Election of Women • Why so much variation – across nations? – across American states?
Feb 25, 2016
Election of Women
• Why so much variation
– across nations?
– across American states?
Election of Women
• Major changes– In US Congress
• about 17%• “big” increase post 1990
– In State legislatures• steady gains post 1970• little change in last 10 years• frozen at about 23%
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• Candidate recruitment– In states, increase in # of candidates
tracked w/ increase in # of women elected
– Since 1992, pool of candidates has not increased
Election of Women
Election of Women
• Major partisan differences– Since 1990, fewer GOP women elected
– More Dem women elected• 31% of D state legislators women• 15% of R state legislators women
– Same pattern in US Congress
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• Regional variation– Women have made major gains in some
states• New England, WA, West
– Highest = 40% in CO
– Little representation in many states• South
– lowest = 13% in SC
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• Nordic 42%– SWE 45%
• Americas 22%– CAN 22%, MEX 18%
• Europe 22%– SUI 29%, GER 33%
• Europe (n-n) 20%– RUS 14%
• Asia 19%– JAP 11%
• SubS Africa 18%
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• Questions– Why trends, why flattening?– Why partisan differences?– Why regional differences?– What effects of representation?
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• Are voters biased against women candidates?– continued sexism?
• Are there not enough viable women candidates?
Election of Women
• Major factors– Party recruitment
• Is this reason for party difference?• in US, local parties
– lower office route to
• other nations– Party list placement
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• Major factors– Campaign finance
• Men and women have different networks
• Different opportunities for raising money– Women fewer opportunities to raise large sums of
money
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• Major factors– quotas
• in Constitution
• in Party rules– In Europe, left parties started quotas earlier
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• Single member vs. multi-member districts– WA, AZ....
– Voters more likely to vote for woman if also first have chance to vote for a man?
Election of Women
• Cultural factors?– Scandinavia vs. rest of Europe
• Gender roles different SP, IT than SWE...
– New England vs. US South
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• Daniel Elazar’s US Political Culture thesis– Moralistic
• Government advance society, Scandinavians– Individualistic
• politics to advance personal economic goals– Traditionalistic
• hierarchy, authority
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Election of Women
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• Cultural v. Institutional factors– Traditional cultures =
• fewer women in ‘modern’ careers• fewer women candidates• less recruitment of women candidates