ELECTROMAGNETIC NOISE IN LUCKY FRIDAY MINE W. W. Scott, NBS J. W. Adams, NBS W. D. Bensema, NBS H. Dobroski, U. S. Bureau of Mines Electromagnetics Division Institute for Basic Standards National Bureau of Standards Boulder, Colorado 80302 The views and conclusions contained in this document should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or recommendations of the Interior Department's Bureau of Mines of the U. S. Government. October 1974 Prepared for U. S. Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center 4800 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Working Fund Agreement HO 133005 - - -- U.S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS R~chard W Roberts Dtrector
139
Embed
Electromagnetic Noise in Lucky Friday Mine · 100 kHz and 75 kHz-----.--- 123 Figure 5-9. Received signal at cage from 35 kHz source at headframe----- 124 Figure 5-10. Received signal
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Transcript
ELECTROMAGNETIC NOISE IN LUCKY FRIDAY MINE
W. W. Scott, NBS J. W. Adams, NBS W. D. Bensema, NBS H. Dobroski, U. S. Bureau o f Mines
Electromagnet ics Div is ion Ins t i t u te fo r Basic Standards Nat iona l Bureau o f Standards Boulder, Colorado 8 0 3 0 2
The views and conclusions con ta ined in t h i s document should no t be i n te rp re ted as necessar i ly represent ing t h e o f f i c i a l po l ic ies or recommendat ions o f t h e In te r io r Depar tment ' s Bureau o f Mines o f t h e U. S. Government .
October 1974
Prepared for U. S. Bureau o f Mines Pi t tsburgh Min ing and Safety Research Center 4800 Forbes Avenue Pi t tsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Work ing Fund Agreement HO 133005
- - --
U.S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent, Secretary
NATIONAL B U R E A U OF S T A N D A R D S R ~ c h a r d W Roberts Dtrector
CONTENTS Page
3 . 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 3
3 .2 S u r f a c e Noise M e a s u r e m e n t s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 3 3 . 2 . 1 H o i s t H o u s e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 3
3 . 2 . 3 Noise Near B u s i n e s s D i s t r i c t , C e n t e r o f T o w n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 5
3 . 3 S p e c t r a a t L e v e l s Wi th in t h e M i n e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 3 . 3 . 1 The 1450 Leve l - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 6 3. 3.2 The 3650 L e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - 17 3 . 3 . 3 The 4050 L e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17
3 . 4 S p e c t r a Ob ta ined from Cage Runs, Loop Antenna- - - 2 1
3 . 4 . 1 Mine Not i n O p e r a t i o n - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - 2 1 3 . 4 . 2 Mine i n O p e r a t i o n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2
AMPLITUDE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS------ 74
4 . 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n and U n c e r t a i n t i e s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 4
NOISE A N D ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS ALONG THE HOIST ROPE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 114 5 . 1 Noise M e a s u r e m e n t s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 114
5 .2 A t t e n u a t i o n M e a s u r e m e n t s - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 115
I somet r ic p r o j e c t i o n of Lucky Fr iday Mine--- 5
Block diagram o f p o r t a b l e i n s t rumen ta t i on , f i r s t s y s t e m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8
Second f i e l d record ing system, f i r s t c o n f i g u r a t i o n - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9
Second f i e l d record ing system, second con- f i g u r a t i o n ; used t o record d a t a f o r A P D ' s - . - - 10
Second f i e l d record ing system, t h i r d con- f i g u r a t i o n ; it recorded d a t a f o r A P D t s on 3650 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11
Second f i e l d record ing system, f o u r t h con- f i g u r a t i o n ; it was used on h o i s t runs up and down s h a f t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , h o i s t h o u s e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , h o i s t house-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - 25
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , head- frame - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , head- frame - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 7
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , head- f r a m e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 8
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , head- f r a m e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29
Spectrum o f magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , head- frame- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , head- f Tame - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31
LIST OF FIGURES (Cont inued)
F i g u r e 3 - 9 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , head- frame- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32
F i g u r e 3 - 1 0 . Spec t rum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , head- f r a m e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 33
F i g u r e 3-11 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , Cedar S t r e e t , Wal l ace , Idaho-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
34 I F i g u r e 3 -12 . Spec t rum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , Cedar
S t r e e t , Wal l ace , Idaho-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35
F i g u r e 3 -13 . Spec t rum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , Cedar S t r e e t , W a l l a c e , I d a h o - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
F i g u r e 3 -14 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 1450 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37
F i g u r e 3 - 1 5 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 1450 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38
F i g u r e 3 - 1 6 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 3650 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39
F i g u r e 3 - 1 7 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 3650 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40
F i g u r e 3 -18 . Spec t rum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 3650 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41
F i g u r e 3 - 1 9 . P l a n view o f p o r t i o n o f 4050 l e v e l , Lucky Fr iday Mine- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 2
F i g u r e 3 - 2 0 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 level-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 3
F i g u r e 3 -21 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44
F i g u r e 3-22. Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 5
F i g u r e 3 -23 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 46
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page
F igure 3-24.
Figure 3-25.
Figure 3-26.
Figure 3-27.
Figure 3-28.
Figure 3-29.
F igure 3-30.
F igure 3-31.
Figure 3-32.
F igure 3-33.
F igure 3-34.
Figure 3-35.
F igure 3-36.
Figure 3-37.
F igure 3-38.
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 7
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - SO
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - 5 1
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - 54
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 l e v e l - - - -- - - - - - --.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 55
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 1 eve 1 - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -, - -, - - - - - -- - - - - 5 7
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , zero l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - , - - - - - - - - - - 5 9
Spectrum o f magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4050 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 60
Spectrum of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , zero l e v e l - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 1
LIST OF FIGURES (Cont inued)
Page
F i g u r e 3 - 3 9 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 150 l e v e l - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62
F i g u r e 3-40 . Spec t rum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 1450 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 63
F i g u r e 3-41 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 3400 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64
F i g u r e 3 -42 . Spectrum o f magnet ic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4250 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 65
F i g u r e 3 - 4 3 . Spectrum o f v o l t a g e a c r o s s a 50 ohm l o a d , 4250 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 66
F i g u r e 3 - 4 4 . Spectrum o f magnet ic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4250 level - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
F i g u r e 3 -45 Spectrum o f v o l t a g e a c r o s s a 50 ohm l o a d (compar ison o f s t r o n g unknown s o u r c e and t y p i c a l n o i s e ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - 68
F i g u r e 3 - 4 6 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 4250 l e v e l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69
F i g u r e 3-48 . Spectrum o f v o l t a g e a c r o s s a 50 ohm l o a d (unknown narrowband s o u r c e s ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 1
F i g u r e 3 - 4 9 . Spectrum o f v o l t a g e a c r o s s a 50 ohm l o a d (unknown narrowband s o u r c e s ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 2
F i g u r e 3 -50 . Spectrum o f magne t i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , 1800 level - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 73
F i g u r e 4 - 1 . APD, 30 kHz, h e a d f r a m e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 78 I I F i g u r e 4 - 2 . APD, 70 k ~ ~ , h e a d f r a m e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 9
F i g u r e 4 - 3 . APD, 150 kHz, h e a d f r a m e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 0 I F i g u r e 4 - 4 . APD, 250 kHz, h e a d f r a m e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 1
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page
Figure 4-5.
Figure 4-6.
Figure 4-7.
Figure 4-8.
Figure 4-9.
Figure 4-10.
Figure 4-11.
Figure 4-12.
Figure 4-13.
Figure 4-14.
Figure 4-15.
Figure 4-16.
Figure 4-17.
Figure 4-18.
Figure 4-19.
Figure 4-20.
Figure 4-21.
Figure 4-22.
Figure 4-23.
Figure 4-24.
Figure 4-25.
Figure 4-26.
Figure 4-27.
APD, 150 kHz, 1450 level-------------------- 88
APD, 250 kHz, 1450 level-------------------- 89
APD, 250 kHz, 1450 level-------------.------- 93
APD, 150 kHz, 3050 level-------------------- 96
APD, 150 kHz, 3050 level-------------------- 99
APD, 200 kHz, 3650 level-------------------- 102
viii
L I S T OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page
F igure 4-28.
Figure 4 -29 .
Figure 4-30.
F igure 4 -31.
F igu re 4-32.
F igure 4-33.
F igure 4-34.
F igure 4-35.
F igu re 4-36.
F igure 5-1 .
F igure 5-2 .
F igure 5 -3 .
F igure 5-4 .
F igure 5 -5 .
F igure 5-6 .
Summary c u r v e s , headframe, h o r i z o n t a l ( no r th - sou th ) componen t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 106
Summary cu rves , headframe, v e r t i c a l com- p o n e n t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107
Summary cu rves , 1450 l e v e l , v e r t i c a l com- p o n e n t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108
Summary c u r v e s , 1450 l e v e l , h o r i z o n t a l ( no r th - sou th ) component-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - 109
Summary c u r v e s , 3050 l e v e l , h o r i z o n t a l ( no r th - sou th ) c o m p o n e n t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 0
Summary cu rves , 3050 l e v e l , v e r t i c a l com- p o n e n t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 111
Summary c u r v e s , 3650 l e v e l , h o r i z o n t a l ( no r th - sou th ) c o m p o n e n t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2
Summary cu rves , 3650 l e v e l , v e r t i c a l com- ponent- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 113
EM n o i s e i n mine s h a f t , mine no t i n ope ra - t ion, 49 kHz- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - 116
EM n o i s e i n mine s h a f t , mine no t i n ope ra - tion, 49 k ~ z - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 117
EM n o i s e i n mine s h a f t , mine n o t i n ope ra - tion, 35 k ~ z - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 118
EM n o i s e i n mine s h a f t , mine n o t i n ope ra - t ion, 35 kHz - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 119
EM n o i s e i n mine s h a f t , mine i n o p e r a t i o n , 75 kHz and 100 k H z - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 120
EM n o i s e i n mine s h a f t , mine i n o p e r a t i o n , 5 2 kHz and 75 k H z - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2 1
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page
F igure 5-7. EM n o i s e i n mine s h a f t , mine i n o p e r a t i o n , 52 kHz and 35 kHz------- . -------------------- 1 2 2
F igure 5-8. EM n o i s e i n mine s h a f t , mine i n o p e r a t i o n , 100 kHz and 75 kHz- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - 123
F igure 5-9. Received s i g n a l a t cage from 35 kHz source a t headf rame- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 124
Figure 5-10. Received s i g n a l a t cage from 50 kHz source a t head f r ame- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 125
ELECTROMAGNETIC NOISE I N LUCKY FRIDAY MINE
Measurements o f t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f e l ec t romag- n e t i c n o i s e and a t t e n u a t i o n a long a h o i s t rope were made i n an o p e r a t i n g ha rd - rock mine, Lucky F r i d a y Mine, l o c a t e d n e a r Wal lace , Idaho. S p e c t r a o f e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c n o i s e g e n e r a t e d by v a r i o u s p i e c e s o f equipment , s p e c t r a o f s p e c i f i c n o i s e s i g n a l s a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s , and n o i s e and a t t e n u a t i o n on t h e 4250 f o o t (1295 mete r ) h o i s t , were measured. Three t e c h n i q u e s were used t o make t h e measurements. F i r s t , n o i s e was measured o v e r t h e en- t i r e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c spectrum o f i n t e r e s t f o r b r i e f t ime p e r i o d s . Data were recorded u s i n g broadband ana log magnet ic t a p e f o r l a t e r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o s p e c t r a l p l o t s . Second, n o i s e ampl i tudes were recorded a t s e v e r a l d i s - C r e t e f r e q u e n c i e s f o r a s u f f i c i e n t amount o f t ime t o p r o v i d e d a t a f o r ampl i tude p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s . A t h i r d t echn ique gave a t t e n u a t i o n d a t a through t h e d i r e c t measurement o f f i e l d s t r e n g t h a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s .
The s p e c i f i c measured r e s u l t s a r e g iven i n a number o f s p e c t r a l p l o t s , ampl i tude p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n p l o t s and ampl i tude c u r v e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f d e p t h .
Key words : Amplitude p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n ; d i g i t a l d a t a ; e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c i n t e r f e r e n c e ; e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c n o i s e ; emergency communications ; F a s t F o u r i e r Transform; Gaussian d i s t r i b u t i o n ; impuls ive n o i s e ; magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h ; measurement i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n ; mine n o i s e ; s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y ; t ime-dependent s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y .
1. INTRODUCTION
This r e p o r t g i v e s d a t a concern ing e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c n o i s e
i n a ha rd - rock mine. I n t h i s s e c t i o n , background i n f o r m a t i o n
and a b r i e f mine d e s c r i p t i o n a r e covered . I n S e c t i o n 2 ,
measurement i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n i s d i s c u s s e d . In S e c t i o n 3 ,
s p e c t r a l p l o t s o f d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d . I n S e c t i o n 4 , ampl i tude
p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s (APD) o f m a g n e t i c - f i e l d n o i s e a r e
g i v e n . In S e c t i o n 5 , t h e r e s u l t s o f d i r e c t measurements o f
f i e l d s t r e n g t h a r e g i v e n , from which a t t e n u a t i o n may be
computed. The l a s t two s e c t i o n s (6 and 7 ) cover c o n c l u s i o n s
and recommendations.
