Elder L. Lionel Kendrick Of the First Quorum of the Seventy

Elder L. Lionel KendrickOf the First Quorum of the Seventy

• It has been from the beginning and it will be till the end that the natural man will have a tendency to rationalize and to blame his behaviors on others or on certain circumstances. When we attempt to place responsibility for our choices on others, we are responding in a less than Christlike manner. Blaming is an unrighteous form of communication.

http://www.w3schools.com

html/xhtml

http://www.w3schools.com/

Objectives

In this chapter, you will:

• Learn about HTML and XHTML

• Work with XHTML DTDs

• Study elements and attributes

• Work with basic body elements

• Link your Web pages

• Validate your Web pages

6XHTML Document Type Definition (DTDs)

• A well formed document is a document that conforms to the rules and requirements of XHTML.

• <!DOCTYPE> determines the XHTML DTD with which the document complies.

• DTD (Document Type Definition) defines the tags and attributes that can be used in a document.

XHTML Document Type Definition (DTDs)

• Three types of DTDs can be used with XHTML documents: Transitional, Strict, and Frameset.

• Deprecated elements are elements that are considered obsolete and they will be eventually removed from a language.– Examples of deprecated HTML elements: <applet>,

<basefont>, <center>, <dir>, <menu>…

– http://www.w3schools.com/tags/default.asp

http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/index/attributes.html

http://www.w3schools.com/tags/default.asp

http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/index/attributes.html


• A Transitional DTD allows the use of deprecated style tags in HTML documents:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN”

“http://www/w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”>


• The Frameset DTD is identical to the Transitional DTD, except that it includes the <frameset> and <frame> elements:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC“-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN”

“http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd”>


The Strict DTD eliminates deprecated elements in the Transitional DTD and Frameset DTD:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN”

“http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd”>

Introduction to HTML

The general form of an HTML document is as follows:

<html>

<head>

<title>title goes here</title>

</head>

<body>

The body of the document goes here

</body>

</html>

9XHTML Elements and Attributes• An element is the tag pair and the information it

contains.

• Elements that do not include a closing tag are called empty elements.

• Content is the information contained within an element’s opening and closing tags.

XHTML Elements and Attributes• There are two basic types of elements: block-

level and inline.

• Block-level elements: give the Web page its structure.– Examples of block-level elements: <p>, <h1>, <h2>,

and <h3>

• Inline elements: used to describe the text that appears on a Web page.– Example of inline elements: <b> and <br />.

Introduction to HTML

• Attributes are used to configure HTML tags.

• The src in the following image tag is an example of an attribute:

<img src=“myhouse.gif”>

• To insert spaces in an HTML document, use the <p> and <br> tags.

11XHTML Elements and Attributes• Standard attributes are attributes that are available to

almost every element.– Examples of standard attributes: class, dir, xml:lang, and style.

• lang and xml:lang designate the language of the elements.

• dir is used with lang. Its values are “ltr” (left to right) and “rtl” (right to left).

• title provides descriptive text for an element.

13Basic Body Elements

– Headings <h1> through <h6>

– Paragraphs and line breaks <p> </p> <b />

– Horizontal rule <hr />

Headings:

• They are block-level elements that are used for emphasizing a document’s headings and subheadings.

20Linking Web Pages

• Hypertext links are text or graphics that the user can click to open files or to navigate to other documents on the Web.

• Anchor is a text or image used to represent a link on a Web page.

• The <a> element is used to create basic hypertext links:<a href=“AWebPage.html”> A Web Page </a>

24Linking Web Pages

• The <a> element can be used to create a link to an external document or to a bookmark inside the current document.

• Any element that includes an id attribute can be the target of a link.

<h3 id=“cpp”> C++, the language</h3>

27Linking Web Pages

• To create a link to a bookmark, an id value should be assigned to an href attribute.

<a href=“#cpp”>Read about C++</a>

• Next Day

Linking Web Pages

• href is the hypertext reference.

• Relative URL specifies the location of a file according to the location of the currently loaded Web page.

• Absolute URL refers to a specific drive and directory or to the full Web address of a Web page.

Creating Lists

• Three types of lists can be added to a Web page:

– Unordered lists– Ordered lists– Definition lists

Creating ListsList elements and their description:

<ul> Block-level element that creates an unordered list

<ol> Block-level element that creates an ordered list

<li> Inline element that defines a list item

<dl> Block-level element that creates a definition list

<dt> Inline element that defines a definition list term

<dd> Inline element that defines a definition list item

Creating Lists

• An unordered list is a list of bulleted items.

• The <li> elements are nested within the <ul> elements as follows:

<ul>

<li> list item 1 </li>

<li> list item 2 </li>

</ul>

Creating Lists

• An ordered list is a list of numbered items.

• <li> elements are nested within the <ol> elements:

<ol>

<li> Bill Clinton </li>

<li> George Bush </li>

</ol>

Creating Lists

• A definition list is a list of terms and their definitions.

• Definition lists are created using the <dl> element. Within the <dl> element, <dt> elements are nested for term names and <dd> elements for term definitions.

Creating Lists

<dl>

<dt><b>Ohm</b></dt>

<dd>Measurement unit for electrical resistance or impedance.</dd>

</dl>

30Validating Web Pages

• A validating parser is a program that checks whether an XHTML document is well formed and whether the document conforms to a specific DTD.

• A validator is available on:

http://validator.w3.org

• English and many Western languages use the ISO-8859-1 character set.

http://validator.w3.org/

Elder L. Lionel Kendrick Of the First Quorum of the Seventy

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