Electric circuit in the car

Electric Electric circuit circuit

in the carin the car

Under supervisionUnder supervision OfOf

Prof. DR/ Saad Abd El Prof. DR/ Saad Abd El

HamidHamid

11 - -Ibrahim Atef MohamedIbrahim Atef Mohamed

22 - -Ahmed Atef El sayedAhmed Atef El sayed33 - -Mohamed Ahmed Abd El Mohamed Ahmed Abd El

MawgoodMawgood

44 - -Hany Ahmed IbrahimHany Ahmed Ibrahim

Battery is the most Battery is the most important part in electric important part in electric

circuit in the car .circuit in the car .It is the part which It is the part which

supplies electricity to supplies electricity to indicator and generator .indicator and generator .

If more ampere-hours are required, two (or If more ampere-hours are required, two (or more) new and identical 12-volt batteries more) new and identical 12-volt batteries

can be connected in parallel. If you can be connected in parallel. If you connect two 12-volt batteries in parallel, connect two 12-volt batteries in parallel, and they are identical in type, age and and they are identical in type, age and

capacity, you can potentially double you capacity, you can potentially double you original capacity. If you connect two that original capacity. If you connect two that

are not the same type, you will either are not the same type, you will either overcharge the smaller of the two, or you overcharge the smaller of the two, or you

will undercharge the larger of the twowill undercharge the larger of the two..

The recommended parallel and series connections are as followsThe recommended parallel and series connections are as follows::

[[Source: Interstate BatteriesSource: Interstate Batteries]]

•

Connected this way the batteries will discharge and recharge Connected this way the batteries will discharge and recharge equally. When connecting in series or parallel and to prevent equally. When connecting in series or parallel and to prevent

recharging problems, do NOT mix old and new batteries or ones recharging problems, do NOT mix old and new batteries or ones with different typeswith different types..

•There are six types of battery terminals-SAE Post, GM Side, There are six types of battery terminals-SAE Post, GM Side, "L", Stud, combination SAE and Stud, and combination S.A.E "L", Stud, combination SAE and Stud, and combination S.A.E

Post and GM Side. For automotive applications, the SAE Post and GM Side. For automotive applications, the SAE Post is the most popular, followed by GM Side, then the Post is the most popular, followed by GM Side, then the

combination "dual" SAE Post and GM Side. "L" terminal is combination "dual" SAE Post and GM Side. "L" terminal is used on some European cars, motorcycles, lawn and used on some European cars, motorcycles, lawn and

garden equipment, snowmobiles, and other light duty garden equipment, snowmobiles, and other light duty vehicles. Stud terminals are used on heavy duty and deep vehicles. Stud terminals are used on heavy duty and deep

cycle batteries. The positive SAE Post terminal in slightly cycle batteries. The positive SAE Post terminal in slightly larger (by 1/16") than the negative one. Terminal locations larger (by 1/16") than the negative one. Terminal locations

and polarity will varyand polarity will vary..

•

AlternatorAlternatorThe alternator is an important part of the The alternator is an important part of the

engine because it perpetuates the engine because it perpetuates the reproduction of power. The battery reproduction of power. The battery

supplies the initial boost the engine supplies the initial boost the engine needs to start the vehicle. The needs to start the vehicle. The

alternator takes over and replaces the alternator takes over and replaces the power used in the battery by the power used in the battery by the

starting of the enginestarting of the engine..

alternator is rotated by a drive belt driven by alternator is rotated by a drive belt driven by the vehicles engine while it is running. the vehicles engine while it is running. Electrical voltage and amperage are Electrical voltage and amperage are

generated to recharge the battery and generated to recharge the battery and supply voltage to the electrical system of supply voltage to the electrical system of

the car. The alternator is held in place with the car. The alternator is held in place with mounting bolts. There is a main electrical mounting bolts. There is a main electrical

wire on the rear of the alternator that wire on the rear of the alternator that supplies voltage to a main voltage junction supplies voltage to a main voltage junction

box. If your alternator is not charging box. If your alternator is not charging properly, your battery will slowly drain properly, your battery will slowly drain down from operating all the electrical down from operating all the electrical

systems in your car and stop the car from systems in your car and stop the car from runningrunning..