Only r e p r e s e n t a t i v e samples o f t h e t o t a l d a t a measured
a r e g iven i n t h i s r e p o r t , and o n l y a l i m i t e d s e t o f d a t a -
p r e s e n t a t i o n fo rmats have been u s e d . I f a d d i t i o n a l d a t a , o r
d a t a p r e s e n t a t i o n i n o t h e r f o r m a t s , a r e r e q u i r e d , p l e a s e
c o n t a c t any o f t h e a u t h o r s . With t h e s p e c i f i c pe rmiss ion
o f t h e Bureau o f Mines, we w i l l supp ly t h e a d d i t i o n a l d a t a .
A more complete d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e measurement systems used
i s g iven i n t h e Robena Mine r e p o r t [ I ] .
1.1 Background
The l a c k o f r e l i a b l e communication systems i n mines i s
a l o n g - s t a n d i n g problem. For emergency u s e , when a l l power
i n a mine i s o f f , t h e r e s i d u a l e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c n o i s e i s no
problem. However, i f a communication system were des igned o n l y
f o r emergency u s e , i t would have t h r e e s e r i o u s drawbacks. F i r s t ,
i t would n o t be ready f o r immediate u s e i n an emergency; second,
it would n o t be o f any v a l u e d u r i n g normal o p e r a t i o n s ; and
t h i r d , even d u r i n g emergencies , some power must u s u a l l y be
p r e s e n t . T h e r e f o r e , t h e Bureau o f Mines dec ided t o d e s i g n a
communication system t h a t cou ld be used f o r b o t h emergency and
normal o p e r a t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n s .
Also , two-way communication t o p e r s o n n e l i n a moving
h o i s t i s d e s i r a b l e f o r normal o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , and i s
n e c e s s a r y i n emergency c o n d i t i o n s .
During o p e r a t i o n , t h e machinery used i n mines c r e a t e s a
wide range o f many t y p e s o f i n t e n s e e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c i n t e r -
f e r e n c e (EMI). Th i s EM1 i s a major l i m i t i n g f a c t o r i n t h e
d e s i g n o f a communication sys tem.
The work r e p o r t e d h e r e g i v e s t h e r e s u l t s o f comprehensive
measurements o f t h i s EM1 i n c r i t i c a l communication l o c a t i o n s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y a long t h e h o i s t p a t h a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s .
S e v e r a l EM1 paramete r s can be measured: magnetic f i e l d
s t r e n g t h , H ; e l e c t r i c f i e l d s t r e n g t h , E; conducted c u r r e n t , i ;
and v o l t a g e , v , between two c o n d u c t o r s . Two paramete r s were
emphasized: magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h measured w i t h loop an-
t e n n a s and n o i s e c u r r e n t s on t h e h o i s t c a b l e measured w i t h a
clamp-on t o r o i d . ( H o i s t c a b l e s w i l l be r e f e r r e d t o a ' r o p e s '
h e r e a f t e r .)
There a r e s e v e r a l r e a s o n s f o r emphasizing t h e measurement
o f t h e magnet ic f i e l d s t r e n g t h . F i r s t , a t any a i r - e a r t h i n t e r -
f a c e , o n l y t h e magnetic f i e l d i s e s s e n t i a l l y u n d i s t u r b e d , w h i l e
t h e e l e c t r i c f i e l d i s s e v e r e l y reduced. Second, any c u r r e n t s
w i l l induce magnetic f i e l d s , and hence measurement of t h e
magnet ic f i e l d w i l l d i r e c t l y r e f l e c t c u r r e n t s . T h i r d , power
l i n e v o l t a g e s a r e p ropaga ted a s t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e phenomena,
and a r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e c u r r e n t s and t h e
magnet ic f i e l d s induced. Thus, measuring magnet ic f i e l d s t r e n g t h
g i v e s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e composi te p i c t u r e of n o i s e from c u r r e n t s
and v o l t a g e s from most s o u r c e s , i n c l u d i n g a r c i n g equipment .
Vol tage from t h e t o r o i d i s measured t o de te rmine s i g n a l
s t r e n g t h , n o i s e , and hence s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o s f o r d e s i g n
in fo rmat ion f o r a s p e c i f i c sys tem, a two-way h o i s t - p h o n e .
Although magnet ic f i e l d s t r e n g t h measurements a r e
emphasized h e r e , even t h i s one parameter i s d i f f i c u l t t o
measure mean ingfu l ly . The IEEE d e f i n i t i o n [ 2 ] o f magnetic
f i e l d s t r e n g t h , H (magnitude o f t h e magnet ic f i e l d v e c t o r ) ,
i s used i n t h i s r e p o r t . S ince t h e r e a r e a m u l t i t u d e of d i f -
f e r e n t s o u r c e s t h a t g e n e r a t e a l l known t y p e s o f n o i s e , t h e
r e s u l t a n t magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h n o i s e v e c t o r i s a f u n c t i o n
o f f r e q u e n c y , t i m e , o r i e n t a t i o n , and l o c a t i o n . Small v a r i a -
t i o n s i n t h e s e pa ramete r s can cause s e v e r a l o r d e r s o f magnitude
d i f f e r e n c e i n measured f i e l d s t r e n g t h .
1 . 2 Mine D e s c r i p t i o n
The r e s u l t s and d a t a p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e based
on measurements made on August 25 , 26 , and 27, 1973 , and on
Februa ry 8 , 1974 , i n t h e Lucky F r i d a y Mine and o t h e r l o c a t i o n s
n e a r W a l l a c e , Idaho . The mine , shown i n f i g u r e 1-1, b e l o n g s
t o Hecla Mining Company and p roduces o r e c o n t a i n i n g l e a d ,
s i l v e r , and z i n c . Access i s by way o f a s i n g l e , double-drum
h o i s t , u s i n g t h e No. 2 s h a f t . There a r e two h o i s t s on t h e
No. 2 s h a f t . Ore i s removed from t h e s t o p e s v i a r a i s e s and
d r i f t s and t h e n i s removed from t h e mine by t h e same h o i s t
p e r s o n n e l u s e . S o m e m ~ t is_dcC~,,o-wered: t h e 5 - t o n , 90
c e l l , b a t t e r y - p o w e r e d l o c o m o t i v e s , and t h e 1250 horsepower
motor used t o r a i s e t h e h o i s t s . Much equipment u s e s a c power
a t 1 2 0 , 440 , and 2400 v o l t s : a i r - c o n d i t i o n e r s , v e n t i l a t i o n
s y s t e m s , c o m p r e s s o r s , l i g h t i n g , and b a t t e r y c h a r g e r s . O the r
equipment u s e s compressed a i r .
S h i f t s run t o 3:00 p.m. , 4:00 p .m. , 1 1 : O O p .m. , 1 2 a .m. ,
and 7:00 a .m. ; b l a s t i n g i s s c h e d u l e d a t 2:20 p.m. , 11 :20 p .m. ,
and 6 :20 a.m.
The t e m p e r a t u r e and humid i ty a r e h i g h , a l t h o u g h n o t
e x c e s s i v e i n most p l a c e s .
Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t i n t h i s measurement e f f o r t i s how
s i g n a l s and n o i s e p r o p a g a t e a l o n g t h e s h a f t , w i t h and w i t h o u t
h o i s t r o p e s . Power c a b l e s and c o m p r e s s e d - a i r p i p e s , a s w e l l
a s s a n d - t r a n s p o r t p i p e s , run i n t h i s same s h a f t , so t h e r e i s
a lways a c o m p o s i t e , s i n g l e c o n d u c t o r p r e s e n t t o s e r v e a s one
w i r e o f a two w i r e t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e . The p r e s e n c e o f e i t h e r
h o i s t r o p e s t r o n g l y a f f e c t s t r a n s m i s s i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a l o n g
t h e s h a f t by p r o v i d i n g a second w i r e o f a two-wire t r a n s m i s s i o n
1 i n e .
4 s -
Figure 1-1 I some t r i c Project ion of Lucky Fr iday Mine.
2 . MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION
Three measurement t echn iques were used . The f i r s t covers
a l a r g e p o r t i o n of t h e spectrum a s a "snapshot" a t one i n s t a n t
o f t ime . I n th ree -d imens iona l form, s e v e r a l such "snap-shots"
can show how d r a s t i c a l l y a s i g n a l v a r i e s no t on ly w i t h f r e -
quency bu t a l s o w i th t ime . The second t echn ique g ives v a r i a -
t i o n s over a 20-minute t ime i n t e r v a l a s a view over a narrow
frequency window. Usua l l y , n o i s e was measured a t a s e t of
f ou r d i f f e r e n t f r e q u e n c i e s . Both t echn iques were used t o
measure two or thogona l components of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h
by e i t h e r u s ing two systems s imul taneous ly o r by va ry ing t h e
o r i e n t a t i o n o f one system. Both t echn iques were used i n a s
many d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s a s p o s s i b l e . Whether t h e n o i s e s i g n a l
t ends t o be Gaussian o r impuls ive depends on t h e number of
sou rce s and t h e d i s t a n c e t o each sou rce . With t h e t h i r d t e c h -
n i q u e , va lue s of f i e l d s t r e n g t h a t va r i ous l e v e l s under v a r i o u s
c o n d i t i o n s were recorded . These measurements gave a t t e n u a t i o n
v a l u e s , compl ica ted mainly by s eve re s tanding-wave p a t t e r n s .
Noise l e v e l s were recorded a l s o , bu t va lue s t aken t h i s way
cannot meaningful ly r e l a t e t h e t ime v a r i a t i o n s of t h e n o i s e
parameter . The va lue s g iven a r e w i t h i n t h e bounds i n d i c a t e d
i n t h e APD's.
A l l measured n o i s e i s r e p o r t e d i n a b s o l u t e q u a n t i t i e s
( i n s t e a d of r e l a t i v e ) t o a l low o t h e r s t o make e f f e c t i v e use
o f t h e d a t a . For t h e magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h measurements, t h e
NBS f i e l d c a l i b r a t i o n s i t e i s used w i t h each complete measurement
system t o a s s u r e c o r r e c t system c a l i b r a t i o n [ 3 ] .
The mine environment i s g e n e r a l l y humid, d u s t y , h o t , and
poo r ly l i g h t e d . This compl ica ted t h e measurement p roce s s .
Most o f ou r p o r t a b l e measuring equipment was b a t t e r y - o p e r a t e d ,
d u s t - p r o t e c t e d , and p e r m i s s i b l e .
Two t y p e s o f n o i s e a r e recorded i n t h e s p e c t r a l p l o t s ,
and hence two d i f f e r e n t magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h pa ramete r s a r e
r e q u i r e d , H and Hd. Resu l t s a r e g iven a s t h e rms v a l u e of one
component of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h , H , v e r su s f requency f o r
d i s c r e t e f r e q u e n c i e s ; it i s g iven a s one component of magnetic-
f i e l d - s t r e n g t h spectrum d e n s i t y l e v e l [ 2 ] , H d , v e r su s f requency
f o r broadband n o i s e i n t h e s p e c t r a l p l o t s . In t h e ampl i tude
p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s , r e s u l t s a r e g iven a s t h e rms va lue
o f one component of magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h ve r su s p e r c e n t of
t ime t h i s va lue i s exceeded. The APD g ive s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n
of t h e a c t u a l i n s t an t aneous va lue s on ly a s f a r a s t h e
measurement-system d e t e c t o r bandwidth w i l l a l low t h e d e t e c t o r
t o f o l l ow t h e t ime v a r i a t i o n s of t h e a c t u a l magnetic f i e l d .
( I n t h i s c o n t e x t , n o i s e envelope i s sometimes used . ) Thus,
t h e r e s u l t s a r e a p p l i c a b l e f o r a communication r e c e i v e r whose
bandwidth i s s i m i l a r t o t h e measurement -system d e t e c t o r
bandwidth.
Two measurement systems were used t o make measurements
underground. One system was conf igured f o u r d i f f e r e n t ways.
Five b lock diagrams a r e shown i n f i g u r e s 2 - 1 through 2-5.
For a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e s e sys tems , s e e p r ev ious
r e p o r t s [ I , 41 . The systems used i n Lucky Fr iday a r e t h e ones
used i n p r ev ious mine measurement b u t a r e con f igu red d i f f e r e n t l y
i n some c a s e s .
The f i r s t system measures d a t a f o r s p e c t r a l p l o t s and
i s f u l l y p e r m i s s i b l e and p o r t a b l e . The second system i s no t
p e r m i s s i b l e b u t i s t r a n s p o r t a b l e ; it r eco rds d a t a f o r bo th
s p e c t r a l p l o t s and s t a t i s t i c a l p r e s e n t a t i o n s , e . g . , ampl i tude
p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s .
