the same as in XHTML --><courses> <course id="1"> <code>COMP3210</code> <name>Electronic Commerce</name> <credits>4</credits> </course></courses>
Graphical Interface for Hypertext A Web browser is a graphical user interface used to read
and navigate through files written in HTML In 1993 the first graphical web browser was developed;
called Mosiac (http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/NCSAMosaicHome.html)
Popular web browsers include: Microsoft Internet Explorer
(http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ie/default.mspx) Netscape (http://browser.netscape.com) Mozilla Firefox (http://www.mozilla.com/firefox/)
Mosiac Web Browser
Internet Explorer Web Browser
Netscape Web Browser
Mozilla Firefox Web Browser
Hypertext Servers (Web Servers)1
There are several Web servers available today, however the most popular are (April 2006 survey)4,8: Apache HTTP Server 67.11% (down from 69.01% in
2004) Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) 20.61%
(down from 23.26% in 2004) Sun Java System Web Server (JSWS) (former names
are Sun One, iPlanet Enterprise Server and Netscape Enterprise Server) 2.50% (up from 0.86% in 2004)
Apache (“A Patchy” Server) Developed in 1994 by Rob McCool The original core system has many patches
applied to it, and thus its name Apache has dominated the Web since 1996 Freely available Runs on many operating systems including
FreeBSD-UNIX, HP-UX, Linux, Microsoft Windows, SCO-UNIX and Solaris
Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) Comes bundled with Microsoft Windows Server
operating system IIS used on many corporate intranets (Microsoft
standard product) Originally written to run on Windows NT and
Windows 2000; runs on Windows 2003 Server and Windows XP
Supports ASP, ActiveX Data objects and SQL queries
Sun Java System Web Server This is a descendant of the original NCSA server Cost US$1500-per-CPU licensing fee Runs on HP-UX, Solaris and Windows Is ODBC compatible (i.e. full access to ODBC
compliant databases) ODBC is short for Open DataBase Connectivity, a
standard database access method which allows access to data from any application (http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/O/ODBC.html)
Web Site Types There are numerous different types of Web sites
including: Development sites: are used by companies to
evaluate web site designs. The initial investment in these sites are small since they use existing hardware (i.e. no special hardware is purchased)
Intranets: these are corporate networks that hold documents such as internal memos, corporate handbooks, expense account worksheets, budgets and newsletters
Web Site Types Cont’d
Extranets: which allow external entities, e.g. suppliers and strategic partners to access a subset of the information on the Intranet
Transaction-processing: These sites operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week and require fast, reliable hardware and e-commerce software Web sites hosting B2B and B2C activities must have spare
capacity to support an increase in customer volume.
Web Site Types Cont’d Content-delivery: sites must be available
seven days a week, 24 hours a day and require fast and precise search engines to help visitors locate information quickly These sites deliver content such as news, histories
and other digital information.
Networking What is a computer
network? What are some of the
types of networks? Characteristics of
networks Network topology Network protocols Network architectures
http://www-structure.llnl.gov/Xray/comp/network.gif
What is a Network5
A network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together
Types of Networks6
There are several types of computer networks including: Local-area networks (LANs)
Computers that are geographically close to each other (in the same building)
Wide-area networks (WANs) Computers are farther apart than LANs; typically
connected by telephone lines or radio waves
Types of Networks Cont’d Campus-area networks (CANs)
These computers are within a limited geographic area, e.g. a campus
Metropolitan-area networks (MANs) These networks are designed for towns and cities
Home-area networks (HANs) A network created in a person’s home
Characteristics of Networks5,6
A network is characterised by its: Topology
The geometric arrangement of the computer system
Architecture This refers to the two major type of networks, peer-to-peer
or client/server
Protocol The set of rules and signals used to communicate (e.g.
