ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO · PDF fileELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION. . TOP ... which raised the question, ... Additional Tabulated Test Results, And Respective

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ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION. . TOP . . . Page 1

ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION:

Free Thermal Energy Production By Alternating Current.

Copy of A Canadian Patent Application By

Paul Welk

Priority Date, Filed: April 7th, 2015 Expected Canadian Patent Office Publication: October 7th, 2016

Patent Pending

ABSTRACT:

An electrochemical process in which an Alternating Current voltage supply produces thermal heat in the electrolyte of an electrolytic, in-hydro electro-recombustion device, in which, during every cycle of the applied Alternating Current voltage, a flow of electrons initiates cyclical sequences of chemical reactions, which during the first half of an Alternating Current cycle, by electrolysis reduces and separates from the electrolyte elemental hydrogen and oxygen, and which, during the second half of an Alternating Current cycle, by in-hydro electro-recombustion of hydrogen and oxygen produces molecular water, which is immediately re-assimilated into the electrolyte as intermolecular water; all of which releases thermal energy into the electrolyte that is greater than the energy supplied by the Alternating Current voltage supply.

INDEX:

1.0. Background And Introduction. . . . . . Page 2 2.0. Description. . . . . . Page 3 2.1.0. Descriptions Of Verification Tests. . . . . . Page 3 2.2.0. Factual Test Results And Calculations. . . . . . Page 6 2.3.0. General Procedures, Objective Observations, And Rationales For Testing. Page 7 2.4.0. Theoretical Rationales, Chemical, And Physical Reactions In The Electrolyte. Page 10 2.5.0. Focus On Effectiveness And Useful Applications. . . . . Page 13 2.6.0. Technical And Ethical Contribution Of This Invention. . . Page 15

CLAIMS. . . . . . . . . . Page 16

Special Cautionary Note The author concedes that he did not take into consideration his modified AC Power Supply:

Total Energy Input is A1,2 and B1,2, not only “B,” which affects efficiency calculations, when total electric energy consumption is considered.

The electro-chemical process, per se, is as described; Its efficiency is based on selectively used energy, ‘B.’

Dec. 26, 2015,

Paul Welk

https://pgeau.wordpress.com/

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1.0. Background And Introduction.

1.1. Background.

The building up of heat in aqueous electrolytes is a well established and recognized fact. The

inventor observed the ‘creation’ of heat in electro-chemical procedures, when he used two

electrically charged electrodes to heat up acids. What intrigued the inventor was an observation,

which raised the question, ‘How can a relatively low electro potential bring acids to the boiling

point, in a matter of minutes?’ The thought that this process may produce ‘Free Energy’ occurred

often, but was quickly discredited for, as everybody says, ‘There is no such thing as free energy.’

But the inventor said, ‘I will test that concept.’ After much deliberation, the inventor devised a

simple test, which entails only three items (H2O, KOH, and AC Voltage). Being familiar with acidic

toxic fumes, the inventor opted for a potassium hydroxide electrolyte; it is a strong readily

available base, which, as an electrolyte, contrary to acids releases no toxic fumes, and can be

consistently duplicated. (Note: Any aqueous acid, salt, or alkali hydroxide worked for the inventor.)

1.2. Introduction To



ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION produces free thermal energy, because it

harnesses ‘free’ atomic and molecular electromagnetic forces and energy, by capitalizing on the

controlled interaction of the substance and essence of

1. Water, H2O,

2. Potassium hydroxide, KOH, and

3. AC, an alternating voltage.

This Description describes the electrochemical process, in which (1) the first half of an AC voltage

cycle by ‘ELECTROLYSIS’ produces atomic hydrogen and oxygen, and which in (2) the second half of

an AC voltage cycle by ‘IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION’ restructures atomic hydrogen and

oxygen as water. This heat producing process is facilitated by the interplay of a primary energy, E1