SIGNAL MON
LOUD I SPEAKER I loscl LLoscopE 1
SYSTEM #I
LOOP ANTENNA BROADBAND n AMPLIFIER I
IMPEDANCE TRANSFORMER
TAPE RECORDER (30 ips, record)
TRACK I (FM)
SYSTEM # 2
SYSTEM # 3
MICROPHONE EDGE TRACK (VOICE)
200.kHz CRYSTAL OSC l LLATOR
Figure 2-1 Block diagram of portable instrumentation, f i r s t system. F M t racks a r e used to r eca rd frnm..100 Hz to 100 kHz;
TRACK 4 (DIR)
di rec t t racks F - . a r e - - used *--.... f r o m 3 .kHz to 320 kHz. Systems 2 and 3 a r e identical to sys tem 1. When the direct t racks a r e used, the 100-kHz low pass f i l ters a r e eliminated, and the amplifier bandwidth i s increased f rom 100 kHz to 300 kHz. The microphone i s used for occasional vocal comments by the operator.
- - - - - TRACK 5 (FM)
LOOP ANTENNA, SENSlTlV E AXlS VERTl CAL
OSCl LLOSCOPE '+ CHANNEL
SIMILAR TO 3, BUT WITH ANTENNA SENSITIVE AXlS
ANALOG TAPE RECORDER
Figure 2-2 Second f i e l d r e c o r d i n g system, f i r s t c o n f i g u r a t i o n .
Figure 2-4 Second f i e l d recording system, t h i r d conf igura t ion ; i t recorded d a t a f o r APD'S on 3650 l e v e l .
11
TO RIGID LOOP ANTENNA ON TOP OF HOIST CAGE
BALUN + TO COLLAPSIBLE LOOP ANTENNA ON TOP OF HOIST CAGE
FIELD STRENGTH I METER I
Figure 2-5 Second f i e l d record ing system, f o u r t h conf igura t ion ; i t w a s used on hoist runs up and down shaft.
0
. 25 kHz
OSC
TO TOROID AROUND HOIST ROPE
ANALOG TAPE RECORDER
CHANNEL a3
a 4 (DIR)
A 1 ) BALUN -05 (DIR)
FIELD STRENGTH METER
i
20 kHz LP FILTER 07 (FM)
3. SPECTRUM MEASUREMENT RESULTS
3.1 In t roduc t ion
In t h i s s e c t i o n of t h e r e p o r t , spectrum p l o t s a r e p re -
s en ted and d iscussed . Most of t h e s e p l o t s p re sen t magnetic
f i e l d s t r e n g t h t o e i t h e r 100 kHz o r 200 kHz. The curves t o
100 kHz o r l e s s have an unce r t a in ty of + 1 dB. The curves
t o 200 kHz have an u n c e r t a i n t y of + 2 dB from 3 kHz t o 200 kHz.
Measurements were made a t many d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s and r e s u l t s
can be used t o c h a r a c t e r i z e e lectromagnet ic no i se l e v e l s
generated by most f i xed and mobile equipment used i n t h i s
mine.
3.2 Surface Noise Measurements
3 .2 .1 Hoist House
The h o i s t house con ta ins a 1250 hp, d i r e c t c u r r e n t ,
double-drum h o i s t w i th dc cu r ren t suppl ied by a motor-
gene ra to r . Figures 3-1 and 3-2 show t h e no i se measured i n
t h e h o i s t house. The antenna s e n s i t i v e a x i s was v e r t i c a l
and about two meters from t h e e l e c t r i c a l cab le s supplying
t h e dc c u r r e n t t o t h e h o i s t motor. The cab le s were below
t h e concre te f l o o r . For f i g u r e 3-1 t h e h o i s t was l i f t i n g a
load ( 8 . 2 met r i c tons) of waste rock a t 1300 fee t /minute
(396 m/min.), and f o r f i g u r e 3-2 a t 1700 fee t /minute (518 m/min.).
This no i se i s one of t h e h igher l e v e l s measured a t Lucky
Fr iday. Figures 3-1 and 3-2 a r e t y p i c a l of s e v e r a l s p e c t r a
taken i n t h e h o i s t house, on Monday, August 2 7 , 1973, a t y p i -
c a l working day a t t h e mine. This group of s p e c t r a ( inc lud ing
f i g u r e s 3 - 1 and 3-2) d i f f e r s from o t h e r s p e c t r a taken around
o t h e r machinery i n t h a t (1) no i se i n f i g u r e 3-2 i s no t domi-
na ted by powerline harmonics, (2) t h e r e a r e no obvious
commutator-produced s p e c t r a l l i n e s , which might no rmal ly be
e x p e c t e d t o o c c u r a round dc commutated machinery , (3) t h e
s p e c t r a l l i n e s a t 300 Hz and 925 Hz a r e t h e o n l y l i n e s t h a t
a p p e a r r e g u l a r l y ; a l s o , t h e y a r e n o t h a r m o n i c a l l y r e l a t e d ,
and (4) o t h e r l i n e s a t n o n - h a r m o n i c a l l y r e l a t e d f r e q u e n c i e s
a p p e a r i r r e g u l a r l y . The l i n e a t 1090 Hz i s t y p i c a l ; i t a p p e a r s
o n l y i n t h e spec t rum shown i n f i g u r e 3-2 and i n none o f t h e
o t h e r s p e c t r a t a k e n i n t h e h o i s t house . Note t h a t on f i g u r e
3 - 1 , t h e spec t rum h a s a minor i n c r e a s e c e n t e r e d around 19 kHz.
L a t e r i n t h i s r e p o r t , o t h e r s p e c t r a t a k e n e l sewhere w i l l show
a s i m i l a r i n c r e a s e . The i n f e r e n c e w i l l be drawn t h a t t h e
h o i s t house n o i s e i s p r o p a g a t i n g down t h e 1 1 / 2 i n c h (3 .8 cm)
s t e e l h o i s t c a b l e ( r o p e ) t o some e x t e n t .
3 .2 .2 Head Frame
The head frame was 75 m away and u p h i l l 40 m from t h e h o i s t
house . The s t e e l head frame s t o o d about 2 0 m e t e r s h i g h and
s u p p o r t e d two l a r g e s h e a v e s , which i n t u r n s u p p o r t e d w i r e r o p e s ,
o n e each f o r t h e n o r t h and s o u t h s h a f t s . F i g u r e s 3 - 3 and 3 -4
show t h e n o i s e measured on t h e s u r f a c e 0.7 m from t h e open
n o r t h s h a f t , w i t h t h e a n t e n n a s e n s i t i v e a x i s h o r i z o n t a l EW
( p o i n t e d toward t h e w i r e r o p e ) . These measurements were made
on August 2 7 , 1 9 7 3 , a t y p i c a l working d a y . The minor i n c r e a s e
a t 19 kHz s e e n i n t h e h o i s t house does n o t show up h e r e ; how-
e v e r , i t may have been masked by a s f e r i c impu l se . The same
t y p e o f n o i s e a s h e a r d on t h e a u d i o moni to r i n t h e h o i s t
house c o u l d a l s o be h e a r d a t t h e head f r ame . However, a t
t h e head f r ame , t h e r e was a r e g u l a r p e r i o d i c i t y t o t h e n o i s e
t h a t p r o b a b l y can be c o r r e l a t e d t o t h e r o t a t i o n o f t h e main
h o i s t drum. F i n a l l y , f i g u r e 3 -3 shows t h e 1 8 . 6 kHz s i g n a l from
t h e Navy J i m Creek t r a n s m i t t e r , NLK Washington.
S p e c t r a o f t h r e e components o f magnet ic f i e l d n o i s e a t
t h e head frame a r e shown i n f i g u r e s 3 - 5 , 3 -6 , and 3-7 . The
n o i s e l e v e l s a r e much lower t h a n might be expec ted n e a r o p e r a t i n g
machinery. E i t h e r d i s t a n t s f e r i c s o r a r c s from t h e h o i s t house
(where d c motors were o p e r a t i n g ) r a i s e t h e n o i s e l e v e l s s l i g h t l y
and i n u n p r e d i c t a b l e ways. This i s shown i n f i g u r e s 3 -8 , 3-9 ,
and 3-10. The two h o i s t ropes l e a d i n g from t h e h o i s t house
t o t h e head-frame s e r v e a s two-wire t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s , b u t
t h e i n c r e a s e o r d e c r e a s e i n impuls ive n o i s e does n o t seem t o
b e r e l a t e d t o rope movement. Compare f i g u r e s 3-9 and 3-8 .
3 .2 .3 Noise Near Business D i s t r i c t , Cen te r o f Town
Three components of s u r f a c e n o i s e were measured on t h e
s idewalk a long a row o f b u i l d i n g s w i t h 'Leon signs): This i s
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f s u r f a c e n o i s e o v e r a mine t h a t i s under a
town o r c i t y . The n o i s e was predominant ly a t 60 H z o r i t s
odd harmonics , and was q u i t e s t r o n g , approaching 90 dB above
a microampere p e r meter a t 300 Hz, and 80 dB above a micro-
ampere p e r meter a t 180 Hz. A t f r e q u e n c i e s above 2 . 5 kHz,
a l l harmonics were o f n e a r l y equal a m p l i t u d e . V a l l e y s between
t h e power l i n e harmonics a r e about 4 0 dB above one pA/m up t o
2.5 kHz, b u t a r e down t o 10 dB above one pA/m from 5 t o 1 0 kHz.
The v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l (N-S) components of magnetic
f i e l d s t r e n g t h were b o t h s t r o n g , w h i l e t h e h o r i z o n t a l (E-W)
component was about 20 t o 30 dB lower . The component which
i s s t r o n g e s t o r weakest w i l l be d i f f e r e n t i n each l o c a t i o n
depending p r i n c i p a l l y on t h e d i r e c t i o n ( s ) o f t h e s t r o n g e s t
s o u r c e ( s ) . The magnet ic f i e l d n o i s e s p e c t r a a r e shown i n f i g u r e s
3-11, 3-12, and 3-13.
3 . 3 S p e c t r a a t L e v e l s Wi th in t h e Mine
3 . 3 . 1 The 1450 Level
The l e v e l s w i t h i n t h e mine a r e named by t h e d e p t h , and
c o r r e s p o n d t o t h e d e p t h below t h e z e r o l e v e l i n f e e t . The
z e r o l e v e l i s 40 m e t e r s below t h e headframe l o c a t e d on t h e
s u r f a c e . The d e p t h i n m e t e r s i s o b t a i n e d by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e
d e p t h i n f e e t by 0.3048 and a d d i n g 40 m e t e r s ; t h e 1450 l e v e l
i s t h e r e f o r e 482 m e t e r s deep .
The 1450 l e v e l c o n t a i n e d a 300 hp w a t e r pump. The
motor u s e d 67 amperes a t 2300 V , t h r e e p h a s e . F i g u r e s 3-14
and 3-15 show t h e n o i s e measured a t t h i s l e v e l w i t h t h e pump
n o t o p e r a t i n g . There i s no l o n g e r any mining a c t i v i t y a t
t h i s l e v e l . The measurement was made on S a t u r d a y , August 25 ,
1973, a non-working day i n t h e mine. The a n t e n n a was one
me te r from t h e s h a f t w i t h t h e s e n s i t i v e a x i s h o r i z o n t a l N-S,
t a n g e n t t o t h e open ing t o t h e s h a f t . F i g u r e 3-14 shows t h e
same minor i n c r e a s e i n t h e spec t rum around 1 9 kHz t h a t was
n o t e d i n t h e h o i s t house . The n o i s e , a s h e a r d on t h e a u d i o
m o n i t o r , had t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c sound o f " g r e a s e - f r y i n g , "
b u t was t o o r e g u l a r f o r a t m o s p h e r i c s . The n o i s e from t h e
h o i s t house i s s i m i l a r t o n o i s e a t t h e 1450 l e v e l . With t h e
300 hp pump t u r n e d on , t h e o n l y change was a 20 dB i n c r e a s e
i n t h e 60 H z n o i s e .
While t h e teams from NBS were i n t h e mine making n o i s e
measurements , a n o t h e r team from a communicat ions f i r m was
making r o p e t r a n s m i s s i o n and impedance t e s t s by i n j e c t i n g
a s i n g l e f r e q u e n c y s i g n a l i n t o t h e n o r t h r o p e . The s i g n a l
was c o u p l e d i n t o t h e w i r e r o p e u s i n g a f e r r i t e r i n g , and was
n o m i n a l l y a t a f r e q u e n c y o f 50 kHz. F i g u r e 3-14 shows a cw
s i g n a l a s i t was r e c e i v e d a t t h e 1450 l e v e l . The f r e q u e n c y
o f t h i s s i g n a l was 44 .6 kHz, b u t t h i s was n o t one o f t h e
f r e q u e n c i e s used i n t h e i r t e s t s . The t r a n s m i t t e r might
have been detuned a t t h e t ime of our measurement, o r t h e r e
may have been some o t h e r s o u r c e p r e s e n t . For example, s e e
n o i s e s i g n a l s a s shown i n f i g u r e 3-49.
