1 R&D on materials and electrochemical storage for the transportation sector Electrification of mobility and the electrical network EOI - Madrid Jesus Palma November 20 th , 2009
May 11, 2015
1
R&D on materials and electrochemical storage for the transportation sector
Electrification of mobility and the electrical network
EOI - MadridJesus Palma
November 20th, 2009
2
The Electric Vehicle
SustainabilityOil consumptionCO2 emissions
PollutionGas contaminantsNoise
Number800 million vehicles in 2009
1500 million in 20303000 million in 2050
Driving forces for the Electric Vehicle
A. Ceña, J. Santamarta
–
Energías Renovables, feb. 2009
3
The Electric Vehicle
Stop-start hybridsElectric motor used to start IC engine
Light hybridsElectric motor supplies additional power to IC engine
Pure hybridsControl system selects combination of motor & enginePlug-in hybrids with externally rechargeable battery
Pure electricNo IC engine
The big family of Electric Vehicles
J. Santamarta
–
Energías Renovables, Oct. 2009, 82-87
4
The Electric Vehicle
No appropriate energy storage technologyCurrent storage technologies meet some HEV requirementsNo technology for EV requirements
Why such variety?
1
2
46
10
2
46
100
2
46
1000
Spec
ific
Ener
gy (W
h/kg
)
100 101 102 103 104
Specific Power (W/kg)
Lead-acid
Capacitors
Fuel Cells
IC Engine
HEV goal
3.6 s36 s0.1 h1 h
10 h
100 h
Ni-MH
Li-ion
3.6 s36 s0.1 h1 h
10 h
100 h
Acceleration
Ran
ge
EV goal
3.6 s36 s0.1 h1 h
10 h
100 h
5
The Electric Vehicle
Quantitative
Range > 500 kmPower > 50 kW (big torque)Lifetime > 10 yearsCharging time
< 10 minutes
Qualitative
SafetyReliabilityComfort
Drivers’ requirements: a pool
6
Energy Storage
IC engine vehicle
Consumption
43.5 kWh/100 km 5 L/100 km Diesel 12.7 kWh/kg
8.7 kWh/L
Range
1000 km for 50 L tank
Electric vehicle Spec. Energy Weight
Consumption avg.
20 kWh/100 kmLi-ion 160 Wh/kg
125 kg/100 km
Ni-Me hydride
90 Wh/kg
222 kg/100 kmLead-acid 35 Wh/kg
570 kg/100 km
Supercapacitor
10 Wh/kg
2000 kg/100 km
Comparison
7
Energy Storage
IC engine vehicle
Lifetime
> 10 yearsRefueling
5 min.
Electric vehicle Cycle life Recharging
Li-ion 2000 cycles
min. -
hoursNi-Me hydride
1500 hours
Lead-acid 500 hoursSupercapacitor
500000 sec.
Comparison
8
Energy Storage
Energy stored in 34 kg of diesel is equivalent to1250 kg Li-ion 2220 kg Ni-metal hydride
12337 kg Pb-acid43180 kg SuperCaps
A depressing result
05000
100001500020000
2500030000350004000045000
Wei
ght (
kg)
Diesel Li-ion Ni-MeH Pb-acid SC
9
Energy Storage
Metal – air batteriesZinc-air
1090 Wh/kg
360 Wh/kg 55 kg (100 km)
Aluminum-air
4500 Wh/kg
1500 Wh/kg 13 kg (100 km)Lithium-air
5200 Wh/kg
1700 Wh/kg 12 kg (100 km)
Energy storage comparison34 kg diesel ≡
550 kg Zn-air ≡
133 kg Al-air ≡
118 kg Li-air
A possible solution…
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Wei
ght (
kg)
Diesel Li-air Al-air Zn-air
10
Energy Storage
Metal – airElectrical rechargeability
not demonstrated
Cycle life unknownLow power densitySafety problems in contact with air & moisture (Li)
… with drawbacks
So
11
Materials R&D
Li-ion BatteryFast charging (<10 minutes)Extend cycle life (>5000 cycles)Increase energy density (>200 Wh/kg)
SupercapacitorImprove energy density (>50 Wh/kg)
Metal-air batteriesMake electrical rechargeability
feasible (reversibility)
Improve power density (>0.5 kWh/kg)Fast chargingExtend cycle life
Improvements through Materials Research
13
Li-ion battery
Increasing Energy Density> 200 Wh/kg
Fast recharging< 10 min
Extendinf cycle life> 5000 cycles
Improving safetyRisk of explosion in short circuit / overvoltage
Li-ion battery
J. Tollefson. Nature
456 (2008) 436-440
14
Li-ion battery
LiFePO4 nanoparticlesMIT tests charge / discharge in secondsA123 commercial electrodes charged in < 15 min.
Fast recharging
B. Kang
& G. Ceder. Nature
458 (2009) 190-193
http://www.a123systems.com/a123/technology/power
15
Li-ion battery
Extending cycle lifeNanosized
materials → lower dimensional stress → better cycling
Improving safetyBarrier materials that form protective film at T>130 ºC
Boron fluorides as electron drains for overvoltage
cycles (> 500)
Li-ion battery
P. Poizot
et al. Nature
407 (2000) 496-499
K. Amine
and
Z. Chen, ANL, ref. NYT August 24, 2009
STOBA by ITRI, Taiwan
16
Electrochemical capacitors
Increasing energy densityControlled Pore size distribution: Carbide-Derived Carbons
Hybrid concepts: EDL / Pseudocapacitance
Improving safetyAqueous electrolytes (hybrids)
Electrochemical capacitors
J. Chmiola
et al. Science
313 (2006) 1760-1763 / Skeleton
Technologies (Estonia)
ESMA (Russia) / JCR Micro / HESCAP Project
HESCAP Project (CEIT, IMDEA Energy…)
17
Metal-air batteries
Electrical rechargeElectrolyte stable in highly reducing conditionsAir electrode stable in highly oxidant environmentDevelop catalysts for the oxygen reaction
Power densityIntroduce helpers to air electrode dischargeAvoid oxygen and water migration to metal electrodeDevelop catalysts for the oxygen reaction Avoid passivation
of metal electrode
Metal-air batteries
18
Conclusions
Big challengesRemarkable improvement of battery performancemaintaining high safety standardsand controlled costs
But great opportunitiesEnvironmental benefitsHuge marketHigh social demand
The long and winding road… (The Beatles)
19
Thank you