(which is a natural electromagnetic inter-atomic, intermolecular ionic force), and a secondary


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energy, E2 (which is an electric energy), provided by an Alternating Current (AC) voltage. The

interaction of E1 and E2 results in a thermal energy, ETh, that is greater than the introduced

secondary energy, E2. Since ETh is a thermal energy, which may be measured in Calories, and E2 is

an electric energy, which may be measured in Volt Amp Minutes (VAM), the inventor uses a

publicly recognized conversion factor, which is the ratio of 1 to 14.34 (E.g., If an electrical device is

energized by 1 Volt and draws 1 Amp for a period of 1 minute, the amount of energy consumed, or

produced, is 1 x 1 x 1 = 1 VAM, which is the equivalent of 14.34 calories (cal), where 1 cal is the

thermal energy that is required or released, when the temperature of 1 cubic centimeter of water

changes by 1 degree Celsius at 1 atmosphere, atm.).

2.0. Description Of



2.1.0. Descriptions Of Verification Tests.

The objective of the testing was to verify if, how, and why electric energy can be used to

produce thermal energy at efficiency greater than 100 %. Since the testing involved making

observations, taking measurements and readings, a relatively large exposed surface area of an

accessible aqueous electrolyte was helpful. Since the objective was also to verify efficiency, the

inventor opted for a low temperature test, to keep heat loss to a minimum. In the interest of

safety, he used primarily low voltages.

2.1.1. Utensils Used:

1. At least one large beaker.

2. Ordinary drinking water.

3. Dry anhydrous potassium hydroxide flakes (KOH).

4. Various electrical supplies and wiring, depending on test to be done.

a. A variable Alternating Current power supply, 0 to 30 Volts, and 120 Volts 60 Hz.

b. At least two inert electrodes with electrode holders. (Carbon electrodes were 1 cm

in diameter and 20 cm long, variously spaced. Stainless steel electrodes were


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rectangular plates: 1 mm, by 3 cm, by 10 cm, having 1 cm empty space between

electrodes.)

c. AC volt meter. (DC, if negative validation test is of interest.)

d. AC amp meter. (DC, if negative validation test is of interest.)

5. An immersible all weather thermometer (measuring degrees Celsius, C).

6. A watch with clear and exact display of minutes and seconds.

7. A note pad.

8. A weight scale, calibrated in grams, 0 to 100 g, to measure amounts of KOH additives.

9. A 12 Volt car battery. (Optional: Only if negative validation test is of interest.)

10. Two powerful two-pole disk magnets, approximately 6 Kilogram each.

(Optional: Only if external magnetic field experiment is of interest.)

2.1.2. Procedures Of A Small Scale Test, Easily Repeated And Possibly Modified:

1. The tests were performed at an atmospheric pressure of approximately 1 atm.

2. The inventor placed ordinary drinking water into a glass beaker.

3. The inventor mixed into the water, measured amounts of anhydrous KOH.

4. The inventor cooled the electrolyte as low as feasible before each test.

5. The inventor placed the electrode assembly and a thermometer into the electrolyte.

6. The inventor connected electrodes to an electric AC 60 Hz, Single Phase power supply.

7. The inventor monitored and recorded four factors:

a. Duration of test in minutes.

b. The voltage across the electrodes,

c. The amperes, flowing through the electrodes, and

d. Temperature rise in degrees Celsius.

8. The inventor based calculations on:

a. Average recorded voltages and amperages, multiplied by duration in minutes.

b. Electrolyte volume, measured in cubic centimeters (cc).

c. Electrolyte temperature difference, measured in degrees Celsius at beginning

and end of tests.


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d. The conversion factor (1 to 14.34) to compare energy measured in Volt Amp

Minutes (VAM) to Calories (cal).

9. The inventor used the same electrodes for all tests (except where specified).

10. The inventor used the same electrolyte whenever possible, adding KOH in amounts as

specified, and adding minor amounts of water to compensate for evaporation.

