5. Relaciones termodinámicas ___________________________________________________________________________38 RELACIONES TERMODINÁMICAS James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottishtheoretical physicist and mathematician. His most important achievement was classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing all previously unrelated observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a consistent theory. His set of equations—Maxwell's equations—demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and even light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field. From that moment on, all other classic laws or equations of these disciplines became simplified cases of Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's work in electromagnetism has been called the "second great unification in physics",after the first one carried out by Isaac Newton. Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space in the form of waves, and at the constant speed of light. Finally, in 1864 Maxwell wrote "A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field", where he first proposed that light was in fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena.[4] His work in producing a unified model of electromagnetism is considered to be one of the greatest advances in physics. Maxwell also developed the Maxwell distribution, a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. These two discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the foundation for future work in such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics. Maxwell is also known for creating the first true colour photograph in 1861 and for his foundational work on the rigidity of rod‐and‐joint frameworks like those in many bridges. Maxwell is considered by many physicists to be the 19th‐century scientist with the greatest influence on 20th‐century physics. His contributions to the science are considered by many to be of the same magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. In the end of millennium poll, a survey of the 100 most prominent physicists saw Maxwell voted the third greatest physicist of all time, behind only Newton and Einstein. On the centennial of Maxwell's birthday, Einstein himself described Maxwell's work as the "most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton."Einstein kept a photograph of Maxwell on his study wall, alongside pictures of Michael Faraday and Newton. La regla de las fases menciona que la especificación de cierto número de propiedades intensivas de un sistema también fija los valores de las demás propiedades intensivas. Sin embargo, la regla de las fases no proporciona ninguna información sobre la forma en que pueden calcularse los valores de las demás propiedades. Los valores numéricos de las propiedades termodinámicas son fundamentales para el cálculo del calor y el trabajo de los procesos industriales. Considérese, por ejemplo, el requerimiento de trabajo de un compresor diseñado para funcionar de manera adiabática y aumentar la presión de un gas de P1 a P2. Un balance energético cuando se desprecian cambios pequeños en las energías cinética y potencial a la entrada y salida del compresor conduce a: W Compresor =H 2 –H 1 (5.1) En consecuencia, el trabajo de eje es simplemente H, que es la diferencia entre los valores inicial y final de la entalpía. El propósito inicial de este capítulo es desarrollar, a partir de las dos primeras leyes, las relaciones entre las propiedades fundamentales, las cuales son el pilar de la estructura matemática de la termodinámica. De ellas se obtendrán ecuaciones que permiten el cálculo de los valores de entalpía y entropía a partir de datos PVT y de capacidad calorífica. Después se estudiarán los diagramas y tablas mediante los cuales se presentan los valores de las propiedades para hacer un uso conveniente de ellos. Finalmente, se desarrollan correlaciones generalizadas que
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James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottishtheoretical physicist and mathematician.
His most important achievement was classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing all previously unrelated
observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a consistent theory. His set
of equations—Maxwell's equations—demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and even light are all
manifestations of the same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field. From that moment on, all other classic laws or
equations of these disciplines became simplified cases of Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's work in
electromagnetism has been called the "second great unification in physics",after the first one carried out by Isaac
Newton. Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space in the form of waves, and
at the constant speed of light. Finally, in 1864 Maxwell wrote "A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field",
where he first proposed that light was in fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and
magnetic phenomena.[4] His work in producing a unified model of electromagnetism is considered to be one of the
greatest advances in physics. Maxwell also developed the Maxwell distribution, a statistical means of describing
aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. These two discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the
foundation for future work in such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics. Maxwell is also known for
creating the first true colour photograph in 1861 and for his foundational work on the rigidity of rod‐and‐joint
frameworks like those in many bridges. Maxwell is considered by many physicists to be the 19th‐century scientist
with the greatest influence on 20th‐century physics. His contributions to the science are considered by many to be
of the same magnitude as those of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein. In the end of millennium poll, a survey of the
100 most prominent physicists saw Maxwell voted the third greatest physicist of all time, behind only Newton and
Einstein. On the centennial of Maxwell's birthday, Einstein himself described Maxwell's work as the "most
profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton."Einstein kept a photograph of Maxwell on his study wall, alongside pictures of Michael
Faraday and Newton.
La regla de las fases menciona que la especificación de cierto número de propiedades
intensivas de un sistema también fija los valores de las demás propiedades intensivas.
Sin embargo, la regla de las fases no proporciona ninguna información sobre la forma
en que pueden calcularse los valores de las demás propiedades.
Los valores numéricos de las propiedades termodinámicas son fundamentales para el
cálculo del calor y el trabajo de los procesos industriales. Considérese, por ejemplo, el
requerimiento de trabajo de un compresor diseñado para funcionar de manera
adiabática y aumentar la presión de un gas de P1 a P2. Un balance energético cuando
se desprecian cambios pequeños en las energías cinética y potencial a la entrada y
salida del compresor conduce a:
WCompresor = H2 – H1 (5.1)
En consecuencia, el trabajo de eje es simplemente H, que es la diferencia entre los valores inicial y final de la entalpía. El propósito inicial de este capítulo es desarrollar, a
partir de las dos primeras leyes, las relaciones entre las propiedades fundamentales,
las cuales son el pilar de la estructura matemática de la termodinámica. De ellas se
obtendrán ecuaciones que permiten el cálculo de los valores de entalpía y entropía a
partir de datos PVT y de capacidad calorífica. Después se estudiarán los diagramas y
tablas mediante los cuales se presentan los valores de las propiedades para hacer un
uso conveniente de ellos. Finalmente, se desarrollan correlaciones generalizadas que