Ethernet or IBM’s Token Ring)
Network Topologies6
Common network topologies include: Star topology Ring topology Bus topology Other topologies
include the: Mesh topology Tree topology
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/s/star_network.html
Network Topologies Cont’d Network topologies are considered either
logical or physical The physical layout of a network is its
physical topology The way signals are routed through a network
is the logical topology Just because a network has a particular
physical topology does not mean that its logical topology must be the same
Network Topologies Cont’d For example:
Twisted-pair Ethernet has a logical bus topology on a physical star topology layout
IBM’s token ring has a logical ring topology on a physical star topology layout
Star Topology In a Star network all nodes are connected
through a central hub A node is a computer or device, e.g. a printer;
each node has a unique address called the Data Link Control (DLC) address or the Media Access Control (MAC) address
The main advantage of the star network is that a malfunctioning node does not affect the rest of the network
Star Topology Cont’d The main disadvantage of the star network
is that: It requires more cabling than other topologies
(e.g. the ring network), and If the hub goes down, the network no longer
functions Standard twisted-pair Ethernet uses a
physical star topology
Ring Topology Each node in a ring network is connected to two
other nodes to form a closed loop Messages pass around the ring and each node
reads the message addressed to it One advantage of a ring network is that it can
span larger distances than other networks (e.g. bus) because each node regenerates the signal
One disadvantage is that malfunctioning nodes can make other nodes inaccessible
IBM’s token ring uses a logical ring topology
Bus Topology The nodes in a bus topology are connected to a
central cable called a bus or backbone The bus has two end points One advantage of the bus network is that if one
node goes down the network still functions One disadvantage of the bus network is it can not
travel as long a distance as say a ring network due to the diminishing signal strength
Ethernet 10Base-2 and 10Base-5 use the bus topology
Mesh Topology In the mesh topology
many redundant connections exist between nodes; in a true mesh, each node is connected to every other node
http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/topologies.asp
Tree Topology The tree topology is a
hybrid where groups of star-configured networks are connected to a linear bus backbone
http://www.webopedia.com/quick_ref/topologies.asp
Architecture6
The two main types of architecture are Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Client/Server
http://www.rebri.org.nz/images/builder-big.jpg
Peer-To-Peer (P2P) Networks In a P2P network each node has equivalent
capabilities and responsibilities These networks are simpler than
Client/Server but do not offer the same performance under heavy loads
Client/Server Networks In a Client/Sever network each node is either a
client or server Client computers run applications, but rely on
servers for resources such as files and printing capabilities
Servers are powerful computers that manage files, printers or network traffic
This architecture is sometimes called the two-tier architecture
Network Devices Several devices are used in networks
including: Hubs Switches Bridges Routers
Network Devices (Cont’d)Hub A hub is a central connection point for
several network devices There are two types of hubs:
An active hub is usually powered Amplifies and cleans up the signal it receives
A passive hub is not powered Uses some of the signal strength in order to
operate -- operates over shorter distances
Network Devices (Cont’d)Switch (or Switching Hub) A switch builds a table of the MAC addresses of
the devices connected to it When the switch receives the data, the actual
node that the data needs to be sent to is determined and the data sent to that node This is the difference between a switch and a hub,
since the hub sends all the messages to all connected nodes
Network Devices (Cont’d)Bridge A bridge logically separates a single network into
two segments This is useful when you have one or more servers
(for example) on the network that are heavily used and others that are not By separating the network with a bridge, the
performance of the part of the network that is less active is not compromised
Network Devices (Cont’d)Router Routing is the process of moving data
through a network using routers Routers store information about which
routes packets can take to get to their destinations on files called routing tables Only packets with specified destinations will
be routed
The OSI Model9
The Open Systems Interconnect Model (OSI): provides a fundamental understanding of network
data transmission through a set of guidelines Promotes interoperability Describes the tasks a protocol suite (the set of rules
used which allow computers to communicate) perform
Developed in 1977 by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
The OSI Model (Cont’d) The OSI model
consists of seven layers Each layer performs
a particular function and passes the result to the next layer
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/osi-model.jpg
The OSI Model (Cont’d) The Application layer:
Refers to tools that an application can use to complete a task, e.g. spreadsheet software requesting a file transfer