11. The inventor reports on more than normally expected verification tests, for testing was

a discovery learning process, and the invention of producing free energy will invariably

encounter much skepticism and detailed verification.

2.1.3. Definition Of Various Abbreviations, Referring To Energy In This Description.

E1 An un-measured constant never-diminishing energy provided by elemental electro-

potentials, which produce intrinsic electromagnetic inter-atomic and intermolecular

ionic forces that correlate to electron configurations and respond to electromagnetic

forces of other ions, even external electric energies, e.g., E2.

E2 An electric energy, derived from an AC Voltage power supply, which is measured in

Volt Amp Minutes (VAM).

EF A thermal energy, resulting directly or indirectly from interactions between E1 and E2.

EC A constant energy, which is provided/required for making/breaking of a chemical bond.

ETh1 A thermal energy, which is measured in calories (cal), and comprises the total thermal

energy that is stored in an electrolyte of ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-

RECOMBUSTION at the beginning of a test.

ETh2 A thermal energy, which is measured in calories (cal), and comprises the total thermal

energy that is stored in an electrolyte of ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-

RECOMBUSTION at the end of a test.


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2.2.0. Factual Test Results And Calculations.

2.2.1. Detailed Report on Typical Test No. 1.

Sample Of Tabulated Readings From Test No. 1:

Reading Time Volts AC Amps oC

No. 1. 12:51 11.0 3.7 13

No. 2. 53 11.0 3.8 15

No. 3. 55 11.0 4.1 18

No. 4. 57 11.0 4.3 20

No. 5. 59 11.0 4.6 23

No. 6. 13:01 11.0 4.8 27

No. 7. 3 11.0 5.0 30

No. 8. 5 11.0 5.2 33

No. 9. 7 10.5 5.3 37

No. 10. 9 10.5 5.6 40

No. 11. 11 10.7 5.8 43

No. 12. 13 10.5 6.0 47

No. 13. 15 10.2 6.0 49

No. 14. 17 10.3 6.3 52

No. 15. 19 10.2 6.5 55

Minutes Average Average Increase

28 10.7 5.1 42

2.2.2. Typical Procedure Of Calculating And Interpreting Factual Results Of Test No. 1:

Energy Conversion Factor (VAM to cal): . . 1 to 14.34

Energy Consumption in VAM (10.7 x 5.1 x 28): . 1,528

Energy Consumption in Calories (VAM x 14.34 = cal in): 21,911

Electrolyte Volume (cc) . . . . 1,000

Temperature Rise in Degrees Celsius (C Rise): 42

Energy Produced in Calories (cc x CRise = cal out): . 42,000

Efficiency of Energy Conversion (cal out x 100 / cal in) 191 %


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2.2.3. Additional Tabulated Test Results, And Respective Calculations. (N.B.: 1 VAM = 14.34 cal)

Test cc H2O KOH g VoltAC Amp. Min. VAMin cal in C Rise cal out Eff. % Notes:

1. 1,000 20 10.7 5.1 28 1,528 21,911 42 42,000 191 Primary Test

2. 1,000 40 9.8 7.2 8 564 8,094 17 17,000 210 + 20g KOH

3. 1,000 40 6.3 5.8 38 1,389 19,911 42 42,000 211 Repeat 2.

4. 1,000 40 6.9 5.9 40 1,628 23,351 42 42,000 180 Repeat 3.

5. 1,000 40 7.0 5.6 40 1,568 22,485 52 52,000 231 + Magnets

6. 1,000 60 5.7 7.2 32 1,313 18,832 42 42,000 223 + 20g KOH

7. 1,000 60 10.6DC 4.2 41 1,825 26,175 20 20,000 76 DC Test

8. 1,000 60 9.8 6.5 25 1,592 22,836 45 45,000 197 Repeat 6.

