Electricity Quantity & Quality

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ElectricityElectricityQuantity & QualityQuantity & Quality

Hervé Mougeot

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Market OverviewMarket Overview

• QuantityQuantity : Allocate energy usage, detailed detailed cost analysiscost analysis, cut energy costs, negotiate better energy contracts, demand control and demand control and peak savingpeak saving, information for improving information for improving infrastructureinfrastructure, load curtailment and price response, power factor correctionpower factor correction.

• QualityQuality : Availability, troubleshooting, Availability, troubleshooting, productivity, preventive maintenance, productivity, preventive maintenance, quality statistics, information for improving quality statistics, information for improving infrastructureinfrastructure

• SafetySafety : protect people and propertyproperty

QuantityQuantity QualityQuality SafetySafety

SafetySafety

QualityQuality

QuantityQuantity

UU==

Z IZ I

3

Production Transmission Distribution Users

HV MV

LV

Network = Share of the electricity ... and the pollution.

Example : The pollution generated from a disturbing load will be distributed to the neighbors more or less attenuated depending on the network impedance.

Electrical NetworkElectrical Network

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ElectroMagnetic CompatibilityElectroMagnetic Compatibility

t

Dis

turb

ance

lev

el Immunity secured load

Immunity standard load

Compatibility

Emission on the network

Emission from single load IEC1000-3-x

EN50160

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ElectroMagnetic CompatibilityElectroMagnetic Compatibility

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Compatibility Compatibility

Transient

Dip

Swell

7

V3

V1

V2 U12

U31

U23

3VU

3 Phases System3 Phases System

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• Amplitude

• Wave Shape

• Frequency

• Symmetry

• Voltage variations• Voltage Dips• Interruptions• Voltage Swells• Flicker• Harmonics• Inter harmonics• Transients• Frequency• Unbalance

low frequency, conducted

Electrical DisturbancesElectrical Disturbances

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Voltage VariationsVoltage Variations

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Voltage DipsVoltage Dips

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

t

u100

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

90

70

U(amplitude)

ΔU = 30%(depth)

ΔT = 112ms(durée)

t (ms)

Ueff%Un

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InterruptionsInterruptions

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

t

u100

0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280

1

ΔT = 83ms

(duration)

t (ms)

Ueff%Un

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Dips, Swells and InterruptionsDips, Swells and Interruptions

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8,8Hz

FlickerFlicker

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Pst = 1 , cas des variations rectangulaires

Nombre de variations par minute

10

1

0,1 1 10 100 1000

0,29% / 1052

3% / 0,757V

V

FlickerFlicker

15

=

+

+=

1 3 5 n

HarmonicsHarmonics

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HarmonicsHarmonics

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TransientsTransients

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IE

IE

vIE

vIE

2vIE ZA

TU =

UG

UM= SA

SK(1-Phase-Load)

UnbalanceUnbalance

U2

U1

U3

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Frequency VariationFrequency Variation

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Dips, Swell, Interruptions

Frequency VariationUnbalance

Transients

Flicker

Harmonics

DisturbancesDisturbances

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Parameters Value Limits

Urms LV 230V / 400V +10% / -10%

Urms MV 20kV +7% / -7%

Frequency 50 Hz +2% / -2%

Wave shape Sinusoidal THD < 8% en BTA

Symmetry U U1=U2=U3 2%

ParametersParameters

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What to measureWhat to measure

EN 50160EN 50160Voltage characteristics in public distribution systemsVoltage characteristics in public distribution systems

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EN 50160 ParametersEN 50160 Parameters

Voltage Variations Flicker Pst/Plt Harmonics order 2 to 25, THD (40) Signalling (ripple control) voltages Frequency Unbalance Voltage dips and swells Interruptions

Measurement over 1 week

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EN 50 160 - LimitsEN 50 160 - Limits

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EN 50 160 - DataEN 50 160 - Data

To measure according EN 50 160To measure according EN 50 160 = =

150.000 data to analyze150.000 data to analyze

for 1 week, for 1 point !