3 .3 .2 The 3650 Level
Noise measurements were made a t a working l e v e l on
February 8 , 1974. A c t i v i t y was ve ry low a t t h e t i m e , s o
t h e n o i s e l e v e l s measured may be somewhat lower t h a n occur
normal ly . A spectrum of t h e v e r t i c a l component i s shown i n
f i g u r e 3-16; a h o r i z o n t a l (N-S) component i s shown i n f i g u r e
3 -17 . Each c o v e r s t ime i n t e r v a l s d u r i n g a t r a n s i e n t of n o i s e .
Antenna l o c a t i o n was about two mete r s e a s t of t h e h o i s t d o o r s .
F igure 3-18 shows t h e spect rum of t y p i c a l machine n o i s e .
3 . 3 . 3 The 4050 Level
The 4050 l e v e l (1274 mete r s below t h e s u r f a c e ) was t h e
d e e p e s t l e v e l a t which normal mining was b e i n g c a r r i e d on i n
August , 1973. The mine extended about a hundred mete r s lower
t o some mine development workings . The 4050 l e v e l c o n t a i n e d
a complex a r r a y o f w i r e s and swi tchboxes c o n t r o l l i n g pumps,
f a n s , b a t t e r y c h a r g e r s , l i g h t s , e t c . F i g u r e 3-19 shows a
p l a n view of t h e a r e a n e a r t h e s h a f t s .
F i g u r e s 3-20 and 3-21 show t h e n o i s e measured a t l o c a t i o n
A (shown on f i g u r e 3-19) on S a t u r d a y , August 25, 1973, a non-
working day i n t h e mine. The an tenna was 0 .6 mete r s i n f r o n t
o f t h e open s h a f t d o o r , w i t h s e n s i t i v e a x i s h o r i z o n t a l N-S.
F igure 3-20 shows t h e low n o i s e l e v e l p r e s e n t a t t h e 4050 l e v e l
w i t h most o f t h e mine s h u t down. F igure 3-20 a l s o shows what
we b e l i e v e i s a s t r o n g t e s t s i g n a l ; t h e f requency was 48.6 kHz.
I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t t h i s t e s t s i g n a l ( i f such it i s ) has
p e n e t r a t e d t h e mine from t h e s u r f a c e a long m e t a l l i c p a t h s .
Figures 3-22 and 3-23 show t h e n o i s e i n t h e same l o c a t i o n
w i t h t h e antenna s e n s i t i v e a x i s v e r t i c a l . A t t h a t t ime both
t h e t e s t s i g n a l and a 30 hp, 7 0 ampere, 440 v o l t water pump
below t h e 4050 l e v e l were o f f . The nex t f i g u r e s show s p e c t r a l
f e a t u r e s t h a t appear whenever t h i s p a r t i c u l a r pump was ope ra t i ng .
Figures 3-24 and 3-25 show t h e no i se measured i n t h e same
l o c a t i o n when t h e pump was ope ra t i ng . I n f i g u r e 3-24 arrows
i n d i c a t e t h r e e s p e c t r a l f e a t u r e s t h a t appear whenever t h e
pump i s o p e r a t i n g . These f e a t u r e s a r e t h e fundamental , second
and t h i r d harmonic of 2.86 kHz. Because of t h e i r a s s o c i a t i o n
w i t h t h i s pump, t h e s e f e a t u r e s can be a t t r i b u t e d t o , and
c a l l e d , t h e s i g n a t u r e of t h i s water pump. Other s p e c t r a , no t
inc luded i n t h i s r e p o r t , o c c a s i o n a l l y show h igher o rde r h a r -
monics. Figure 3-25 shows s p e c t r a l l i n e s (marked by arrows)
above 2050 H z , a l s o from t h i s water pump, t h a t a r e s epa ra t ed by
approximately 1 1 7 . 5 Hz i n s t e a d of 1 2 0 H z ( t h e second harmonic
o f 60 Hz). Pos s ib ly t h e 117.5 Hz l i n e s a r i s e from t h e pump
induc t ion motor s q u i r r e l cage r o t o r " s l i pp ing . " Induc t ion
motor r o t o r s i n c r e a s i n g l y " s l i p " ( i . e . , run slower than t h e
synchronous e l e c t r i c a l r o t a t i o n of t h e f i e l d ) a s t h e mechanical
l o a d i s i nc rea sed . These and o t h e r s p e c t r a i n t h i s r e p o r t show
harmonic s t r u c t u r e t h a t could probably be t r a c e d t o o t h e r
r o t a t i n g machinery.
With t h e antenna i n t h e above p o s i t i o n ( s e n s i t i v e a x i s
v e r t i c a l , 0.6 m i n f r o n t of t h e open sou th s h a f t d o o r ) , dur ing
lunch, t h e 48.6 kHz (nominally 50 kHz) s i g n a l was t r a n s m i t t i n g
i n t o t h e n o r t h rope , wi th t h e n o r t h cage a t t h e zero l e v e l
(40 m below t h e s u r f a c e ) . Measurement r e s u l t s a t t h e 4050
l e v e l showed a 48.6 kHz s i g n a l s t r e n g t h of - 1 2 dB r e l a t i v e t o
1 uA/m f o r t h e s o u t h cage a t t h e bottom of t h e s h a f t (about 50 meters below t h e 4050 l e v e l ) , 0 dB r e 1 pA/m f o r t h e cage
a t t h e 4050 l e v e l , -16 dB r e 1 pA/m f o r t h e cage 6 meters
above t h e 4050 l e v e l , and -15 dB f o r t h e cage 4 0 meters above
t h e 4050 l e v e l . A p o s s i b l e exp l ana t i on f o r t h e s e r e s u l t s i s
t h a t t h e cage a c t s a s a moving t r an smi s s ion l i n e t e r m i n a t i o n .
When t h e cage i s a t t h e 4050 l e v e l , t h e antenna p i c k s up t h e
c u r r e n t i n t h e t e r m i n a t i o n .
F igures 3-26 and 3 - 2 7 show t h e n o i s e measured a t l o c a t i o n
B i n f i g u r e 3-19. The antenna was t hen 10 meters away from
t h e n o r t h s h a f t w i t h t h e s e n s i t i v e a x i s v e r t i c a l . A l a r g e
number of ha rmonica l ly r e l a t e d s p e c t r a l l i n e s can be seen
from 1 kHz t o 15 kHz on f i g u r e 3 -26 . These l i n e s a r e g e n e r a l l y
p r e s e n t on most s p e c t r a t aken whi le a t t h i s l e v e l . The l i n e s
a r i s i n g from t h e wa te r pump p r e v i o u s l y po in t ed ou t i n f i g u r e
3-24 appear he r e a l s o and a r e marked by ar rows. The n o i s e
a t 4 . 2 , 8 . 4 , 1 1 . 2 and 1 4 . 2 kHz a l s o appears on t h e s p e c t r a
t aken w i t h t h e antenna a x i s h o r i z o n t a l N-S. For t h e h o r i -
z o n t a l o r i e n t a t i o n , t h e n o i s e i s about t h e same a t t h e upper
t h r e e f r e q u e n c i e s mentioned, and i s a s much a s 1 2 dB lower
a t o t h e r f r e q u e n c i e s .
Three l a r g e f a n s , one 2 0 hp , and two 40 hp, 440 v o l t
t h r e e phase , were t u rned on and s p e c t r a were t aken . The
s p e c t r a a r e no t shown,as ve ry l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e mag-
n e t i c n o i s e was no t ed . The n o i s e a t 8 .6 kHz on f i g u r e 3-26
was 6 dB h i g h e r . These f a n s were a c o u s t i c a l l y ve ry n o i s y .
A f o u r t h 2 0 hp f an remained o p e r a t i n g a t a l l t imes a t a
l e v e l below 4050 ( p o s s i b l y account ing f o r some of t h e 8 .6 kHz
n o i s e i n f i g u r e 3 - 2 6 ) .
Measurements made a t 4050 w i th t h e cage ascending o r
descending showed a s e r i e s of weak impulses , p robab ly
o r i g i n a t i n g i n t h e h o i s t house. A t t h e 4050 l e v e l they were
n o t a s e r i o u s problem.
F i g u r e s 3-28 and 3 - 2 9 were t a k e n w i t h two r o t a r y b a t -
t e r y c h a r g e r s o p e r a t i n g , 4 me te r s d i s t a n t from an tenna l o c a -
t i o n B . One of t h e b a t t e r y c h a r g e r s was r e l a t i v e l y q u i e t , w h i l e
t h e o t h e r c o n t r i b u t e d a lmost a l l t h e n o i s e observed i n t h e
two s p e c t r a . Th i s b a t t e r y c h a r g e r was t h e n o i s i e s t p i e c e of
equipment encoun te red a t t h e 4050 l e v e l . F igure 3 - 2 9 shows
a f i n e s t r u c t u r e t o t h e n o i s e spect rum, w i t h l i n e s s e p a r a t e d
by about 28 H z .
The mine used 5 - t o n , 90 c e l l , b a t t e r y - o p e r a t e d e l e c t r i c
locomot ives . The b a t t e r y c h a r g e r s mentioned above were used
f o r r e c h a r g i n g t h e s e locomotive b a t t e r i e s . S p e c t r a t a k e n w i t h
t h e an tenna a t l o c a t i o n B whi le t h e locomotive was running
back and f o r t h a c r o s s t h e o r e dump produced no measurable
s p e c t r a l l i n e s . An impulse was r e c e i v e d every t ime t h e l o c o -
motive motor c o n t a c t o r engaged o r d i sengaged . I n an a t t empt
t o de termine t h e e f f e c t i v e n o i s e f i e l d n e a r a cap-mounted
r e c e i v e r worn by t h e locomotive o p e r a t o r , s p e c t r a were t a k e n
w i t h t h e an tenna around t h e o p e r a t o r , s e n s i t i v e a x i s v e r t i c a l ,
w h i l e t h e locomot ive was o p e r a t i n g . F igures 3-30 and 3-31
show t h e r e s u l t a n t s p e c t r a . F igure 3-30 looks l i k e n o i s e
r e c e i v e d from t h e h o i s t house. L i s t e n i n g t o t h e audio monitor
d u r i n g t h i s r e c o r d i n g r e v e a l s a low f requency , low ampl i tude
commutator b r u s h - n o i s e whenever t h e b a t t e r y was connected t o
t h e motor and t h e locomot ive was a c c e l e r a t i n g . Note t h e s t r e n g t h
o f t h e 48.6 kHz t e s t s i g n a l . F igure 3-31 shows an impulse
t h a t has been produced by t h e locomot ive . The impulse i s a s
much a s 30 dB above t h e s t e a d y mine power - l ine harmonics and
i s a t l e a s t 50 dB above background l e v e l s between 100 Hz and
1 0 0 0 H z .
A t t h e 4050 l e v e l , measurements were made c l o s e t o t h e
working f a c e a r e a , a t an a r e a known a s t h e "Y of 99 and 95Y."
Th i s l o c a t i o n was a hundred mete r s o r so from t h e s h a f t a r e a .
There was no mining a c t i v i t y i n p r o g r e s s (measurements
were made on S a t u r d a y ) . F igure 3-32 shows t h e spect rum ob-
t a i n e d w i t h t h e an tenna a x i s h o r i z o n t a l , p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e
d r i f t , and t h e t r a c k s i n t h e d r i f t . The 4.2 and 8 . 4 kHz n o i s e ,
a s p r e v i o u s l y seen i n f i g u r e 3-26, appear c l e a r l y h e r e a l s o .
The spect rum taken w i t h t h e an tenna a x i s v e r t i c a l showed about
6 dB l e s s n o i s e t h a n f i g u r e 3 - 3 2 . For t h e an tenna a x i s h o r i -
z o n t a l and p a r a l l e l t o t h e t r a c k s , t h e n o i s e was below t h e
measurement sys tem n o i s e . F igure 3 - 3 3 shows t h e expanded
spect rum measured w i t h t h e an tenna a x i s v e r t i c a l . T r a n s i e n t s
were s t i l l i n evidence a t t h i s l o c a t i o n , p o s s i b l y from t h e
h o i s t .
A t t h i s l o c a t i o n n e a r t h e f a c e , i t was c l e a r t h a t t h e
s o u r c e o f n o i s e was p r i m a r i l y t h e two s t e e l r a i l s , and
s e c o n d a r i l y , any o t h e r meta l p i p e i n t h e d r i f t . To demon-
s t r a t e t h i s , a measurement was t a k e n w i t h t h e an tenna d i r e c t l y
a d j a c e n t t o one o f t h e r a i l s . F igures 3-34 and 3-35 show
t h e r e s u l t . Immediately a p p a r e n t on f i g u r e 3-34 i s t h e v e r y
s t r o n g 48.6 kHz t e s t s i g n a l i n s e r t e d on t h e n o r t h rope a t t h e
s u r f a c e w i t h a few w a t t s o f power.