9. 2,000 25 10.2 5.1 70 3,641 52,217 41.5 83,000 158 LV Test

10. 2,000 50 26.8 13.8 21 7,766 111,373 51 102,000 92 HV Test

11. 2,000 120 9.3 9.6 33 2,946 42,249 43 86,000 203 + 70g KOH

12. 2,000 120 9.2 9.1 36 3,013 43,219 46 92,000 212 + Magnets

13. 2,000 250 7.9 12.8 18 1,820 26,101 28 56,000 214 +130g KOH

14. 2,000 250 9.8 19.9 13 2,535 36,355 45 90,000 247 Elctrd-Space

15. 2,000 250 10.8 17.3 12 2,242 32,151 42 84,000 261 + Magnets

16. 3,000 250 3.7 31.9 17 2,006 28,773 30.5 91,500 318 LV Hi Amps

17. 3,000 250 2.1 18.8 62 2,447 35,100 33 99,000 282 S. S. Elctrd.

2.3.0. General Procedures, Objective Observations, And Rationales For Testing: Notes ↕

1. Test results are accurate by a factor of ± 10 %, due to variants, such as voltage and

amperage variations, electrode exposure and spacing, heat loss, and undetected factors.

2. Tests No. 1, 3, and 6 are simple easy tests, which are recommended to verify the

effectiveness of ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION. (All subsequent

testing illustrates deliberate variations or improvements, such as electrolyte concentration,

additional magnetic field, low and high voltage comparison, even a Direct Current (DC)

negative validation test.)


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3. Increasing the concentration of potassium hydroxide in the electrolyte increased the

efficiency, which confirmed the inventor’s theory that aqueous ionic cations and anions

have a key role in the effectiveness of ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-

RECOMBUSTION. (c.f., Test: 1 - 3, 4 - 6, 9 -11 -13.)

4. The inventor positioned two two-pole disc magnets, each weighing approximately six

kilograms, on the exterior sides of the glass electrolyte container. The magnetic attraction

was strong enough, that the magnets held each other in place. Then the inventor repeated

the previous tests. Increasing the concentration of a magnetic field, on three such tests,

consistently increased the efficiency on average approximately by 10 %, which confirmed

the inventor’s theory that an electro-magnetic force has a key role in the effectiveness of

ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION. (Effectively, Points 3 and 4 prove

the same: The strength of the electromagnetic force, which is exerted upon intermolecular

waterOHH (be it from K+…−(OH), or an external source) directly affects the efficiency of

ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION.) (c.f., No. 4-5, 11-12, 14-15).

5. Test results indicated that Amperes (which according to Ohm’s Law are inversely

proportional to the resistance) of an electric circuit, progressively increased as the

temperature of the electrolyte increased, which suggests that the movement of atoms and

molecules (which corresponds to temperature) is a determining factor. (See a progressive

increase in amperage, even though the voltage slightly decreased. Section 2.2.1.)

6. The inventor did one negative validation test (No. 7) to verify that effectiveness of

ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION depends on the interplay of two

forces, or energies: (1) A primary energy, E1 (electromagnetic inter-atomic and

intermolecular ionic forces), and (2) a secondary energy, E2 (an Alternating Current power

supply); therefore, the inventor used a 12 Volt Direct Current car battery variant for the 60

Hz Alternating Current power supply. As expected, the electrodes produced profuse

amounts of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles – but no extra energy; and the efficiency of the

DC test (Output Input Ratio) decreased to 76 %, partially due to rising steam − heat loss.

7. The inventor did tests to check consistency. E.g., Test No. 2, was incomplete, because an

electric overload protection device tripped, and stopped the test prematurely. When the

test was repeated, as Test No. 3, the results were almost identical. But Test No. 4 illustrates


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an irregularity; when electrode-spacing (distance between electrodes) was increased the

efficiency dropped. To the contrary, Test No. 14, 16, and 17 illustrate that when electrodes

are in very close proximity, the r-factor, the electrical resistance between the electrodes is

decreased, which, inversely proportional to the resistance, changes the electric current and

the efficiency in heat production.