Defines how network services interact with the network These services include file, print and messaging
services
The OSI Model (Cont’d) The Presentation Layer:
Responsible for formatting data that will be exchanged Data encryption Converting character sets Data Compression
The OSI Model (Cont’d) The Session Layer:
Specifies how two computers establish, synchronise, maintain and end a session Security authentication Data transfer Acknowledgements Connection release
The OSI Model (Cont’d) The Transport Layer:
Ensures that data is transmitted error free Breaks long messages into smaller chunks
and recompiles them Combines short messages into longer chunks Logical name resolution Acknowledges packet receipt
The OSI Model (Cont’d) The Network Layer:
Defines protocols to ensure that data arrives at the correct destination Relies on logical network addresses (e.g. IP
addresses)
The OSI Model (Cont’d) The Data Link Layer:
Creates, transmits and receives packets Is responsible for:
the physical address (MAC) Creating logical topologies
The OSI Model (Cont’d) The Physical Layer:
Converts data into electrical signals i.e. converts 1 and 0 bits to voltages to pass allow
the medium (e.g. a cable)
Determines the amount of media that will be used
Is responsible for the physical topology
Protocols Protocols are agreed
formats for transmitting data between devices6
The protocol determines: The error checking
required Data compression
method used The way the end of a
message is signaled T
The way the device indicates that it has received the message
Internet Protocols There are many protocols used by the
Internet and the WWW, including TCP/IP HTTP FTP Electronic mail protocols
IMAP POP
TCP/IP The Internet uses two main protocols (developed
by Vicent Cerf and Robert Kahn) Transmission control protocol (TCP)
Controls disassembly of message into packets at the origin Reassembles at the destination
Internet protocol (IP) Specifies the addressing details for each packet
Each packet is labeled with its origin and destination
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Uses a 32 bit number to identify each
computer Called the IP address (4 billion addresses) IP addresses use the dotted decimal notation,
e.g. 0.0.0.0 or 255.255.255.255
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Set to replace version 4 Changes the format of the packets
Removes unused fields Uses 128 bit number (2128 addresses)
Eight groups of 16 bits e.g. CD18:0000:0000:AF23:0000:FF9E:61B2:884D To simplify zeroes may be removed
CD18:::AF23::FF9E:61B2:884D
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)7
The hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991
HTTP was designed to transfer pages between machines
The client (or Web browser) makes a request for a given page and the Server is responsible for finding it and returning it to the client
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) The browser connects and requests a page from the server The server reads the page from the file system, sends it to
the client and terminates the connection
Client Web Server
Request sent to Web server
Response sent with files (one for eachWeb page, image, sound clip etc.)
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)2
FTP is a protocol that allows a user to: list files at a remote site Transfer files between local and remote computers
Using FTP you can not run applications on a remote site
Also you can only look at the names of the files on the remote computer; rather than being able to read them
FTP is still used today; e.g. to transfer large files between computers, or to upload Web sites
Electronic Mail Protocols Electronic mail uses the client/server
model The organisation has an email server
devoted to handling email Stores and forwards email messages
Individuals use email client software to read and send email (e.g. Microsoft Outlook, or Netscape Messenger)
Electronic Mail Protocols Cont’d Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Specifies format of mail messages Post Office Protocol (POP)
tells the email server to: Send mail to the user’s computer and delete it
from the server Send mail to the user’s computer and do not delete
it from the server Ask whether new mail has arrived
Electronic Mail Protocols Cont’d Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP)
Newer than POP, provides similar functions with additional features e.g. can send specific messages to the client rather
than all the messages A user can view email message headers and the
sender’s name before downloading the entire message
Allows users to delete and search mailboxes held on the email server
Electronic Mail Protocols Cont’d The disadvantage of POP
You can only access messages from one PC The disadvantage of IMAP
Since email is stored on the email server, there is a need for more and more expensive (high speed) storage space
Terminal Emulation - Telnet Telnet is a terminal emulation program for
TCP/IP networks The telnet program runs on a local machine and
allows connection to a remote machine Commands entered through the telnet program
will be executed on the Server; this gives the user the ability to control the Server
To log into the Server a valid username and password is required
Ping Ping is a utility for system administrators/
webmasters to allow them to check network connections
Connecting to the Internet1
What are some of the ways of connecting to the Internet?