3 .4 S p e c t r a Obta ined from Cage Runs, Loop Antenna
3 . 4 . 1 Mine Not i n Opera t ion
To measure t h e f i e l d s on t o p o f t h e cage a s i t t r a v e l e d
t h e e n t i r e l e n g t h of t h e s h a f t , a loop an tenna was s e c u r e d
t o t h e t o p of t h e cage , n e x t t o t h e s u p p o r t i n g h o i s t rope and
a s s o c i a t e d hardware. Because o f t h e p r o x i m i t y o f t h i s r o p e ,
l e v e l s o f f i e l d s measured a r e n o t a c c u r a t e f i e l d s t r e n g t h
v a l u e s , b u t due t o c l o s e c o u p l i n g between an tenna and h o i s t
rope , t h e v a l u e s do r e f l e c t (on a r e l a t i v e b a s i s ) c u r r e n t
l e v e l s i n t h e h o i s t rope .
On Sa turday , August 2 5 , 1973, t h e mine was no t i n opera -
t i o n . Figure 3-36 shows t h e no i se measured a t t h e zero l e v e l ,
and f i g u r e 3-37 shows t h e no i se measured a t t h e 4050 l e v e l .
The no i se l e v e l s shown a r e r e l a t i v e l y low, and c o n t a i n t h e
minor i n c r e a s e around 19 kHz which a s p rev ious ly no t ed , probably
comes from t h e h o i s t motor.
3 .4 .2 Mine i n Operation
On Monday, August 2 7 , 1973, when t h e mine was i n f u l l
o p e r a t i o n , t h e measurement of f i e l d s on top of t h e cage was
r epea t ed . Figure 3-38 shows t h e spectrum taken w i t h t h e cage
s t a t i o n a r y be fo re s t a r t i n g down. Figure 3-39 shows t h e spectrum
j u s t a f t e r s t a r t i n g down. Figure 3-40 shows t h e spectrum a t
about 4 7 0 meters of dep th . Figure 3-41 shows t h e spectrum
a t about 1080 meters o f dep th . Immediately apparent from t h e
l a s t f ou r f i g u r e s i s t h e presence of a severe no i se source
t h a t was n o t p r e s e n t on Saturday when t h e mine was no t ope ra t i ng .
This no i se i s from an unknown source and seemed t o i n c r e a s e
w i th dep th . Figure 3-41 i s t h e l a s t spectrum taken be fo re
t h e record ing equipment s a t u r a t e d . The s i g n a l monitors i n d i -
c a t e d t he no i se source was a t o r below t h e 4050 l e v e l . Labora-
t o r y r ep l ay of t h e analog record ings showed t h a t t h i s no i se
has t h e fol lowing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
(1) The n o i s e i s made up of groups of about 4 t o 8
i n d i v i d u a l impulses.
(2) The groups of impulses occur 120 t imes pe r second.
(3) The impulses w i t h i n a group a r e no t time synchronized.
(4) A l t e r n a t i n g groups appear t o have some s i m i l a r i t y .
From t h e above c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , we s p e c u l a t e t h a t t h i s n o i s e
source i s an a r c o f some s o r t and i s produced by 60 H z s i n g l e
phase , a c v o l t a g e .
On a second v i s i t t o t h i s mine on February 8 , 1974, t h i s
same t y p e o f n o i s e was r e c e i v e d . Gains were s e t low enough
t h a t s a t u r a t i o n of t h e measurement sys tem was avo ided . The
s p e c t r a a r e s i m i l a r i n shape , and i n t h e f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e s ,
a b s o l u t e l e v e l s can be de te rmined . This unknown s o u r c e c a u s e s
n o i s e many o r d e r s o f magnitude s t r o n g e r t h a n any o t h e r s o u r c e
o f i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h i s mine. I t i s n o t a t r a n s i e n t , b u t
l a s t s seconds o r m i n u t e s , and hence must be c o n s i d e r e d a s
i n t e r m i t t e n t . S p e c t r a a r e shown i n f i g u r e 3-42 a s r ecorded
from a loop an tenna on t o p of a h o i s t c a g e . Another spect rum
o f t h e same n o i s e from t h e o u t p u t of a f e r r i t e loop around
t h e h o i s t rope i n t o a 50-ohm l o a d i s shown i n f i g u r e 3-43.
The s p e c t r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n v a r i e s w i t h t ime a s i s shown by
comparing f i g u r e 3-44 w i t h 3-42.
T h i s s o u r c e r a i s e s t h e n o i s e l e v e l a t l e a s t 40 t o 60 dB
above background n o i s e a s shown i n f i g u r e 3-45 o v e r a wide
f requency range (50-100 kHz); f i g u r e 3-46 shows t h i s n o i s e
s i g n a l t o be above sys tem n o i s e from 10 kHz t o 200 kHz.
T r a n s i e n t e v e n t s such a s shown i n f i g u r e s 3 -47 , 3-48, and
3-49 a r e a l s o p r e s e n t , b u t o n l y f o r r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t dura -
t i o n s o f t i m e . F igure 3-50 shows a 20 kHz spect rum; i t may
i n d i c a t e a ground s t a t i o n a t 1 8 . 6 kHz, b u t a t t h e 1800 f o o t
l e v e l , t h i s i s d o u b t f u l .
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ure
3-1
S
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m o
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ne
tic
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gth
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tain
ed
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a l
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ten
na
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cky
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ters
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FREQ
UENC
Y, kH
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Fig
ure
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Sp
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FREQ
UENC
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Fig
ure
3-3
S
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m o
f m
ag
ne
tic
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eld
str
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gth
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tain
ed
on
a
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an
ten
na
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cky
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Min
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Sp
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F
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Fig
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3 - 1
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ield
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14
Sp
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o
f m
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S
pe
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um
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ield
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pec
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m o
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agn
etic
fi
eld
str
en
gth
ob
tain
ed
on
a l
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p
an
ten
na
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Hz
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kH
z,
Luc
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ay
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fro
nt
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nte
nn
a
se
ns
itiv
e
ax
is h
ori
zo
nta
l (E
-!J)
, A
ug
ust
2
7,
19
73
. S
pe
ctr
al
res
olu
tio
n is
7
8.1
H
z.
*-g z
s-
20
.. -a w
Eg %
5
k? - =
22
10 .,
s -z&
z25
sz
3
2 E
&
Y
7'5
0 ..
$2
2%
ZO
, e
-10.
. W
0
0
4 L
' g
$
-20
., CO
ZE
zo
0:
LO
-3
0-
/ MI
NE G
ENER
ATEO
NOS
E .
. .,
0 10
20 30
40
3
60
?C
YO
90
100
1 7
E! (00
: :O
/CS/
-J !
! 22
49
0 OO
+GJO
20
4300
1 c
or
r,,
r
ec
.=
-23
to
t
c
DG
= 0
FG
=
0 A
G=
52
0.3
08
6
FREQ
UENC
Y, kH
z
Fig
ure
3
-41
S
pe
ctr
um
of
ma
gn
eti
c
fie
ld s
tre
ng
th o
bta
ine
d
on
a l
oo
p
an
ten
na
10
kH
z to
10
0 k
Hz,
L
uck
y
Fri
da
y M
ine,
3
40
0
lev
el
(10
80
me
ters
d
eep
) ,
min
e i
n o
pe
rati
on
, a
nte
nn
a s
en
sit
ive
a
xis
ho
riz
on
tal
(E-W
), A
ug
ust
27
, 1
97
3.
Sp
ec
tra
l re
so
luti
on
is
78
.1
Hz.
Z
w 25
2
g
Z
O&
- 2 -=
e
g z
g
gg
s
E g
,K
,LA-
sz
Z
CT
-I.;
mw
O
-O
L z
CT
=-
g z
E
k-
;a Y
zg %
g
z L
A-
W
=%
CL
GE
- &
a
L 2
: 2
5:
m
e
EE A
aW
,,- &Z
= "B
z
c;.U
-
k-r
4
5
s
UW
y
2s
cT5
c.7
--
t .
SYST
EM N
OISE
/
0 20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
FREQ
UENC
Y, kH
z J
Fig
ure
3 -
42
S
pe
ctr
um
of
ma
gn
eti
c
fie
ld s
tre
ng
th o
bta
ine
d f
rom
a l
oo
p
an
ten
na
, se
nsit
ive
ax
is h
ori
zo
nta
l (E
ast-
We
st)
, lo
ca
tio
n o
n
top
of
ca
ge
ad
jac
en
t to
ho
ist
rop
e,
Lu
ck
y
Fri
da
y
Min
e.
Tim
e i
s a
bo
ut
11:O
O
a.
m. ,
Fe
bru
ary
8
, 1
97
4.
Ca
lib
rati
on
is
va
lid
o
ve
r th
e f
req
ue
nc
y r
an
ge
fro
m 3
kH
z to
2
00
k
Hz.
Ca
ge
is
at
42
50
le
ve
l.
Sig
na
l i
s f
rom
a
stro
ng
unk
now
n so
urc
e*
e, .r' 00
e g g X g 7 W . d X k 0 0 .,24: rd Fc Lo U = l u
p 3 k L o g 0 2 J S e, (d
E + * a e , h 8 G U q 0 -$ Q) - .u
'44 "g.2 Id i, o e , d .-,-I
" S ..: * d
E d a 2 0 5 ~ ~ 5 . 3 0 U J d m " d B * d Q , - 5 2
0 > g g s 2
k ? % o :O U .+ . . . z $ 2
k k Q e , e , o M - - * E $
+ d ; N G m rd 5 ;
Q) 0 0 M % j W Q F c
rd 0 ~~~ E r e E g z : 5 0 d O
S > [ I I Z x g U a,--' Id . o ~ C p , 2 ~ * ~ a - 0 " m w O r d o \ ~
0 4 > 6 ( d = '
iil:IS MkGMETIC FIELD STRENGTH, H, dB RELATIVE TO OF;E KlCR3AKPERE PER METER, FOR DISCRETE FREQUENCIES; OR
1C1:; !!!!?!L TIC-FIELD-STRENGTH SPECTRUFl DENSITY LEVEL, lid, dR RELCTIVE Tij
PUL I*lICRDA!~PERE-PER-METER PER HZ , FOR BROA1) @AYE Ilb!jE
Fig
ure
3 -
45
S
pe
ctr
um
of
vo
lta
ge
ac
ros
s a
50
oh
m
loa
d.
Th
e s
ou
rce
of
th
e v
olt
ag
e i
s a
fe
rrit
e l
oo
p a
rou
nd
th
e h
ois
t ro
pe
; th
e
loo
p i
s a
bo
ut
2 m
ete
rs a
bo
ve
th
e c
ag
e.
Th
e c
ali
bra
tio
n i
s
va
lid
fro
m 3
k
Hz
to
20
0
kH
z.
Lo
ca
tio
n i
s t
he
L
uc
ky
F
rid
ay
M
ine.
Tim
e w
as a
bo
ut
11:O
O
a.
m.,
F
eb
rua
ry 8
, 1
97
4.
The
u
pp
er
curv
e i
s a
st
ron
g u
nkno
wn
sou
rce a
nd
the
low
er
cu
rve i
s t
yp
ica
l n
ois
e
du
rin
g m
inin
g o
pe
rati
on
.
'2 :
: 2:AO
2: 6
-2-::2
' 55.;:2
:T/'
E/-A
2:
'0 2
0 6
: 29
2 .
: 95.:;5
-5 Js.
::: 9
-"
'.-
" -, .a
-
63 t
"'
2:
AS:;8
4S::E
iu
.
2 8
-ii;;l':n
v cb
;;'':.
re
c, =
2:
:O
; c
on
,t.
=-2
9 :
:=36
R
G=
10
: 2:
d9:
3G=
: F&
= :
Aiz-
49
a
- 60
r
G
10
0
Z
0 a
52
50
'0
s
0
u' 0
ur
;z 40
. +
- m
z s
>=
'ye
?
+->
z
g2 *
r
- 30
52
'2
Cn i
>-z
E=
g
gg
z 20
- O
Il
r1
3
zzzm
z O
3 ~
l-lt;a
w,w
10
.. 2 0: U
J
L;g
&z
1 0,
. C
aO
OV
0'--0
- Cnz
Zk
, -1
0..
4
b
-..
.J
0
c>
>
e
v,
-20.
. /.
-
Li-
rn
Y
v
fi
J
u
-30
..
-40 ,
: :30-:C6
:. 3C
8L
- 9-6
-; :-
MI
NE G
ENER
ATED
NOISE
'
.'
.*
. .
fi
MINE
6EN
ERAT
ED NO
ISE
0 20
40
60
80
4
100
120
140
160
180
200
FREQ
UENC
Y, kH
z
W
!+
=,A
w
a-
2 c
40 .
' ds
-,z 5
0.
