Electrified Simulations of Hurricane Rita (2005) with Comparisons to LASA Data Steve Guimond 1,2 , Jon Reisner 2 , Chris Jeffery 2 and Xuan-Min Shao 2 1 Florida State University 2 Los Alamos National Laboratory
Mar 19, 2016
Electrified Simulations of Hurricane Rita (2005) with Comparisons to
LASA DataSteve Guimond1,2 , Jon Reisner2,
Chris Jeffery2 and Xuan-Min Shao2
1 Florida State University2 Los Alamos National Laboratory
Motivation• Improve understanding and
forecasting of TC intensification• Finish PhD and get a “real” job
Latent Heat
Updraft
Background Vortex
Microphysics
Hurricane Intensification
Roadmap
Eddy Heat and
Momentum Fluxes
Balanced response
Adjustment
Symmetric heating
Asymmetricheating
Adjustment
Balanced response
Adjustment
Intensity and
Structure Change
Nolan and Grasso (2003)
Motivation• Convective obs hard to come by over
ocean• Microwave satellite overpasses intermittent and
coarse• Doppler radar coverage very sparse• Lightning fills gaps in convective monitoring ?
Latent Heat
Updraft
Background Vortex
Microphysics
Hurricane Intensification
Roadmap
Eddy Heat and
Momentum Fluxes
Balanced response
Adjustment
Symmetric heating
Asymmetricheating
Adjustment
Balanced response
Adjustment
Intensity and
Structure Change
Nolan and Grasso (2003)
Lightning
Collisions &
Charging
Motivation• Understand relationship between
latent heating and lightning– Heating dynamics– Add energy to system
» When» Where» Magnitude» Structure
New Research Tools– Observational component
• Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA; Shao et al. 2000)– Existing VLF/LF array
» Records full EMP (allows detection of intracloud and cloud-to-ground strokes)
» Lat/Lon, time• New Dual VLF-VHF 4-D lightning mapping array
– Deployed along banks of Gulf of Mexico– VLF (~2000 km range)– VHF (~500 km range)
» Provides precise height retrieval
New Research Tools– Theoretical component
• Advanced atmospheric model HIGRAD (Reisner et al. 2005)
– Compressible Navier-Stokes, non-hydrostatic, bulk or explicit microphysics
– Differentiable (smooth) numerics with greatly reduced time errors (option)
• Coupled to electrification model (Mansell et al. 2005)
– Non-inductive collisional charge separation (Saunders)– Lightning discharge model requires significant tuning
» Flash initiated when EF exceeds “floor”» What is a good “floor” for hurricanes?» Limit “floor” to ~50 kV/m for reasonable results
Hurricane Rita Simulations• Current configuration
– Grid• 1,980 km on a side; 4 km inner mesh, stretch to 20 km• 35 m stretching to 15 km
– Relaxation boundary conditions– Weak, top gravity wave absorber– F plane
• Initialization procedure– Barotropic vortex, max wind of 40 m/s– Initialize mass from Key West 88D reflectivity
• Storm-centered, gridded, native 1 km• Below melting rainwater saturate lower levels• Above melting graupel or snow hydrometeor drag, phase changes
– Gaussian water vapor function from eyewall to ~200 km radius– ECMWF operational analyses for large scale– Satellite SSTs, High-res topography
3 Hours Into Simulation
HIGRAD vs. LASA
Model
Observations
Initializing with LASA data
Rainwater mixing ratio
Potentially relevant work• Understand the non-linear response of observed
vortices to retrieved heating– Airborne Dual-Doppler Radar: Hurricane Guillermo (1997)– Latent heat retrieval (Guimond 2008)
• What spatial/temporal scales of heating does the hurricane “feel” ?– Resolution dependence (i.e. 100 m vs. 2 km)
• Impact on azimuthal mean• Balanced adjustment
– Are small scale details of lightning necessary to capture intensification?
• Governed by model grid cells• Is bulk heating sufficient?
Idealized Calculation
Realistic CalculationLatent Heating Slice @ z=5
km
• New area of research with physics not well understood– Not all deep convection is created equal
• Hurricane Initialization– Dual-doppler vortices– Dual-doppler latent heat retrieval– LASA data
• How is lightning tied to latent heating (4D)?• What scales matter for the hurricane?
– Azimuthal mean sensitive to resolution of heat• ≥ factor of ~4
– Balanced adjustment process
Summary and Science Questions
Acknowledgments• LANL Hurricane Lightning Team
References• Reisner et al. (2005)• Mansell et al. (2005)• Guimond (2008)
P-3
EDOP
Do Eyewall Hot Towers Produce Lightning?
• Next slides…– ER-2 Doppler Radar observations of Hot Towers
• Linear Depolarization Ratio (LDR)– particle canting angle or asymmetry – dielectric constant (i.e. wet or dry)
• Retrieved vertical velocities (nadir beam)
– Lightning Instrument Package (LIP)• Aircraft (20 km) electric field mills (x,y,z components)• ~1 s sampling, ~200 m horizontal resolution
10log vh
vv
ZLDR
Z
Hot Tower #1: CAT 2 Dennis (2005)-8 to -15 dB large, wet, asymmetric ice to large, wet snow aggregates
-13 to -17 dB medium, wet graupel or small hail
-18 to -26 dB small, dry ice particles to dry, low density snow
Hot Tower #2: CAT 4 Emily (2005)-8 to -15 dB large, wet, asymmetric ice to large, wet snow aggregates
-13 to -17 dB medium, wet graupel or small hail
-18 to -26 dB small, dry ice particles to dry, low density snow
Some Model Results
4 hours into simulation
Cloud Liquid Water (g/kg)
Vertical Velocity (m/s)
Graupel (g/kg)
Ice (g/kg)