Common Problems and Common Problems and SolutionsSolutions

When jump-started a severely discharged battery When jump-started a severely discharged battery can cause the alternator to overload and can cause the alternator to overload and

internally fail. If this occurs replace or charge the internally fail. If this occurs replace or charge the battery before replacing the alternator. This will battery before replacing the alternator. This will help prevent a second alternator failure. Most help prevent a second alternator failure. Most

vehicles use a multi-ribbed belt connected to the vehicles use a multi-ribbed belt connected to the engine to rotate the armature inside the engine to rotate the armature inside the

alternator. If the belt fails it should be replaced alternator. If the belt fails it should be replaced immediately. Belt tension should be taught. If it immediately. Belt tension should be taught. If it isn't, check the belt tensioner, it may need to be isn't, check the belt tensioner, it may need to be replaced or the incorrect size belt may have been replaced or the incorrect size belt may have been installed. Either of these conditions can cause the installed. Either of these conditions can cause the

vehicle to stall and not restartvehicle to stall and not restart..

Distributor Cap and RotorDistributor Cap and RotorThe distributor cap and rotor are two essential The distributor cap and rotor are two essential pieces that distribute electrical current to the pieces that distribute electrical current to the

spark plugs. The distributor cap connects to the spark plugs. The distributor cap connects to the spark plugs directly using a spark plug wire. The spark plugs directly using a spark plug wire. The number of plug wires connected depends on the number of plug wires connected depends on the amount of spark plugs that are in the engine. For amount of spark plugs that are in the engine. For example, an eight cylinder engine will have eight example, an eight cylinder engine will have eight

plug wiresplug wires . .

The rotor is designed to spin inside of the The rotor is designed to spin inside of the distributor cap, just missing the terminals distributor cap, just missing the terminals inside the cap. A worn or damaged rotor inside the cap. A worn or damaged rotor can cause your vehicle to run rough, or can cause your vehicle to run rough, or

even stall completely. The rotor is rotating even stall completely. The rotor is rotating at the same speed as the camshaft which at the same speed as the camshaft which also happens to be 1/2 the speed of the also happens to be 1/2 the speed of the

crankshaftcrankshaft..

Spark Plug WiresSpark Plug WiresThe function of spark plugs wires is to link the The function of spark plugs wires is to link the

coil, distributor and spark plugs together. coil, distributor and spark plugs together. The coil turns twelve volts of incoming The coil turns twelve volts of incoming

electricity into 20,000 to 50,000 volts and electricity into 20,000 to 50,000 volts and sends this jolt through the coil wire, which sends this jolt through the coil wire, which

is connected on the other end to the is connected on the other end to the distributor. Inside the distributor is a rotor distributor. Inside the distributor is a rotor that spins, and directs this current to the that spins, and directs this current to the

proper spark plug wire at the correct time, proper spark plug wire at the correct time, creating the "spark" at the plug. Without creating the "spark" at the plug. Without these wires, no car would even turn onthese wires, no car would even turn on..

IdentificationIdentificationThe spark plug wires normally run from the The spark plug wires normally run from the top of the engine to the cylinders on the top of the engine to the cylinders on the

sides, although some configurations differ. sides, although some configurations differ. There will be one plug per cylinder in There will be one plug per cylinder in

normal applications, so a V6 will have six, normal applications, so a V6 will have six, and a V8 will don eight plug wires, not and a V8 will don eight plug wires, not

counting the coil wire. Each end will have counting the coil wire. Each end will have a boot on it to attach the wire either to a a boot on it to attach the wire either to a

spark plug, the distributor or the coil. spark plug, the distributor or the coil. Generally, each end will be different sizes Generally, each end will be different sizes

and therefore impossible to mix upand therefore impossible to mix up..

Spark plugsSpark plugsVarious Spark Plug ConditionsVarious Spark Plug Conditions

These spark plug images depict various conditions These spark plug images depict various conditions inside a particular cylinder or all cylinders and will inside a particular cylinder or all cylinders and will

help troubleshelp troubles

  Normal ConditionNormal ConditionAn engine's condition can be judged by the An engine's condition can be judged by the appearance of the spark plugs firing end. If the appearance of the spark plugs firing end. If the firing end of a spark plug is brown or light gray, firing end of a spark plug is brown or light gray, the condition can be judged to be good and the the condition can be judged to be good and the spark plug is functioning optimally.spark plug is functioning optimally.hoot the problemhoot the problem..

Dry and Wet FoulingDry and Wet FoulingAlthough there are many different cases, if Although there are many different cases, if

the insulation resistance between the the insulation resistance between the center electrode and the shell is over 10 center electrode and the shell is over 10

ohms, the engine can be started normally. ohms, the engine can be started normally. If the insulation resistance drops to 0 If the insulation resistance drops to 0

ohms, the firing end is fouled by either wet ohms, the firing end is fouled by either wet or dry carbonor dry carbon..

OverheatingOverheatingWhen a spark plug overheats, When a spark plug overheats,

deposits that have accumulated on deposits that have accumulated on the insulator tip melt and give the the insulator tip melt and give the

insulator tip a glazed or glossy insulator tip a glazed or glossy appearanceappearance..

ThanksThanks