Electric Vehicles Personal Transportation of the Future Future Public Transportation: hybrid bio-fueled buses & planes & electric trains L. David Roper [email protected]http://arts.bev.net/RoperL David/ My second electric car 2012: http://www.roperld.com/science/LEAFRoper.pdf My first electric car: Sun Roper (2007-10) My Prius Plug-In 2005/2008-2012 2013: Converted 2006 Toyota Highlander Hybrid to plug-in. When an affordable 500- miles battery is ready, say goodbye to the gasoline car.
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Electric Vehicles Personal Transportation of the Future Future Public Transportation: hybrid bio-fueled buses & planes & electric trains L. David Roper.
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Electric VehiclesPersonal Transportation
of the Future
Future Public Transportation: hybrid bio-fueled buses &
Safety of Electric Cars Nissan LEAF, Chevrolet Volt and Tesla S
have top safety ratings. Battery was left intact in a
burned out Nissan LEAF. Two Tesla-S sedans have been burned
somewhat by a fire in the battery due to massive metal in road puncturing the battery case.
~250,000 gasoline car fires/year in U.S. with ~400 deaths & ~1200 injuries. Full gasoline tank has ~10 time the combustible energy that a Tesla battery has. Batteries are in modules separated by firewalls.
Battery is automatically disconnected in a collision.
Manual battery disconnect is easily done. EMS manuals and training are available.
An electric car with a 125-miles range would work for most commuters, and for a few more who can charge it at work for a few hours.
95%
98%
Electric-Cars Terminology Gas-Electric Hybrid: Not a plug-in (E.g.,
Prius) Plug-In Hybrid: motive energy partly from
grid (E.g., Ford C-MAX Energi with 7.6 kWh battery)
Extended-Range Plug-in Hybrid: large battery (E.g., Chevrolet Volt with 16.5/10.5 kWh battery)
BEV: Battery Electric gets all energy from grid (E.g., Nissan LEAF with 24/21 kWh battery & Tesla S with 60-85 kWh battery)
Plug-In: Plug-in hybrid or BEV Three charging levels (120V AC, 240V AC,
480V DC; Tesla Supercharger) Battery Exchange: few-minutes exchange V2G: Vehicle to Grid V2H: Vehicle to Home for power outage backup
Electric Cars Available 2013 Nissan LEAF (24 kWh) Ford Focus EV (23 kWh) Mitsubishi i-MiEV (16 kWh) Honda Fit EV (20 kWh) BMW i3 (22 kWh) Toyota RAV4 EV (41.8 kWh) (2WD only) Chevrolet Spark EV (20 kWh) Tesla S (sedan) (60 kWh, 85 kWh) Tesla Roadster (53 kWh)(no longer made) Smart Electric (17.6 kWh) Most other brands in 2014-2015
Not all are available in every state.
Hybrid Plug-in Cars Available 2013
Chevrolet Volt (16.5/10.5 kWh) Prius Plug-In (4.4 kWh) Ford C-MAX Energi (7.6 kWh) Honda Accord Plug-In (6.7 kWh) Mitsubishi Outlander AWD Plug-In (12
kWh)Hybrid Plug-in Conversions A123/Hymotion for Prius (5.4 kWh) Enginer for Prius (2/4/8 kWh) Plug-In Supply for Prius (4/10 kWh), Ford
Escape (6/15 kWh) & Toyota Highlander/Camry (5/10 kWh)
along I-5, eventually with California from Canada to Mexico
North Carolina, South Carolina, Indiana, Ohio & Florida installing many stations
NE Electric Vehicle Network: Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont & D.C. installing many stations
What is wrong with Virginia?!!!!
Virginia Charging Stationshttp://www.plugshare.com
6 in Kent Square Garage in Blacksburg 1 at YMCA in Blacksburg 1 at Town Hall in Blacksburg 1 at Blacksburg Motor Company in
Blacksburg Several needed at long-term parking
lot at Roanoke Airport Several needed at Roanoke Civic
Center Several needed at Jefferson Center in
Roanoke Several needed at Salem Civic Center
Level-2 Charging Stations in SW VA 2 at Kroger Fuel Center in Blacksburg, free 1 at Shell Fuel Center in Blacksburg, $2 for 2 hours 2 at Campus Auto in Blacksburg, free 2 at The Inn at Virginia Tech, free 1 at Corporate Research Center, free 1 at Warm Hearth, $1/hour 2 at New River Nissan in Christiansburg, free for LEAFs 3 at Volvo Truck plant in Dublin, free 1 at Hotel Floyd in Floyd, get RFID wand from desk clerk.