= - g
=&Z
Z
MINE
GEN
ERAT
ED NO
ISE
0;;;s
20
. O
W W
zg
5s
7
2
-
- IC
. ~
rn
5-
z
g -
20 ,
E
& z=
.OF 52
2 y
EY
; -3
0 ..
W
'?5
xs O
a-
2 =E
=a-
W4
, - -4
0 .
g
c9
FZ
4
-
z
y
-:o 1
0
22
E
T
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
=
17
--
A -
-
FREQ
UENC
Y, kH
z
Fig
ure
3
-46
S
pe
ctr
um
of
ma
gn
eti
c f
ield
str
en
gth
ob
tain
ed
fro
m a
lo
op
a
nte
nn
a,
sen
siti
ve
ax
is h
ori
zo
nta
l (E
ast
-We
st),
lo
ca
tio
n o
n
top
of
ca
ge
ad
jac
en
t to
ho
ist
rop
e,
Lu
ck
y
Fri
da
y
Min
e.
Tim
e i
s a
bo
ut
11:O
O a
. m
.,
Fe
bru
ary
8
, 1
97
4.
Ca
lib
rati
on
is
va
lid
ov
er
the
fre
qu
en
cy
ra
ng
e f
rom
3
kH
z to
20
0 kHz.
Ca
ge
is
at
42
50
le
ve
l.
Sig
nal is fr
om
a st
ron
g u
nkno
-m s
ou
rce.
.
. .
. .
::1
- :
& -. ;
.n.:
,:
.,
:< -' '?
,. '
-
-c
::?
.;
- ;1
c:
.
55
- L
. ..
: ..
.::
-7
.::
> C
-L
?.
.
4:::8
15
::3
-. L
.
0-
-?
I
- ; :',:
ro*
,:
:
55 :
- -
,
.- -.?
0
.'
. . .
~.
- -7,-. -:
. : .,'
: 1.,
L:.
- 5
69 ; ;:
: .:;
. -.-
=z
. ; .8
?
; ':L
C :.
', r 0
Z
c.
n
2
z 53
fn
o
LT
-4
MI
NE G
ENER
ATED
NOI
SE
- ::
W
9 %g
C
a
-10.
-2
C;.
0
>
+-
'"
'id
- Z
-8
..
CT
,--
cC
2 - 2
-30
' V
-40 ' P,
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
FREQ
UENC
Y, kHz
Fig
ure
3
-48
S
pe
ctr
um
of
vo
ltag
e a
cro
ss
a
50
oh
m l
oa
d.
Th
e s
ou
rce
of
th
e v
olt
ag
e i
s a
fe
rrit
e l
oo
p a
rou
nd
th
e h
ois
t ro
pe
; th
e
loo
p i
s a
bo
ut
2 m
ete
rs a
bo
ve
th
e c
ag
e.
Th
e c
ali
bra
tio
n i
s
vali
d f
rom
3
kHz
to 2
00
kHz.
Lo
ca
tio
n i
s t
he
L
uck
y
Fri
da
y
Min
e.
Tim
ew
as
ab
ou
t ll
:OO
,a.m
.,
Fe
bru
ary
8
,
1974
. C
age
was
a
t 1600 l
ev
el.
S
ign
als
are
fro
m a
n un
know
n nar
row
ban
d
sou
rce.
:2 ;
; ;;
i-L
, ;;:
. c
- ..
. . .
. '2
.2
22
::2
+
:.55.
::5
-: :5
.:::
. ;:.
:.;
; I;.:.:
:.
t5::e
‘3:
;E 21
97
2
8 7
AGoin
co
rr
,
re
c
= -&
to:
cons
t.=-
55. 0
MINE
GEN
ERAT
ED NO
ISE
,
0 20
40
60
80
100
120
140
16
0 180
20
0 FR
EQUE
NCY,
Mz
Fig
ure
3
-49
S
pe
ctr
um
of
vo
lta
ge
ac
ros
s a
5
0
oh
m l
oa
d.
Th
e s
ou
rce
of
th
e v
olt
ag
e i
s a
fe
rrit
e l
oo
p a
rou
nd
th
e h
ois
t ro
pe
; th
e
loo
p i
s a
bo
ut
2 m
ete
rs a
bo
ve
th
e c
ag
e.
Th
e c
ali
bra
tio
n i
s
va
lid
fro
m 3
kH
z to
2
00
k
Hz.
L
oc
ati
on
is
th
e
Lu
ck
y
Fri
da
y
Min
e.
Tim
e w
as
ab
ou
t 11
:OO
a
. m
.,
Fe
bru
ary
8,
19
74
. C
age
was
a
t 1
80
0 l
ev
el.
S
ign
als
are
fro
m a
n u
nkno
wn
nar
row
ban
d
sou
rce
.
a d 0 2 q c f cd "
%I ho' E 3 - 0 2 y " A % I d 4 0 0 > a W h s . 2 2 ; ' $ c a s t W O ? " $ a > %
cd &I " O h
- 2 g - ?;;; - : u , i
4 . AMPLITUDE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS
4 . 1 I n t r o d u c t i o n and U n c e r t a i n t i e s
The ampl i tude p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n (APD) of t h e r e -
c e i v e d n o i s e s i g n a l magnitude i s one of t h e most u s e f u l
s t a t i s t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n s of t h e n o i s e p r o c e s s f o r t h e d e s i g n
and e v a l u a t i o n of a te lecommunicat ions system o p e r a t i n g i n a
n o i s y environment [ 5 , 6 , 7 ] .
By p l o t t i n g t h e cumula t ive APD on Rayle igh graph p a p e r ,
one can show c l e a r l y t h e f r a c t i o n of t ime t h a t n o i s e exceeds
v a r i o u s l e v e l s . Rayleigh graph paper i s chosen w i t h s c a l e s
so t h a t Gaussian n o i s e ( e . g . , thermal n o i s e ) p l o t s a s a
s t r a i g h t l i n e w i t h s l o p e of - 1 / 2 . Noise w i t h r a p i d l a r g e
changes i n ampl i tude ( e . g . , impuls ive n o i s e ) t h e n has a
much s t e e p e r s l o p e , t y p i c a l l y -4 o r - 5 , depending on t h e
r e c e i v e r bandwidth.
A l l APD measurements a r e r e p o r t e d i n a b s o l u t e q u a n t i t i e s .
The e s t i m a t e d l i m i t s of e r r o r f o r t h e APD n o i s e measure-
ments a r e + 5 dB. S e v e r a l s o u r c e s o f e r r o r t h a t a r e c r i t i c a l
t o t h e o v e r a l l accuracy of our measurements a r e l i s t e d below:
1. Use of a d i s c r e t e , d i g i t a l l e v e l c o u n t e r ( l e v e l s a r e
6 dB a p a r t ) c o n t r i b u t e s . + 1-dB q u a n t i z a t i o n e r r o r l i m i t .
One-decibel s t e p a t t e n u a t o r s a r e used t o ach ieve t h e
5 one d e c i b e l .
2 . The sys tem, i . e . , r e c o r d i n g , d a t a t r a n s c r i b i n g , and
d a t a p r o c e s s i n g , has a c a l i b r a t i o n u n c e r t a i n t y o f
+ 0 . 5 dB [ 3 ] .
3 . The e s t i m a t e d u n c e r t a i n t y invo lved i n u s i n g t h e p o r -
t a b l e and t h e l a b o r a t o r y t a p e r e c o r d e r s f o r r e c o r d and
p layback i s + 0 . 5 dB due t o harmonic d i s t o r t i o n , f l u t t e r ,
d r o p o u t , c r o s s - t a l k , g a i n i n s t a b i l i t y , e t c .
4 . The g a i n i n s t a b i l i t y d u r i n g measurements, g a i n
changes between measurements and c a l i b r a t i o n , and t h e
n o n - l i n e a r i t y o f e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c i n t e r f e r e n c e and f i e l d
s t r e n g t h (EIFS) mete r s and m i x e r s , a l l combined, con-
t r i b u t e + 0.5 dB u n c e r t a i n t y .
5 . The g a i n i n s t a b i l i t y and n o n - l i n e a r i t y o f t h e d i g i t a l
l e v e l c o u n t e r , t h e tuned f requency c o n v e r t e r , t h e ampl i -
f i e r , and a t t e n u a t o r s , a l l combined, c o n t r i b u t e f 0 .5 dB
u n c e r t a i n t y .
6 . Connector l o s s e s and BNC c a b l e l o s s e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y
a t h i g h e r f r e q u e n c i e s above 100 kHz, c o n t r i b u t e + 2.0 dB
u n c e r t a i n t y .
4 .2 R e s u l t s
APD measurements were made on August 2 7 , 1973, and on
February 8 , 1974, d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n i n t h e Lucky Fr iday Mine
l o c a t e d n e a r Wallace, Idaho. D e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e Lucky
F r i d a y Mine a r e g iven i n s e c t i o n 1 . 2 . APD measurements were
made a t f o u r l o c a t i o n s . The f i r s t s e t of APD measurements a t
f o u r f r e q u e n c i e s was made on August 2 7 a t t h e head-frame on
t h e s u r f a c e . A P D ' s a r e shown i n f i g u r e s 4-1 through 4-9 f o r
two antenna o r i e n t a t i o n s . The second s e t of APD measurements
a t f o u r f r e q u e n c i e s was made on August 2 7 , 1973, a t t h e 1450
f o o t (427 m) l e v e l . These APD's a r e shown i n f i g u r e s 4-9
through 4 - 1 6 . The t h i r d s e t o f APD measurements a t t h r e e
f r e q u e n c i e s was made on August 2 7 , 1973, a t t h e 3050 f o o t
(930 m) l e v e l . A P D ' s a r e shown i n f i g u r e s 4-17 th rough 4-22.
I n t h e s e s e t s o f APD measurements, bo th t h e v e r t i c a l and
h o r i z o n t a l components of magnet ic f i e l d were measured. The
f o u r t h s e t o f APD measurements a t t h r e e f r e q u e n c i e s was made
on February 8 , 1974, a t t h e 3650 f o o t (1113 m) l e v e l , d u r i n g
o p e r a t i o n . The 3650 l e v e l was a working l e v e l w i t h l i g h t
a c t i v i t y . A P D ' s a r e shown i n f i g u r e s 4-23 through 4-28.
In a l l c a se s except f o r t h e 3650 working l e v e l , t h e
h o r i z o n t a l component i s about 1 0 dB s t r o n g e r than t h e v e r t i c a l
component. This i s probably because t h e h o r i z o n t a l o r i e n t a t i o n
of t h e antenna coupled more s t r o n g l y t o t h e nearby h o i s t ropes
( t h e apparent source o f n o i s e ) than d i d t h e v e r t i c a l o r i e n t a -
t i o n . A t t h e working l e v e l , t h e s t r o n g e s t no i se source was
n o t t h e h o i s t ropes bu t was machinery a t t h e l e v e l . Somewhat
h ighe r l e v e l s were a l s o measured a t t h e 3650 l e v e l than a t
o t h e r l e v e l s . Whether t he 2 0 minute time i n t e r v a l f o r each
record ing was s u f f i c i e n t f o r s t a t i s t i c a l v a l i d i t y needs t o be
determined from f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s .
Also, a t t he 3650 l e v e l , t h e no i se ampli tude tended t o
i n c r e a s e wi th i n c r e a s i n g f requency, whi le a t a l l o t h e r l o c a -
t i o n s a t t h i s mine, it tended t o decrease wi th i n c r e a s i n g
f requency.
4 .3 RMS and Average Values
The APD's a r e i n t e g r a t e d t o give rms and average va lues
of t h e f i e l d s t r e n g t h , according t o t h e equa t ions
II = - I H dp (H) avg 0
and
where H r e p r e s e n t s t h e magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h of t h e n o i s e ,
and p i s t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t t h e measured f i e l d s t r e n g t h
exceeds t h e va lue H. These q u a n t i t i e s a r e a l s o dependent
upon t h e measurement bandwidth, t h e l e n g t h of t h e d a t a run ,
and p o s s i b l y o t h e r paramete rs . f i n i t e s e r i e s a r e us-pr
t h e numerical i n t e g r a t i o n . The rms and average va lues so
a r r i v e d a t a r e i d e n t i f i e d on each graph and a r e t ime averages
(23 minutes) of t he se t ime-dependent paramete rs . I f t h e
t apes a r e played i n t o o rd ina ry rms-reading me te r s , t h e meter
read ings w i l l vary 1 0 t o 20 dB over f r a c t i o n s of a second.
The r m s va lue i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t a b l e t o no i se power. With
t h e s e wide v a r i a t i o n s of f i e l d s t r e n g t h w i th t ime, t h e most
s u i t a b l e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a r e s t a t i s t i c a l ones .
4 . 4 Summary Curves
Excursions of f i e l d s t r e n g t h between 0 . 0 0 1 and 99 p e r c e n t ,
a s we l l a s r m s and average v a l u e s , a r e shown i n f i g u r e s 4-29
through 4-36. The p r e d e t e c t i o n bandwidth f o r t h e s e APD
measurements i s e i t h e r 1 kHz o r i s normalized t o 1 kHz.
