El172 unit5

REFERENCE PASSIVE VOICE

PROCESS WRITING UNIT 5

REFERENCE

REFERENCE

•A word [or group of words] that takes place of [refers to] a noun

•As soon as Charlie gets home, he plays with Snoopy.

•Usually comes after a noun

•Snoopy eats after he wakes up.

TYPES OF PRONOUN REFERENCE

•Subjective pronoun

•When Charlie gets an A, he is very thrilled.

•Objective pronoun

•Snoopy is happy when Charlie hugs him.

TYPES OF PRONOUN REFERENCE

•Possessive adjective

•Snoopy shares his food with Woodstock.

•Demonstrative pronoun

•Charlie bought new sunglasses and gave those to Snoopy.

TYPES OF PRONOUN REFERENCE

•Relative pronoun

•Flowers that Snoopy is holding are from Charlie’s garden.

•Other

•Woodstock likes flowers, so Snoopy gives all to him.

•Agree in person

•Lucy gives Snoopy some cookies, and then she leaves for school.

•Agree in number

•Charlie and Snoopy go for a walk. They enjoy themselves tremendously.

PAY ATTENTION: PRONOUN MUST

PAY ATTENTION: PRONOUN MUST

•Avoid being vague [unclear]

•Charlie feeds Snoopy, and he goes out.

•After feeding Snoopy, Charlie goes out.

PASSIVE VOICE

Adapted from http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/style-and-editing/passive-voice

•A vampire bit Bella.

•Bella was bitten by a vampire.

PASSIVE VOICE

•An object of a verb becomes a subject

•Passive form - be + past participle [V3]

•Original subject becomes an agent, preceded by “BY”

WHEN TO USE

•Focus on the original object

•The picture was taken a long time ago.

•The performer of the action is unknown/unimportant

•Mistakes were made.

•Generalization

•Insulin is injected to diabetic patients.

WHEN TO USE ACTIVE VOICE

•The performer is important

✓Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.

•The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison.

TENSE & VERB FORM •Same tense

•We use cocoa to make chocolate.

•Cocoa is used to make chocolate.

•Progressive [-ing]

•Add ‘being’ between BE and Past Participle

•We were transporting products to the warehouse.

•Products were being transported to the warehouse.

TENSE & VERB FORM

•Modals

•We will bake a cake tomorrow.

•A cake will be baked tomorrow.

•You should finish your homework now.

•Your homework should be finished now.

Process Writing

PROCESS PARAGRAPH

Objective

•To explain how something is done/happens

Techniques

•Connected step

•Chronological order

PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION

•Topic sentence

•What process will be discussed

•Topic must be identified here

•Why it is important/interesting

•Discuss the importance/interesting aspect of the topic

PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION

•Steps

•Transitions

•First/firstly/first and foremost

•Second/secondly

•Next, later, after that,

•Finally, lastly

PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION

•Concluding sentence

•Summarize the main idea

•The benefits of learning/knowing the process