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ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
The Human Body: An Orientation
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure and shape
of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
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Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 14.4
Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.2a
Organ System Overview Integumentary
Forms the external bodycovering
Protects deeper tissue frominjury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneousnerve receptors
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.2b
Organ System Overview Skeletal
Protects and supportsbody organs
Provides muscleattachment for movement
Site of blood cellformation
Stores mineral
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.2c
Organ System Overview Muscular
Allows locomotion
Maintains posture
Produces heat
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.2d
Organ System Overview Nervous
Fast-acting controlsystem
Responds to internal andexternal change
Activates muscles andglands
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.2e
Organ System Overview Endocrine
Secretes regulatoryhormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
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ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
The Human Body: An Orientation
Page 12
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.2f
Organ System Overview Cardiovascular
Transports materials in bodyvia blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
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Organ System Overview Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
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Organ System Overview Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System Overview Digestive
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Figure 1.2i
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Organ System Overview Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
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Organ System Overview Reproductive
Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k
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Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries
Movement
Locomotion
Movement of substances
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
Break-down and delivery of nutrients
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Necessary Life Functions Metabolism – chemical reactions within the
body
Production of energy
Making body structures
Excretion
Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
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Necessary Life Functions Reproduction
Production of future generation
Growth
Increasing of cell size and number
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Survival Needs Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen
Required for chemical reactions
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Survival Needs Water
60–80% of body weight
Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature
Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
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Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment
= a dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
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Overview of Homeostasis
Figure 1.4
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Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and
hormonal control systems
Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
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Maintaining Homeostasis Control center
Determines set point
Analyzes information
Determines appropriate response
Effector
Provides a means for response to the stimulus
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Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback
Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
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Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback
Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby
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ELAINE N. MARIEB
EIGHTH EDITION
1
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALSOF HUMANANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
PART A
The Human Body: An Orientation
Page 30
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
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Body Landmarks Anterior
Figure 1.5a
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Body Landmarks Posterior
Figure 1.5b
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Body Planes
Figure 1.6
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
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Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c