8. Tests No. 9 and 10 address two different issues simultaneously: Voltage and Frequency.

a. Voltage: Commercial electric circuits that are used to produce heat are publicly

recognized to be 100 % efficient. Thus an increase in voltage may increase heat

production, which may actually be counterproductive and reduce efficiency for only

IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION can increase efficiency over and above 100 %,

as Test No. 10 verifies. When the voltage is high, the efficiency is relatively low.

b. Frequency of 60 Hz AC: The inventor devised an indirect manner of testing the

effects of frequency. He did two tests with identical parameters, except for voltage.

Tests No. 9 and 10 confirmed what the inventor anticipated: When the Hertz are

constant, and the voltage is relatively low, IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION

heat production efficiency is relatively high, 158 %; and when the Hertz are

constant, but the voltage is relatively high, IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION

heat production efficiency is relatively low, 89 %.

9. 15 of 17 AC Tests (excluding: No. 7, DC Test; and No. 10 High Voltage Test), have a 222 %

average efficiency, which is convincing evidence that the inventor’s preliminary observation

was correct: ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION can produce ‘Free

Energy.’ A high 222 % average efficiency (multiplying input by more than 2) allays concerns

about minor discrepancies in the Tests. If heat loss to the environment would have been

considered, the percentage rating of efficiency would likely be even higher.

10. Contrary to DC electrolytic cells, every test, which used an AC power supply, released

absolutely no hydrogen or oxygen gas, which suggests that the bonus heat output must

originate from within the atomic and molecular structure of the electrolyte, which has

chemical and physical implications that are considered, discussed and explained in the

following theoretical sections of this disclosure.


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2.4.0. Theoretical Rationales, Chemical, And Physical Reactions In The Electrolyte.

2.4.1. Theoretical Considerations On Constituents And Interplay Of Energies In The Electrolyte.

A. The electrolyte of the tests originally comprised ordinary drinking water, to which was

added potassium hydroxide, because pure water cannot serve as an electrolyte. Pure water is

almost perfectly non-conductive. A flow of electrons cannot occur, possibly because the ionic bond

between dipolar H2+=O is very strong, and 6 dipolar H2O molecules magnetically align themselves

hexagonally, as in H12O6, a magnification of which may be observed in the frozen structure of a

snowflake. But when KOH is added to H2O, an instantaneous exothermic atomic/molecular re-

arrangement occurs; the atoms of water and potassium hydroxide chemically recombine, as a

‘hydrate,’ which the inventor identifies as ‘intermolecular water.’ The internal atomic

electromagnetic charges of potassium hydroxide change the previous atomic configuration of

water, in terms of angular molecular configurations, inter-atomic space and distances. Water is no

longer water. H2O and KOH form linear arrangements of sub-molecules, in which water is central,

because the chemical bond strength of H-O is stronger than the chemical bond strength of K-O.

Visual summary of the newly formed complex:

x H2O + KOH K(OHH)x(OH)E1

This reaction occurs as the electrolyte is prepared and immediately after each cycle of

ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION.

B. What used to be pure drinking water, H2O, is now a strong undrinkable base, aqueous

potassium hydroxide; its abbreviated formula is KOHaq; its molecular structural formula is likely

K+(OHH)xOH−. Whereas, pure molecular water (H2O) is non-conductive, the hydrate K+(OHH)xOH−, is

very conductive; for intermolecular waterOHH is now in linear dipolar alignment and in contact with

the electromagnetic positive charge of the cation K+ and the electromagnetic negative charge of

the anion (OH)−. The atomic electromagnetic charges of the cation and anion, in K+(OHH)xOH−,

magnetically affect and diminish the formerly extremely strong inter-magnetic bond and molecular

configuration of the previous dipolar H2O, into a relatively weak magnetic bond, of an

intermolecular waterOHH. At a momentary voltage potential of zero (i.e., the Reduction Potential of


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hydrogen) and the potential (E2) of an external flow of electrons, the molecule KOH/HOH

decomposes, as illustrated below, in Formula A and Formula B.