Figure 4-29 i s a summary of t h e f i g u r e s 4 -1 through 4 -4 ,
a t t h e headframe, t h e h o r i z o n t a l (N-S) component. Figure 4-30
i s a summary of f i g u r e s 4-5 through 4-8, a t t h e headframe,
v e r t i c a l component. Figure 4-31 i s a summary of f i g u r e s 4-9
through 4-12, a t t h e 1450-foot l e v e l , v e r t i c a l component.
Figure 4-32 i s a summary of f i g u r e s 4-13 through 4-16, a t t h e
1450-foot l e v e l , h o r i z o n t a l (N-S) component. Figure 4-33 i s
a summary of f i g u r e s 4-17 through 4-19 , a t t h e 3050-foot
l e v e l , h o r i z o n t a l (N-S) component. Figure 4-34 i s a summary
o f f i g u r e s 4-28 through 4 - 2 2 , a t t h e 3050-foot l e v e l , v e r -
t i c a l component. Figure 4-35 i s a summary of f i g u r e s 4-23
through 4-25 , a t t he 3650-foot l e v e l , h o r i z o n t a l (N-S) compo-
n e n t . Figure 4-36 i s a summary of f i g u r e s 4-26 through 4-28,
a t t h e 3659-foot l e v e l , v e r t i c a l component.
F i g u r e 4 -1 APD, Magnetic f ie ld s t rength , 3 0 kHz, Horizontal (North-South) component, Headframe, Lucky F r iday Mine, 1 kHz predetect ion bandwidth. T ime w a s 11:OO a. m . , August 27, 1973.
Ma
gn
eti
c F
ield
S
tre
ng
th ,
H (
dB
re
lati
ve t
o 1
mic
roa
mp
ere
pe
r m
eter
RMS )
;I
urn
@
'ZY
K" a P
2. x..
, 9
s ;-
a
E'+ " "o
? !, 2-
5 a
Fr
: Ox
x +
- :
+
g.
a ,,
0
oa
z
PI
P*
K
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4-4 APD, Magnetic f ie ld s t rength , 250 kHz, Horizontal (North- South) component, Headframe, Lucky F r iday M 1. 2 M e predetect ion bandwidth. T ime was 1 1 :00 a. m August 27, 1973
Figure 4 -5 APD, Magnetic field s t rength , 3 0 kHz, Vert ica l compo- nent , Headf rame , Lucky F r i d a y Mine. 1 kHz prede tec- t ion bandwidth. T ime was 10:30 a. m . , August 2 7 , 1973.
Figure 4-6 APD, Magnetic field strength, 70 kHz, Vertical component, Hesdframe, Lucky Friday Mine, 1 kHz predetection bandwidth. Time was 10:30 a. m. , August 27, 1973.
Percent of T ime Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4-7 APD, Magnetic field s t rength , 150 kHz, Vert ica l compo- nent, Headf rame , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1.2 kHz prede tec- t ion bandwidth. T ime was 10:30 a. m . , August 27, 1973.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4-8 APD, Magnetic field s trength, 250 M e , Vert ica l compo- nent, Headframe, Lucky F r iday Mine, 1 .2 kHz predetec- t ion bandwidth. T ime was 10:3 0 a. m. , August 27, 1973.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded Figure 4-9 APD, Magnetic field s t rength, 30 kHz, Vert ica l compo-
nent, 1450 level , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1 kHz prede tec- t ion bandwidth. Time was 1:00 p.m., August 27, 1973.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded Figure 4-10 APD, Magnetic field s t rength, 70 kHz, Vert ica l corn
nent , 1450 level , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1 kHz predetec - t ion bandwidth. T ime was 1:00 p . m . , August 2 7 , 1973
Percent of Ti me Ord i na te is Exceeded
Figure 4- 11 APD, Magnetic field s t rength, 150 kHz, Vert ica l compo-- nent, 1450 level , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1 .2 kHz predetec- t ion bandwidth. T ime was 1 :00 p. m. , August 27, 1973.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4- 12 APD, Magnetic field s trength, 250 kHz, Vert ical compo- nent, 1450 level , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1.2 W z predetec- t ion bandwidth. Time was 1 :00 p. m. , August 27, 1973.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4-13 APD, Magnetic field strength, 30 kHz, Horizontal (North-South) component, 1450 level, Lucky Fr iday Mine, 1 kHz predetection bandwidth. Time was 1 :30 p. m. , August 27, 1973.
Figure 4- 14 APD, Magnetic field strength, 70 kHz, Horizontal (North-South) component, 1450 level, Lucky Friday Min 1 H z predetection bandwidth. Time was 1 :3 0 p. m., August 27, 1974.
9 1
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4-15 APD, Magnetic f ie ld s t rength, 150 kHz , Horizontal (North -South) component, 1450 level , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1. 2 kHz predetect ion bandwidth. T ime was 1 :3 0 p. m. ,
August 27 , 1973.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4-16 APD, Magnetic field s trength, 250 kHz, Horizontal (North-South) component, 1450 level, Lucky Fr iday Mine, 1 . 2 kHz predetection bandwidth. Time was 1 :3 0 p . m. , August 27 , 1973.
93
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4-17 APD, Magnetic field s t rength, 3 0 kHz, Horizontal (North-South) component, 3 050 level , Lucky Fr iday Mine, 1 kHz predetect ion bandwidth. T ime was 3 :00 p. m. , August 27 , 1973.
Linear by - log,,(-In p)
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4-18 APD, Magnetic field s t rength , 70 kHz, Horizontal (North-South) component, 3 050 leve l , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1 kHz predetect ion bandwidth. T ime was 3:00 p . m . , August 27 , 1973.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4-19 APD, Magnetic field s t rength , 150 kHz, Horizontal (North-South) component, 3050 level , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1. 2 kHz predetect ion bandwidth. T ime was 3 :00 p. m. , August 27, 1973.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4-20 APD, Magnetic field s t rength, 30 kHz, Vert ica l compo- nent, 3050 level , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1 kHz predetec - t ion bandwidth. T ime was 2:30 p. m . , August 27, 1973.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4 -21 APD, Magnetic field s t rength, 70 kHz, Vert ica l compo- nent, 3050 level , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1 kHz prede tec- t ion bandwidth. T ime was 2:30 p. m . , August 27, 1973.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4 -22 APD, Magnetic field s t rength, 150 kHz, Vert ica l com- ponent, 3050 level , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1 . 2 kHz p r e - detect ion bandwidth. T ime was 2:30 p. m. , August 27, 1973.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded Figure 4-23 APD, Magnetic field s t rength , 35 kHz, Horizontal
(North-South) component, 3 650 level , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1 kHz predetect ion bandwidth. T ime was 10:OO a . m . , F e b r u a r y 8, 1974.
k r c e n t of Time Ordinate is Exceeded Figure 4-24 APD, Magnetic field strength, 75 kHz, Horizontal
(North- South) component, 3650 level, Lucky Friday Mine, 1 kHz predetection bandwidth. Time was 10:OO a. m. , February 8, 1974.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded Figure 4-25 APD, Magnetic field strength, 200 kHz, Horizontal
(North-South) component, 3650 level, Lucky Friday Mine, 1 .2 kHz predetection bandwidth. Time was 10:OO a. m., February 8, 1974.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4-26 APD, Magnetic field strength, 35 kHz, Vert ical compo- nent, 3650 level, Lucky Fr iday Mine, 1 kHz predetection bandwidth. Time was 10:30 a. m., February 8, 1974.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4-27 APD, Magnetic field s t rength, 75 kHz, Vert ica l compo- nent, 3650 level , Lucky F r iday Mine, 1 kHz predetect ion bandwidth. Time was 10:30 a. m . , F e b r u a r y 8, 1974.
Percent of Time Ordinate is Exceeded
Figure 4 - 2 8 APD, Magnetic field strength. 200 kHz. Vert ical compo- nent, 3650 level, Lucky Fr iday Mine, 1 . 2 MIz predetection bandwidth. Time was 10:30 a. m. , February 8, 1974.
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH, H (dB RELATIVE TO I MICROAMPERE PER METER RMS)
5. NOISE AND ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS ALONG THE HOIST ROPE
5 .1 Noise Measurements
Measurements were made on two d i f f e r e n t d a y s . On one day
t h e mine was i n o p e r a t i o n ; on t h e o t h e r day it was n o t . On
t h e day t h e mine was i n o p e r a t i o n , measurements were made
w h i l e t h e cage was i n mot ion ; when t h e mine was n o t i n o p e r a -
t i o n , measurements were made w i t h t h e cage s t o p p e d a t a number
o f l e v e l s . The cage was s h o r t e d t o wa te r p i p e s , and bo th
"open" and " s h o r t " measurements were made. A t 35 kHz, t h e
r e a d i n g s were r a t h e r e r r a t i c , i n d i c a t i n g e i t h e r s u b s t a n t i a l
v a r i a t i o n s w i t h t i m e , o r nea rby s o u r c e s . The 50 kHz d a t a
showed s t a n d i n g wave p a t t e r n s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o b t a i n e d i n
t h e a t t e n u a t i o n measurements .
Values a r e i n dB w i t h r e s p e c t t o one m i c r o v o l t a c r o s s
50 ohms; t h e u n c e r t a i n t y i s e s t i m a t e d a s + 5 dB. The a i r -
c o r e loop v a l u e s c o u l d be c a l i b r a t e d i n t e rms o f microamperes
p e r m e t e r , b u t t h e f i e l d s t r e n g t h i s r e a l l y c o n t r o l l e d by t h e
c u r r e n t i n t h e h o i s t rope ( a l t h o u g h c o u p l i n g i s n o t a s t i g h t
a s w i t h t h e f e r r i t e c o r e ) , s o o n l y v o l t a g e u n i t s w i l l be g i v e n .
The n o i s e d a t a f o r t h e t ime when t h e mine was n o t o p e r a t -
i n g a r e shown i n f i g u r e s 5 - 1 , 5 - 2 , 5 - 3 , and 5 - 4 ; d a t a t a k e n
when t h e mine was i n o p e r a t i o n a r e shown i n f i g u r e s 5 - 5 , 5 - 6 ,
5 - 7 , and 5 - 8 . Noise i s somewhat h i g h e r d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n , b u t
t h e v a r i a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h e b a s i c problem w i t h t h i s t y p e o f
measurement - - t h e cw measurement sys tem i s r e spond ing t o t h e
t ime v a r i a t i o n s , b u t i n a way t h a t masks t h e s t a t i s t i c a l r ange
o f v a l u e s caused by t r a n s i e n t s and i n t e r m i t t e n t s . The APD
s e c t i o n g i v e s d a t a a t some l e v e l s , bu t APD's were n o t r e c o r d e d
on t h e h o i s t .
5.2 A t t e n u a t i o n Measurements
D i s c r e t e - f r e q u e n c y s i g n a l s were i n j e c t e d a t t h e headframe,
and s i g n a l s t r e n g t h measurements were made of t h e c u r r e n t a t
t h e cage a t a number of l e v e l s . The p l o t s show s t a n d i n g wave
p a t t e r n s . E i t h e r t h e s h o r t h a s some i n d u c t a n c e , o r t h e open
h a s some c a p a c i t a n c e , o r b o t h , a s t h e e q u a l - a m p l i t u d e mark i s
a t abou t 3600 f e e t (- 1100 m e t e r s ) f o r 50 kHz, and i f t h e r e
were no s t r a y e f f e c t s , t h e e q u a l a m p l i t u d e ( 2 X/8) p o i n t
s h o u l d be a t a b o u t 2500 f e e t (750 m e t e r s ) .
A c t u a l a t t e n u a t i o n i s r e l a t i v e l y low, o n l y a few dB o v e r
t h e 4000 f o o t (1200 m e t e r ) l e n g t h o f c a b l e . The s t a n d i n g
waves due t o an u n t e r m i n a t e d t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e a r e c l e a r l y a
more s e r i o u s problem. Up t o 20 dB v a r i a t i o n may be e x p e c t e d
from maxima t o minima.
The s i g n a l - t o - n o i s e r a t i o l o o k s v e r y e n c o u r a g i n g , u n l e s s
t h e i n t e r m i t t e n t n o i s e from t h e s t r o n g unknown s o u r c e ( p l u s
60 dB n o i s e ) combines w i t h a minimum i n a s t a n d i n g wave p a t -
t e r n (minus 20 dB s i g n a l ) . Even t h i s w o r s t c a s e may be h a n d l e d ,
b u t t h e margin i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d , e s p e c i a l l y n e a r t h e
working l e v e l s when t h e mine i s i n o p e r a t i o n and where n o i s e
l e v e l s a r e h i g h e s t .