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To analyze according EN 50 160To analyze according EN 50 160 = =

1 second with DRANETZ BMI1 second with DRANETZ BMI

90 curves to analyze90 curves to analyze

12 3

4

56

78

9

10

time

amplitude

Compression of the informationCompression of the information

1 6 2 5 8 103 7

4 9

amplitude

number of measuring values

12 3

4

56

78

9

10

time

amplitude

1 6 2 5 8 103 7

4 9

amplitude

number of measuring values

1 6 2 5 8 103 7

4 9

amplitude

number of measuring values

95 %

standard

Amplitude

number of measuring values 100%

95 %

standard

Amplitude

number of measuring values 100%

95 %

standard

Amplitude

number of measuring values 100%

95 %

standard

Amplitude

number of measuring values 100%

Overview about the Power QualityOverview about the Power Quality

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How to measureHow to measureIEC 61000-4-30IEC 61000-4-30

Testing and measurement techniques – Power Quality measurement methodsTesting and measurement techniques – Power Quality measurement methods

Measurement techniquesMeasurement techniques

Continuity / Change

Permanent / TriggerPermanent / Trigger

Permanent average values recording

– Triggered values recording

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A/D

A/D

FFT

FIFO

Transient

8

(4)

X

X²

256 s/c

16-Bit

1 MHz 12-Bit T

T

Events / TrendEvents / Trend

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Measurement methodsMeasurement methods

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Event recordingEvent recording

Acquisition Treatment Characterization

Detection Evaluation Classification

Recording

Measure A

nalyze Archive

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• Derived from ½ cycles (3.22 1cycle refreshed each 1/2cycle, 20msec)

• Reference is either Udin (LV) or sliding voltage (MV, HV)

• ½ cycles must be synchronised on reference channel 

Voltage Dip / Swell (5.4) Voltage Interruption (5.5)  

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Long term recordingLong term recording

Time aggregation •10/12 cycle (200msec) at 50/60Hz, 150/180 cycles (3sec) at 50/60Hz, interval time varies with actual frequency• 10min, 2h interval sync to clock (including defined algorithm from cycle to time aggr.)• Aggregations are performed using the square root of arithmetic mean of squared input• All are non-gapping, 150/180 aggregated out of 15x10/12; 2h out of 12x10min

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• 10/12 cycle (200msec) at 50/60Hz, interval time varies with actual frequency• 150/180 cycles (3sec) at 50/60Hz, interval time varies with actual frequency• 10min interval sync to clock (including defined algorithm from cycle to time aggr.)• 2h interval sync to clock (including defined algorithm from cycle to time aggr.)• Aggregations are performed using the square root of arithmetic mean of squared input• All are non-gapping, 150/180 aggregated out of 15x10/12; 2h out of 12x10min

Time aggregation (4.4/4.5)

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Time aggregation (4.4/4.5)

10

150

10min

2h

Zero Crossing of Fundamental (filtered)

Synchronised Clock ±20msec

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• For Timestamp of Events and • Synchronisation of the 10min and 2h interval

• Accuracy of timestamp: ±20/16,7msec at 50/60Hz  (Realisation with e.g.: GPS or DCF 77 sync)

Time Clock Uncertainty (4.6)

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• Only one event extracted out of different events (dip, swell and interruption influences also frequency, flicker…)

Flagging (4.7)

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• Obtained every 10sec from the reference channel

• Synchronise the sampling frequency of the system no fix sampling frequency 'possible' (e.g.: PLL)

• Accuracy of power frequency measurement ±0,01Hz 

Power Frequency (5.1)

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• Accuracy without accessory: ± 0,1% of Udin

(Udin declared input voltage)

• (same for current, but today only recommended)

Accuracy for voltage (5.2)

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Flicker algorithm according to IEC 61000-4-15 

Flicker (5.3)

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• out of 10/12 cycle positive and either negative or zero sequence

Supply Voltage Unbalance (5.7)