C. Contrary to solid ferrous magnets, in which atoms and molecules are locked into stationary

crystallized positions, in a liquid aqueous electrolyte, the electromagnetically charged ions in

K+(OHH)x−(OH)E1 are in flux; they normally move about freely. But as they are exposed to the

electromagnetic force E2, the electromagnetic field of E1 is magnetically aligned with force E2, and

is regimented to do “FREE WORK;” which helps provide ‘Free Energy.’ The initial step in harnessing

‘Free Energy’ is taking advantage of the free electromagnetic work, which the atomic and

molecular mini-magnets, complexes such as +K(OHH)x(OH)−, do, as they freely change molecular H2O

into intermolecular waterOHH. (Analogous examples of atomic and molecular electromagnetic

forces at work: The global magnetic field moves and aligns the compass needle; it also aligns

molecular mini-magnets in magma, that geologist my come millennia later and find them, as

sardines in a box, pointing to the former position of the North Pole.) Similarly, the interplay of a

primary energy (E1, the electromagnetic forces of K(OHH)x(OH)E1) and the secondary energy (E2, an

externally applied AC voltage power supply) interact to produce work, which translates into ‘free

energy,’ because only energy E2 is supplied, E1 is a given (used, but not supplied); interactions

between E2 and E1 technically are an indirect source of ‘free energy:’ Electric energies initiate

reduction and re-ionization, which results in cyclical heat-producing chemical reactions.

D. The amount of energy, Ec, involved in the changing of H2O ↗ OHH, and OHH ↘ H2O, is

constant and the same; for the energy required/released in the making/breaking of a chemical

bond is constant and does not change the energy output of ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO

ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION. But the intrinsic energy levels (i.e., the inter-atomic chemical bond

strength) of pure molecular water, H2O, and intermolecular waterOHH differ, because their atomic

spacing differs, since (similar to gravity) the magnetic force of two magnets changes and

corresponds inversely to the square of the distance between them. So the two types of water,

having differing atomic and molecular configurations, also have two differing intrinsic energy

levels: E of molecular H2O ≠ E of intermolecularOHH.


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E. When to an electrolyte, comprising intermolecular waterOHH in aqueous potassium

hydroxide, an external electric energy (E2, an AC Voltage power supply) is applied, repetitively

cyclical reactions are initiated in each half cycle of the Alternating Current:

1. In the first half of its Alternating Current cycle, E2, which previously could not disassociate

the bond within molecular water, H2O, now by ‘ELECTROLYSIS’ disassociates the altered

atomic/molecular configurations of intermolecular waterOHH into atomic constituents,

hydrogen and oxygen.

2. In the second half of the above Alternating Current cycle, the same electric energy, E2,

electrically recombines atomic hydrogen and oxygen as molecular water, H2O, which

releases yet a different energy, EF, as it, by ‘IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION’

reproduces water, H2O, which electromagnetically is realigned within the electromagnetic

forces of potassium hydroxide ions (K(OHH)x(OH)) that are already in the electrolyte.

F. As described above is respect to molecular H2O and intermolecularOHH, ELECTROLYSIS AND

IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION similarly apply to KOH and K. . .OH (E of molecular KOH ≠ E of

intermolecular K…OH). (See Formula Aii and Bii.)

2.4.2. ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION: Cyclical Chemical Reactions.

A. ELECTROLYSIS, Formula A: Initiated By First Half Of AC Cycle:

i. K(OHH)(OH)E1 + [E2 (from Ө: 2 e¯+ 2 H+

2 H) + (O= − 2 e¯ :to ⨁ O)] 2 H + O + K. . .OHE1-x⤦

ii. K. . .OHE1-x + [E2 (from Ө: e¯+ K+

K) + (OH− − e¯ :to ⨁ HO)] K + HO

1. Ө is a negatively charged electrode in an AC electrolytic circuit.