Fig
ure
5
- 1
EM
No
ise
in
min
e s
ha
ft,
min
e n
ot
in o
pe
rati
on
, a
ir-c
ore
.-
an
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ge
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cy
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9
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pre
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idth
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00
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Dep
th in
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, .-,
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_I
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D
epth
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Feet
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Fig
ure
5
-3
EM
No
ise
in
min
e s
ha
ft,
min
e n
ot
in o
pe
rati
on
, a
ir-c
ore
o
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nd
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8 Tf-
0 0 0- Tf
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0 0 0' m -
E a
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0
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Dep
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Fig
ure
5
- 1
0
Re
ce
ive
d s
ign
al
at
ca
ge
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50
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ou
rce
at
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ad
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, 1
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on
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nd
wid
th.
6 . CONCLUSIONS
The e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c i n t e r f e r e n c e i n Lucky F r i d a y Mine i s
somewhat lower t h a n many o t h e r m i n e s , most o f t h e t i m e . How-
e v e r , t h e r e i s some unknown s o u r c e o f n o i s e t h a t i s p r e s e n t
on a n i n t e r m i t t e n t b a s i s , and d u r i n g t h e s e t i m e s , t h e spec t rum
from 10 kHz t o 200 kHz i s s u b j e c t t o l e v e l s 60 dB above
ambient from 50 t o 100 kHz. T h i s n o i s e may l a s t seconds o r
even m i n u t e s ; i t i s n o t s i m i l a r i n n a t u r e t o n o i s e from v e r y
s h o r t - d u r a t i o n t r a n s i e n t s .
Noise n e a r neon l i g h t s such a s a r e common i n c i t i e s c a u s e
c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r p o w e r - l i n e harmonics t h a n occur i n most
r u r a l a r e a s . We have now o b t a i n e d a b s o l u t e d a t a on t h i s t y p e
o f n o i s e .
Un te rmina ted t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e s formed by h o i s t ropes
g i v e s t r o n g s t a n d i n g waves.
7 . RECOMMENDAT IONS
E f f o r t s h o u l d be made t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s o u r c e o f t h e
h i g h - l e v e l n o i s e . On h o i s t phones , s t a n d i n g wave v a r i a t i o n s
must be t a k e n i n t o account i n d e s i g n s .
8 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Those making s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h i s program
a r e a s f o l l o w s : l a b o r a t o r y development and f i e l d u s e o f meas-
urement equipment , Ed Ne i sen , Doug S c h u l z e , and Tom Bremer;
d a t a p r o c e s s i n g , Anne Rumfe l t , Nancy Tomoeda, Frank Cowley, and
David S t e a r n s . Those making v a l u a b l e b u t l e s s t ime-consuming
c o n t r i b u t i o n s a r e Gerry Reeve, Bob Matheson, Don S p a u l d i n g ,
John Chukoski , Lorne Matheson, Dave Lewis, and Sharon Foo te .
Sharon Foote and J a n e t J a s a t y p e d t i r e l e s s l y th rough
many v e r s i o n s . J o c e l y n Spence r and Barba ra Bo l ton p rov ided
d r a f t i n g a s s i s t a n c e .
F i n a l l y , none o f t h i s would have been p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t
e x c e l l e n t c o o p e r a t i o n from v a r i o u s p e o p l e i n t h e Hecla Mining
Company. For a r r angement s we thank Wallace C r a n d a l l , George
Wilhelm, and A r t Brown; f o r much s p e c i a l a s s i s t a n c e we thank
Don Beck. 126
9 . REFERENCES
[ l ] Bensema, W . D . , Kanda, M . , Adams, J . W . , E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
Noise i n Robena No. 4 Coal Mine, NBS Tech. Note 654
( A p r i l 1 9 7 4 ) .
[ 2 ] I E E E D i c t i o n a r y o f E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c Terms,
The I n s t i t u t e o f E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c E n g i n e e r s ,
I n c . , S t d . 100 (1972) .
[ 3 ] T a g g a r t , H . E . and Workman, J . L . , C a l i b r a t i o n P r i n c i p l e s
and P rocedures f o r F i e l d S t r e n g t h Mete r s (30 H z t o 1 GHz),
NBS Tech. Note 370 (March 1 9 6 9 ) .
[ 4 ] Adams, J . W . , Bensema, W . D . , Kanda, M . , E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
Noise i n Grace Hardrock Mine, NBS Tech. Note 657 (June
1 9 7 4 ) .
[5] Cr i ch low, W . Q . , e t a l . , A m p l i t u d e - P r o b a b i l i t y D i s t r i b u -
t i o n s f o r Atmospheric Radio N o i s e , NBS Monograph 23
(1960b) .
[ 6 ] Thompsom, W . I . , 111, B i b l i o g r a p h y o f Ground V e h i c l e Com-
m u n i c a t i o n s and C o n t r o l , AKWIC i n d e x , Repor t No. DOT-
TSC-UMTA-71-3 ( J u l y 1 9 7 1 ) .
[ 7 ] S p a u l d i n g , A . D . and Di sney , R . T . , Man-Made Radio No i se .
P a r t 1: E s t i m a t e s f o r B u s i n e s s , R e s i d e n t i a l , and Rura l
A r e a s , OT Repor t 74-38 ( June 1 9 7 4 ) .
1 0 . APPENDIX
Decoding of Spectrum Captions
Spectrum c a p t i o n s a r e g e n e r a l l y organized i n t o t h e f o l -
lowing format :
F i r s t l i n e : MP NDT NZS NDA NPO RC DF d a t e , t ime , frame, s e r i a l ,
where
MP = Two's power of l e n g t h of Four ie r t rans form, example,
zMP where MP = 1 2
NDT = Detrending o p t i o n , example, 0 (dc removed)
NZS = R e s t a r t s p e c t r a l average a f t e r o u t p u t , example, 0
( r e s t a r t e d )
NDA = Data segment advance increment , example, 2048
NPO = Number of s p e c t r a averaged between ou tpu t c a l l s ,
example, 20
RC = I n t e g r a t i o n time i n seconds per s p e c t r a , example, 0.168
DF = Resolu t ion bandwidth, s p e c t r a l e s t ima te spacing i n
h e r t z , example, 62.5
Date = Date of computer p roces s ing , example, 03/21/73
Time = Time of computer p roces s ing , example, 15:06:34
Frame= Frame s e t number, example, 1 0
Ser ia l ' = F i l m frame s e r i a l number, example, 4 2 .
Second l i n e : DTA DA(1) DA(2) DA(3) NSA NRP NPP, where
DTA = Detrending f i l t e r parameter a , example, 0.00195
DA(1) = Detrending f i l t e r average , K = l , example, 59.4
DA(2) = Detrending f i l t e r average, K = 2 , example, 0
DA(3) = Detrending f i l t e r average, K=3, example, 0
NSA = Number of periodograms averaged, example, 20
NRP = Number of d a t a p o i n t s processed s i n c e spectrum
i n i t i a l i z a t i o n , example, 43008
NPP = Number of d a t a p o i n t s processed s i n c e d a t a i n i t i a l -
i z a t i o n , example, 43008.
T h i r d l i n e : R U N , SESSION, MONTH, DAY, YEAR Gain c o r r . , r e c . = I t o t . cons t r . = , where
Run and S e s s i o n = t h e t i t l e o f t h e p o r t r a y e d f rame i d e n t i f y i n g 1 t h e d i g i t i z i n g s e s s i o n and run number, I e xample , 2 1 8 3
Month, Day, Year = d a t e d a t a were r e c o r d e d i n t h e m i n e ,
example , 8 25 73
Gain c o r r . r e c . = r e c e i v e r g a i n c o r r e c t i o n , example , -6
t o t . c o n s t . = c o n s t a n t g a i n c o r r e c t i o n o f e n t i r e s y s t e m ,
example , 46.4
C = c o r r e c t i o n c u r v e u s e d w i t h d a t a , example , 25
R G = r e c e i v e r g a i n and accompanying c o r r e c t i o n i n dB added t o I t h e d a t a , example , 200 ( - 6 dB)
D G = d i g i t i z e r g a i n , example , 0
FG = f i l t e r g a i n i n dB, o f t e n rounded t o n e a r e s t s i n g l e d i g i t ,
e x a m p l e , 0
AG = a b s o l u t e g a i n c o r r e c t i o n added t o d a t a , example , 52
F i f t h l i n e : Top o f S c a l e , S t a n d a r d E r r o r , S p e c t r a l Peak , where.
Top o f S c a l e = l a r g e s t s c a l e mark ing f o r computer drawn 1 g r a p h , example , 1 .000+004 ( 1 . 0 x l o 4 ) I
S t a n d a r d E r r o r = s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f c u r v e , e x a m p l e , 0 .3162 1 S p e c t r a l Peak = l a r g e s t s p e c t r a l peak o b s e r v e d , example , 1
Elec t romagne t i c Noise i n Lucky F r iday Mine
U.S . DEPT. O F COMM.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET
I - 7. AU'I IIOR(S) 18. P e r f o r m ~ n n Organ. Report No.
1. I'III3I.I(.Al'ION OR I<I~I'OK1' NO.
NBSIR 74-391
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234
4. 7'1'I'l.I< ANIj 511 111'11'1.1:
W . W . S c o t t , J . W . Adams, W.D. Bensema, H . Dobroski 9. I'I<I<1;ORMIN(; 0KC;ANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
11. Contract /Grant No. r
5. Pub l i ca t ion Date
2. C;ov't Acc-chsion No.
.. .
10. Pro-ect /Task/Work Unit No. i768412
3. Rec ip ien t ' s Access ion No.
I
16. Al{Sl'KA(''l' (A 200-word o r l e s s f ac tua l summary of mos t s ign i f i can t information. If document i nc ludes a s ign i f i can t bibliography o r l i tera tur? su rvey , mention i t here . )
Measurements of t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e of e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c n o i s e and a t - t e n u a t i o n a long a h o i s t rope were made i n an o p e r a t i n g h a r d - r o c k mine, Lucky F r i d a y Mine, l o c a t e d nea r Wal lace , Idaho. S p e c t r a o f e l ec t romag- n e t i c n o i s e gene ra t ed by v a r i o u s p i e c e s o f equipment , s p e c t r a of s p e c i f i c n o i s e s i g n a l s a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s , and n o i s e and a t t e n u a t i o n on t h e 4250 f o o t (1295 mete r ) h o i s t , were measured. Three t e c h n i q u e s were used t o make t h e measurements. F i r s t , n o i s e was measured ove r t h e e n t i r e e l e c t r o magne t ic spec t rum o f i n t e r e s t f o r b r i e f t ime p e r i o d s . Data were r e - corded u s i n g broadband ana log magnet ic t a p e f o r l a t e r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t o s p e c t r a l p l o t s . Second, n o i s e amp l i t udes were r eco rded a t s e v e r a l d i s - c r e t e f r e q u e n c i e s f o r a s u f f i c i e n t amount of t ime t o p rov ide d a t a f o r amp l i t ude p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n s . A t h i r d t e chn ique gave a t t e n u a t i o n d a t a t h rough t h e d i r e c t measurement of f i e l d s t r e n g t h a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s .
The s p e c i f i c measured r e s u l t s a r e g iven i n a number of s p e c t r a l p l o t s , amp l i t ude p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n p l o t s and ampl i tude cu rves a s a f u n c t i o n o f d e p t h .
12. S onsor ing Orgilnizat ' n Nsmc and C:onipletr Address (Street, Ci ty , S t a t e , ZIP)
P i t t s b u r g h Mining and S a f e t y Research Cente r 4800 Forbes Avenue P i t t s b u r g h , Pennsy lvan ia 15213
13. Type of Report & Period
14. Sponsor ing Agency Code
ins t rumenta t ion; mine no i se ; s p e c t r a l dens i ty : time - de 18. A\'AII.AI~II.I'I'Y t-- rx l inlimited
1 . 8. Bureau OF Mlnes Covered
17. RllY U'0KI)S (six to twc lve en t r i e s ; a lphabe t i ca l order; c a p i t a l i z e on ly Ule f i rs t l e t t e r of t h e f i r s t k e y word u n l e s s a proper rleme; s e p a r a t e d by s e m i c o l o n s ) Amplitude p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n ; d i g i t a l d a t a , electromag-
2 e t i c i n t e r f e r e n c e ; e lec t romagnet ic n o i s e ; emergency communications; Fas t Four ier Transform; Gaussiam d i s t r i b u t i o n ; impulsive noise ; magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h ; measurement
[ , - 1-or Official 1)isrribution. I)o Not K e l e a s c to N'I'IS UNCL ASSIF I E D
[ Orclrr I;rclnl Sup. <>i l)uc., U.S. Governmenr l'rinting Off ice U ' J S ~ I I I ~ I ~ I ~ , I) . ( : . 2U iU2, 511 Ca t . No. (:I3 ( T H I S P A G E )
+,, .
i : Order I:rvm Nat ional T e c h n i c a l Informnrion Se rv ice (NI'IS) Spr ingi ic ld , V i r g ~ n ~ a 2 2 1 5 1 UNCI.ASSIFIE1)