More planned. 1 at Virginia Museum of Transportation in Roanoke,
$1/hr 1 at River House in Roanoke, free 2 at First Team Nissan in Roanoke, free for LEAFs Other Nissan dealers in SW Virginia, free for LEAFs A few in personal garages and driveways
Level-2 Charging Stations in SW VA
Needed at Roanoke Airport short-term parking lot
Needed in Center-in-the-Square garage in Roanoke
Needed at Roanoke Civic Center Needed at Hotel Roanoke Needed at Jefferson Center in Roanoke Needed at Salem Civic Center Needed in Pulaski Needed in Pearisburg Needed in Martinsville or Rocky Mount Needed in Marion Needed in Lexington or Buena Vista Needed at 50-miles intervals at I-81
exits/rest-stops
Planning for Green Housing All plans for green houses should
including wiring for current or future charging stations. In most cases the EVs will be charged over 95% of the time in the garage.
All plans for green apartment houses should include conduit in the parking lots for current or future charging stations.
All plans for green commercial buildings should include conduit in the parking lots for current or future charging stations.
Running Out of Charge?! You can use any 120-volts outlet to
get enough charge to get to a faster station.
Nissan will haul a dead vehicle in free for the first 3 years.
All Nissan dealers have two level-2 charging stations; some will have level-3 stations
AAA is developing a charging station on trucks.
Businesses which have charging stations on a truck may develop.
Vehicle to Grid (V2G) Millions of electric cars connected
to the national grid. Charge at early morning low-grid-
load times and drive to work. Recharge at morning at work. Discharge into grid at afternoon
high-grid-load times, with enough charge left to drive home. (~$3000/year profit)
Electric Cars’ Batteriesas Backup Power (V2H)
Backup power for the grid at high-load times. Estimates of $3000/year earnings for electric-car owners.
Old batteries from electric cars in locations for grid storage.
Backup power for homes when the grid is down. Nissan may market this soon. Requires a house circuit with needed devices on it.
Hybrid-Electric Carsas Backup Power (V2H)
3/4-kVa 240/120-V Plug-Out Island Prius kit ($1899/$2899)
2/3-kVa 120-V Plug-Out Island Prius kit ($799/$1499)
Soon to be available for other hybrid-electric vehicles.
~$1,100 extra for 6.6-kW charger 15% increase in range (EPA 73 to 84 miles) Installing level-3/480-volts DC charging stations at
dealers in U.S., starting on west coast Tesla Model S Sedan
40, 60 or 85 kWh batteries Plans to put fast charging stations within
range of Model S upper two versions across U.S. within 2 years.
Negative: nearest dealer to Roanoke is in D.C.
Battery/Battery Hybrid Tesla has patented the concept of
using a lithium-ion (LI) battery (medium energy density and high power density) with a lithium-air (LA) battery (high energy density and medium power density).
The LI battery would be used to provide energy during brief driving periods requiring high power (accelerating and climbing hills) and the LA battery would be used to provide energy during periods requiring low power (cruising).
The LA battery also can recharge the LI battery.
Battery/Battery Hybrid
My Ideal Cars
An AWD electric car with a 200-miles range (Tesla X ?).
An AWD biodiesel-electric plug-in hybrid with at least a 10-kWh battery (VW CrossBlue ?).
materials. Designed for high recycling of materials. Battery modules can be individually
replaced. Batteries after decline can be used for
grid storage. Batteries are recyclable.
Driving a LEAF in the NRV Blacksburg to Floyd & back many times Blacksburg to Roanoke & back, level-2 charging @
various places many times Blacksburg to Pulaski & back several times Christiansburg to Pearisburg & back Blacksburg to Wytheville & back, level-2 charging 4
hours at Blue Ridge Nissan Blacksburg to Grandin Village & back several times,
level-2 charging at daughter’s house Blacksburg to Mt. Lake & Cascades Park and back Blacksburg to Daleville and back, level-1 charging
there Blacksburg to VWCC and back, level-1 charging there Blacksburg to Lynchburg and back, charging in
Roanoke and Lynchburg Nissan in Forest
Possible LEAF Trips from Blacksburg
Harrisonburg and back, charging at Roanoke, Staunton & Harrisonburg
Charlottesville and back, charging at Roanoke, Staunton and Charlottesville
Hot Springs or Greenbrier WV and back, charging at Covington
Bluefield WV and back, charging at Cole Nissan BIG ONE: to LEAF plant at Smyrna TN (409
miles) and back, charging at 7 places along the way.
Why Lease/Buy a Nissan LEAF Reduce carbon emissions per mile traveled Reduce use of fossil fuels per mile traveled Reduce use of energy per mile traveled Reduce traffic noise Improve vehicle performance Increase driving mindfulness Increase public knowledge of electric cars Increase desirability of renewable energy Why lease: EV technology will greatly
improve in 3 years.
References The 2011 Electric Car Guide: Discover
the truth about owning and using electric cars.
Charged Up! The Definitive Guide to Plug-In Electric Vehicles 4th Edition 2013