2. ⨁ is a positively charged electrode in an AC electrolytic circuit.

3. An electro-potential, E2, greater than the Reduction Potential of hydrogen and potassium is

provided to initiate a flow of electrons, in the electrolyte, which causes the disassociation of

an intermolecular waterOHH molecule into 2 atomic H and 1 atomic O; and the

disassociation of an intermolecular K. . .(OH) molecule into atomic K and 1 molecular HO.


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4. The flow of electrons is not really from Ө to ⨁; in reality the flow of electrons is from

electrode Ө to H+ and K+, and from oxygen, O= and (OH)− to electrode ⨁, which explains

why an Ohm meter cannot be applied to an electrolytic cell, for it responds to a voltage.

B. IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION, Formula B: Initiated By Second Half Of AC Cycle:

i. E2 [(at Ө: 2 e + O O=) + (2 H - 2 e :to ⨁) 2 H+)] H2O↓ + EFi ↓

ii. E2 [(at Ө: e + HO (OH)−) + (K - e :to ⨁) K+)] KOH↓ + EFii ↓

= KOHHOHE1 + EF

1. In the second half of the AC cycle, the polarity of the electrodes is reversed, and as in the

first part of the AC cycle, the flow of electrons is not really from Ө to ⨁, but from Ө to the

previously released ‘O’ and ‘HO,’ making it again O= and OH−; and from ‘2 H’ and ‘K’ to ⨁,

making it again 2 H+ and K+; which has a secondary physical effect that produces heat, i.e.,

IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION of H2O. (Thus an AC electrolytic cell is effectively a

capacitor with a ‘conductive dielectric,’ which produces not only free thermal heat, but may

also be used to correct lagging Power Factors of AC inductive loads.)

2. The resulting newly formed molecular water, H2O and KOH immediately and chemically

reacts to form once again K(OHH)(OH)E1, producing even more heat. (c.f., 2.4.1.A.)

C. ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION: One Line Summary Formula.

Repetitive In Each Alternating Current Cycle:

(E2 1st½AC) + [(K(OHH)OH)E1 →(2 H + O + K + HO)] + (E2 2nd½AC) H2OEFi + KOHEFii

= KOHHOHE1 + EF

2.5.0. Focus On Effectiveness And Useful Applications.

2.5.1. In Respect To Frequency. Frequency, per se, is not a contributing factor; frequency has no

intrinsic energy. Frequency simply multiplies the number of repetitive cycles of ELECTROLYSIS AND

IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION (Formula A and B.). Yet, the inventor discovered an additional

aspect of frequency: When the inventor did the negative validation test, he initially used DC, from


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a rectifier. As anticipated, the electrodes produced hydrogen and oxygen gas, which disqualifies

the use of DC in ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION. But contrary to

expectations, heat production efficiency was very high, for DC rectifiers do not produce a ‘straight

line DC.’ DC rectifiers provide an irregular wave, a voltage with highs and lows, which still enables

ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION to produce bonus heat. This observation

has implications even in organic chemistry, for it may be a method of generating heat in human

bodies, as neural voltage potentials fluctuate, which, when out of control, may result in heat

flashes, and in extreme cases: Spontaneous Human Combustion.

2.5.2. In Respect To Applied AC Voltage And Amperage, E2. An increase in voltage increases

amperage and wattage (VAM), which produces heat at 100 % efficiency. As in conventional electric

heaters, so in the electrolyte, 100 % of VAM energy is converted into thermal energy, which may

be counterproductive, for only IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION can raise efficiency above 100

%. Thus, a relatively low voltage, and relatively high amperage improve efficiency. This inverse

relationship can be attained in electrolytes by increasing electrolyte concentration and having large

electrodes surface areas in close proximity, similar to capacitors, as was done in Tests 16 and 17. In

Test 16, the electrodes were carbon rods, in such close proximity that they were almost touching

at one end; in Test 17, the electrodes were stainless steel plates less than 1 cm apart, which

produced efficiency in the 300 % range.