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• Harmonics according new IEC 61000-4-7 Subgroups! (2002 class1, out of 10/12cyclel with 10 bins)

• Interharmonics acc. new IEC 61000-4-7 Subgroups! (2002 class1, out of 10/12cycles)

• Gapless (every 10/12 cycles a new set of data)

• Accuracy Class I of IEC61000-4-7 (bandwidth with accuracy 2,5/3kHz 50th harmonic low ripple)

Voltage Harmonics (5.8) Voltage Interharmonics (5.9)

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harmonic order n n+1 n+2 n+3

harmonic group n+1

interharmonic group n+2,5

DFT output

S

harmonic order n n+1 n+2 n+3

harmonic subgroup n+1

interharmonic subgroup n+2,5

DFT output

YES

NO

Voltage Harmonics (5.8) Voltage Interharmonics (5.9)

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• either derived from 10/12 cycle or • interharmonic bin all below 3kHz 

5.10 Mains Signalling Voltage

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Where to measureWhere to measure

Compliance / Trouble shoutingCompliance / Trouble shouting

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Am

plit

ud

e

Duration

Network

UserTransient

Swells

DipsMomentary Temporary Long Duration

Interruptions

Flicker

Instantaneous

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Measuring pointMeasuring point

Statistics / Diagnostic

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Multi-sites monitoringMulti-sites monitoring

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Multi-sites monitoringMulti-sites monitoring

A lot of data :

• To transmit

• To analyze

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AnalysisAnalysis

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Embedded analysisEmbedded analysis

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How to analyzeHow to analyze

Overview / DetailsOverview / Details

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OverviewOverview

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OverviewOverview

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TrendsTrends

Evénément #109 le 24/01/2006 18:27:16,080AVrms Creux instantané

Diagramme temporel

26/01/2006Thursday

28/01/2006Saturday

30/01/2006Monday

01/02/2006Wednesday

03/02/2006Friday

05/02/2006Sunday

0

50

100

150

200

250

Volts

A Vrms

0

5

10

15

20

A VPlt

DEMODEMO

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TrendsTrends

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OverviewOverview

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EventsEvents

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ClassificationClassification

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DetailsDetails

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Key pointsKey points

• To measure ALL the parameters at the same time through differential inputs

• To measure according IEC 61000-4-30 class A

• Adapted trigger mode

• Easy to configure

• Automatic overview

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Complete solutionComplete solution

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Solution : DRANETZ BMISolution : DRANETZ BMIPower Network Monitoring

FIXED MONITORING MOBILE INSTRUMENTS

Power QualityCompliance

Power QualityAnalysis

Sporadic Disturbance

Permanent Disturbance

Digital Signals

Waveform+ RMS

TransientWaveform

+ RMS

Power Guide 4400

Power Xplorer PX5ENCORE SERIES

Strategic Point

Voltages + Currents

RMSOnly

Voltages Only Long Term Monitoring Short Term Monitoring

Key Account

Power Visa

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SelectionSelectionPower Network Monitoring

Fix

ed

Ins

talle

d

So

lutio

n

Mo

bile

Ins

trum

en

t

Power QualityCompliance

Power QualityAnalysis

Sporadic Disturbance

Permanent Disturbance

Digital Signals Waveform Transient

Power Guide 4400

Power Xplorer PX5

ENCORE SERIES

Strategic Point

Voltages + Currents

RMS

RMS

Voltages RMS (only)

Long Term Monitoring

Short Term Monitoring

Power Visa

Good Quality ?

PredictiveMaintenance

Permanent Monitoring

Trouble Shooting

Trend recording

Low Speed Eventsrecording

Exchange Point

Analysis / Statistics

Voltages + CurrentsWaveform

High Speed Events recording

EN50160

IEC 61000-4-30 Class A

Multi-points

Statistics

Diagnostic

Dran

View

PreventiveMaintenance

AlarmsReporting

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Questions?Questions?Electricity - Quantity & QualityElectricity - Quantity & Quality