http://www.co.delaware.ny.us/links.htm
Internet Connection Options Internet service providers (ISPs) provide several
ways to connect to the Internet, including: Voice grade telephone lines Broadband connections Leased lines Wireless
The major distinguishing factor is bandwidth (the amount of data that can be transferred per unit of time)
Bandwidth and Connections Symmetric connection: provides the same
bandwidth in both directions Asymmetric connections: provide different
bandwidths for either direction Upstream bandwidth (upload bandwidth): the amount
of information that can travel from the user to the Internet in a given amount of time
Downstream bandwidth (download or downlink bandwidth): the amount of information that can be transferred from the Internet to the user in an amount of time
Voice-grade Telephone Connections
The most common way to connect to an ISP is through a modem (analog) connected to POTS (plain old telephone service) lines
The speed of this connection is 28 to 56Kbps
It was typical for computers to be shipped with built-in modems
Broadband Connections Connections that operate at speeds higher
than 200Kbps are considered broadband Two of the major broadband connections
for home users and small businesses are: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and Cable modems
Broadband Connections Cont’dDigital subscriber line (DSL) Uses telephone lines and a
piece of equipment similar to a network switch
Both voice calls and an Internet connection are provided simultaneously
The closer you are to the provider’s central office, the better the service
This service is not available everywhere http://computer.howstuffworks.com/dsl.htm
Broadband Connections Cont’d One of the latest broadband technologies is
asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) Bandwidths from 100-640Kbps upstream and
from 1.5 to 9 Mbps downstream For businesses a high-speed DSL (HDSL)
is available 768Kbps of symmetric bandwidth
Broadband Connections Cont’dCable Modems Cable modems connect to the same broadband
coaxial cable that serves cable television Upstream bandwidth of 300Kbps to 1 Mbps is
provided and downstream bandwidth of 10Mbps Please note that upstream and downstream
bandwidths vary from provider to provider
Broadband Connections Cont’dDSL v Cable DSL is a private line with no competing traffic Cable connections bandwidth vary with the user
load (number of subscribers using the service) Problems
Web users in rural areas often do not have cable access and have limited telephone access (low cost voice-grade lines, rather than data-grade lines) thus bandwidth is limited (<14Kbps)
Leased-Line Connections Large firms with large amounts of Internet traffic
can lease lines from telecommunication carriers Various technologies are used; classified by the
amount of telephone lines they include: DS0 (digital signal zero) carries one digital signal
(64Kbps) T1 (or DS1) carries 24 DS0 lines (1.544Mbps) Fractional T1 (128Kbps and upwards) T3 (or DS3) carries 30 T1 lines (44.736Mbps)
These connections more expensive than POTS and DSL
Wireless Connections Satellite Bluetooth Wireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi) Fixed-Point Wireless Cellular Telephone Networks
Wireless ConnectionsSatellite Satellite microwave
transmissions Customer places receiving
dish in yard Download bandwidth of
around 500 kbps Maximum upload
bandwidth of 150kbps Self installation makes
cost lower
http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~arnoldo/ocean405/satellite.gif
Wireless ConnectionsBluetooth One of the first wireless
protocols Operates reliably over 35
feet and can be part of up to 10 networks of eight devices each (personal area networks, or PANs)
Bandwidth of 722kbps Good for wireless
printinghttp://www.bakercountyhealth.org/services/dental/blue-tooth.jpg
Wireless ConnectionsBluetooth Advantages Bluetooth technology consumes very little
power Bluetooth devices can discover each other
and exchange information automatically (e.g. a user can print to a printer on a network without logging on)
Wireless ConnectionsWireless Ethernet (Wi-Fi)
(802.11b) Most common wireless
on LANs Bandwidth 11Mbps at
300 feet A computer with a Wi-Fi
network can communicate with a wireless access point (WAP) to become a part of the network
http://www.homenethelp.com/web/diagram/images/shareing-soft-wireless.gif
Wireless ConnectionsWireless Ethernet Advantages Wi-Fi devices can roam, i.e. shift from one