2.5.3. In Respect To The Electrolyte. An electrolyte of ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-

RECOMBUSTION is not like electrolytes of batteries, which rely on electro potential difference

between different complexes, which when neutralized kill the battery. The inherent, never-

changing, never-diminishing electro potentials of elements provide the electromagnetic force, E1,

within an ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION electrolyte, which will remain

forever constant, as long as elements, potassium, hydrogen and oxygen, will exist.

(But the potassium of aqueous potassium hydroxide readily forms complex molecules with virtually

any other metal. Therefore, for best results, it is critical to use only pure distilled water in

preparation of the electrolyte, and not use any substances for electrolyte containers, which may

react with aqueous potassium hydroxide. For the purpose of the above testing, drinking water


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served well. For long term use, pure distilled water prevents the reduction of soluble calcium and

other soluble metal impurities from electro-precipitating and forming sediments.)

2.5.4. In Respect To Electrodes. Chemical side effects of electrodes are discussed above under

Amperage, for electrodes are electrical conductors. For the purpose of the above testing, carbon

electrodes served the purpose well. But for long term use, hardly anything surpasses the durability

of Platinum Group Metal electrodes.

2.5.6. In Respect To Heat And Pressure. Operating ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-

RECOMBUSTION at atmospheric pressure of 1 atm limits temperature output to less than 100

Celsius. Operation in an enclosed capsule, under pressure, at multiple atmospheric pressures,

correspondingly raises the temperature limit, and allows for the creation of steam.

2.5.7. In Respect To An External Electromagnetic Field. Addition of magnets in the tests, give

credence that electromagnetic fields have a role to play in efficiency, which may justify the

juxtaposition of external magnets. But high efficiency may be attained more efficiently.

2.6.0. Technical And Ethical Contribution Of This Invention.

2.6.1. Technically: “ELECTROLYSIS AND IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION:

Free Thermal Energy Production By Alternating Current” introduces a new

concept, IN-HYDRO ELECTRO-RECOMBUSTION, which offers many applications and opportunities

that challenge imagination. Significant may be the realization that differing energies do not relate

linearly, a + b ≠ c, but geometrically, according to coordinates and principles of vectors, where:

a2 + b2 = c2, in which c > a, and b, as in this case, E12 + E2

2 = EF2, where EF > E2.

2.6.2. Ethically: If free energy is reality, infinite energy is reality.

If infinite energy is reality, questioning reality of God is unrealistic.


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CLAIMS:

THE EMBODIMENTS AND THE PROCESS OF THE INVENTION, IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY

OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED, ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. An electrochemical process in a thermal-heat-producing electrolyte, which comprises three essential components. 2. A process, as defined in claim 1, in which the first essential component is the chemical, water. 3. A process, as defined in claim 1, and 2, in which the second essential component is the chemical, potassium hydroxide. 4. A process, as defined in claim 1, 2, and 3, in which the third essential component is an electric AC voltage, with an alternating polarity and current. 5. A process, as defined in claim 1, 2, 3, and 4, in which an AC voltage potential has a sine wave frequency of at least one Hertz per second. 6. A process, as defined in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, in which an electric AC sine wave voltage potential is at least the reduction potential of potassium, i.e., −2.931. 7. A process, as defined in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, in which an AC voltage potential supplies a current of electrons to and from an electrolyte by at least two electrodes. 8. A process, as defined in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, in which a potassium hydroxide is substituted by an alkali base. 9. A process, as defined in claim 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, in which a potassium hydroxide is substituted by an alkali salt.


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