WAP to another without user intervention Increasingly WAPs are becoming available
in public places, e.g. airports
Wireless ConnectionsWireless Ethernet Developments In 2002 an improved version of Wi-Fi, called 802.11a
was introduced The 802.11a protocol can transmit at speeds up to 54Mbps 802.11a is not compatible with 802.11b
Later in 2002, the 802.11g protocol was introduced which is compatible with 802.11b devices and has speeds of 54Mbps
In 2004-2005, 802.11n was expected (320Mbps) In January 2006 the 802.11n proposal was confirmed and
manufacturers began supplying chips with throughput of 300Mbps - 600Mbps for sampling
Wireless ConnectionsFixed Point Wireless Uses a system of
repeaters (transmitter-receiver devices) to forward a radio signal from the ISP to customers
Users’ antennas are connected to a device that converts radio signals to Wi-Fi packets which are sent to their computers
http://www.erinc.com/apps_wireless/images/fixed_wireless2.gif
Wireless ConnectionsCellular Telephone Networks In 2003, about 500 million
mobile (cell) phones existed worldwide
Originally slow data communication (10 kbps – 384kbps)
Third generation cell phones Up to 2 Mbps
http://www.mtco.com/graphics/cellularpic.jpg
Wireless ConnectionsCellular Telephone Networks Cont’d Cell phones send and receive messages using the
short message service (SMS) protocol Some cell phones (e.g. the Blackberry,
http://www.blackberry.com) include: a Web browser which provides web access Email short message service (sms) Instant messaging
Wireless ConnectionsCellular Telephone Networks Cont’d Cell phones send and receive messages using the
short message service (SMS) protocol Companies also sell Internet access through their
cellular networks Fixed fee plus charge for amount of data transferred
Business potential of mobile commerce Companies are identifying the kinds of resources
individuals might want to access (and pay for) using wireless devices
Electronic Commerce Software What are some of the
software requirements for an e-commerce site?
Electronic Commerce Software Cont’d The software requirements for e-commerce
sites vary tremendously and are dependent on several factors including: The size of the enterprise and its projected
traffic The budget
Electronic Commerce Software Cont’d
All e-commerce solutions must provide at least the following: A catalog display Shopping cart capabilities Transaction processing
Electronic Commerce Software Cont’d
Larger e-commerce sites require additional functionality, such as: Middleware that links the company’s existing system
(inventory control, order processing and accounting) to the e-commerce system
Databases and Applications Supply chain management software Customer relationship management software Content management software Knowledge management software
Tools Several tools are used in the construction of web
sites including: HTML editors
E.g. Microsoft FrontPage, Microsoft Office and Macromedia Dreamweaver
Other tools include: Debuggers HTML/XML validators Graphic editors Text editors
Tools (Cont’d) These tools are useful since they allow
people with very little knowledge of HTML to create web pages
It is important to be careful with tools, however since the code that is automatically generated may be difficult to decipher if a problem does occur
References[1] Schneider, Gary, P., “Electronic Commerce: The second wave”, Thomson Course
Technology, Fifth Annual Edition, 2004[2] Zhao, Jensen J., “Web design and development for e-business”, Prentice Hall, 2003[3] Federal Networking Council, “FNC Resolution: Definition of the Internet”, 1995. Online
document available at http://www.itrd.gov/fnc/Internet_res.html [4] NetCraft, “April 2004 Web Server Survey”, 2004. Online document available at
http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2004/04/01/april_2004_web_server_survey.html[5] Furdyk, Michael, “Ultimate Guide to Networking: Part One”, 1999. Online document
available at http://www.hardwarecentral.com/hardwarecentral/print/158/[6] Webopedia, “Network”, 2004. Online document available at
http://networking.webopedia.com/TERM/N/network.html [7] Berlin, Dan, et al., “CGI Programming Unleased”, Sams.net Publishing, 1996, pp. 101-102[8] NetCraft, “April 2006 Web Server Survey”, 2006. Online document available at
http://news.netcraft.com/archives/web_server_survey.html[9] Sybex Inc, “Networking Complete”, Sybex, Inc, Third Edition, 2002
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