EL001 Pre-Pathway Module 2010 Grammar and Vocabulary Development Session 7 Paraphrasing vs Summarising
Dec 25, 2015
EL001 Pre-Pathway Module 2010Grammar and Vocabulary DevelopmentSession 7
Paraphrasing vs Summarising
PARAPHRASING
The following materials are adapted from Stephen Bailey (2007), Academic Writing : A Handbook for International Students - Second Edition, Routledge
Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC.
Studies conducted of the mud from the River Nile
showed that at this time the mountainous regions
which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged
drought. This would have had a devastating effect
on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself.
Can you summarise this in around 20 words?
Studies show that a drought in the mountainous regions feeding the Nile led to the collapse of Ancient Egypt in about 2180 BC.
Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the
mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous
regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This
would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society
to feed itself.
Which of these paraphrases is better?
A.The sudden ending of Egyptian civilization over 4000 years ago was probably caused by changes in the weather in the region to the south. Without the regular river flooding there would not have been enough food.
B. Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry period in the mountains at the river’s source may have led to a lack of water for irrigation around 2180 BC, which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began.
Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the
mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous
regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This
would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society
to feed itself.
Which of these paraphrases is better?
A.The sudden ending of Egyptian civilization over 4000 years ago was probably caused by changes in the weather in the region to the south. Without the regular river flooding there would not have been enough food.
B. Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry period in the mountains at the river’s source may have led to a lack of water for irrigation around 2180 BC, which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began.
Can you find the underlined information from our source text in the
paraphrased paragraph?
Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the
mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous
regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This
would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society
to feed itself.
Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry
period in the mountains at the river’s source may have led to a lack of
water for irrigation around 2180 BC, which was when the collapse of
Egyptian society began.
Can you find the underlined information from our source text in the
paraphrased paragraph?
Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted of the
mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the mountainous
regions which feed the Nile suffered from a prolonged drought. This
would have had a devastating effect on the ability of Egyptian society
to feed itself.
Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a long dry
period in the mountains at the river’s source may have led to a lack of
water for irrigation around 2180 BC, which was when the collapse of
Egyptian society began.
USING VOCABULARY TO PARAPHRASE
The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism. It
began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States. There Henry Ford
adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor
manufacturing, thus inventing mass production.
The rise of the 1.____________ industry 2. ____________ the 3. ____________ of 4.
____________ capitalism. It 5. ____________ in France and Germany, but 6.
____________ in the United States. There Henry Ford 7. ____________ the moving
8. ____________ line from the Chicago meat industry to 9. ____________
manufacturing, 10. ____________ inventing mass production.
CONTEMPORARY PROGRESS MODIFIED
STARTED ACCELERATED ASSEMBLY
CAR THEREBY AUTOMOBILE
MATCHES
KEY
The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern
capitalism. It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United
States. There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the
Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass
production.
The rise of the AUTOMOBILE industry MATCHES the PROGRESS of
CONTEMPORARY capitalism. It STARTED in France and Germany, but
ACCELERATED in the United States. There Henry Ford MODIFIED the
moving ASSEMBLY line from the Chicago meat industry to CAR
manufacturing, THEREBY inventing mass production.
USING WORD FORM
In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to
become the world’s dominant car company. After the Second World War the
industry developed “planned obsolescence”, whereby frequent model changes
encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to. Later,
from the 1970s, environmentalists began to criticize the industry for producing
inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming.
In the 1920s, with 1.___________ from the 2. ___________ theories of Alfred
Sloan, General Motors 3. ___________ the world’s car companies. After the
Second World War, the 4. ___________ of “planned obsolescence” by the
industry encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed
to by increasing the 5. ___________ of model changes. Later, from the 1970s,
environmental 6.___________ of the industry focused on the 7. ___________
of inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming.
In the 1920s Alfred Sloan’s management theories helped General Motors to
become the world’s dominant car company. After the Second World War the
industry developed “planned obsolescence”, whereby frequent model changes
encouraged customers to buy new cars more often than they needed to. Later,
from the 1970s, environmentalists began to criticize the industry for producing
inefficient models which used too much fuel, contributing to global warming.
KEY
In the 1920s, with help from the managerial theories of Alfred Sloan, General
Motors dominated the world’s car companies. After the Second World War, the
development of “planned obsolescence” by the industry encouraged customers
to buy new cars more often than they needed to by increasing the frequency of
model changes. Later, from the 1970s, environmental criticism of the industry
focused on the production of inefficient models which used too much fuel,
contributing to global warming.
USING WORD ORDER
At this time, trade unions became increasingly militant in
defence of their members’ jobs. Today the industry owns
some of the strongest brands in the world. However, many
major car companies struggle with stagnant markets and
falling profits.
At this time 1._____________ militant trade unions 2.
_____________ their members’ jobs. Some of the strongest
brands in the world 3._____________ are owned by the
industry. Many major car companies,4. _____________,
struggle with falling profits and stagnant markets.
At this time, trade unions became increasingly militant in
defence of their members’ jobs. Today the industry owns
some of the strongest brands in the world. However, many
major car companies struggle with stagnant markets and
falling profits.
KEY
At this time increasingly militant trade unions defended their
members’ jobs. Some of the strongest brands in the world
today are owned by the industry. Many major car companies,
however, struggle with falling profits and stagnant markets.
Extra practice
Use all of the methods we have studied to paraphrase the following text:
Before the last century no humans had visited Antarctica, and even today the vast continent has a winter population of fewer than 200 people. However, a recent report from a New Zealand government agency outlines the scale of the pollution problem in the ice and snow. Although untouched compared with other regions of the world, the bitter cold of Antarctica means that the normal process of decay is prevented. As a result some research stations are surrounded by the rubbish of nearly 60 years’ operations.
Despite popular belief, the polar continent is really a desert, with less precipitation than the Sahara. In the past, snowfall covered the waste left behind, like beer cans or dead ponies, but now, possibly due to global warming, the ice is thinning and these are being exposed. Over 10 years ago the countries using Antartica agreed a treaty on waste disposal, under which everything is to be taken home, and this is slowly improving the situation. However, the scientists do not want everything removed. The remains of every early expeditions at the beginning of the twentieth century have acquired historical value and will be preserved.
Despite popular belief, the polar continent is really a desert, with less precipitation than the Sahara. In the past, snowfall covered the waste left behind, like beer cans or dead ponies, but now, possibly due to global warming, the ice is thinning and these are being exposed. Over 10 years ago the countries using Antarctica agreed a treaty on waste disposal, under which everything is to be taken home, and this is slowly improving the situation. However, the scientists do not want everything removed. The remains of every early expeditions at the beginning of the twentieth century have acquired historical value and will be preserved.
DEALING WITH UNFAMILIAR VOCABULARY AND CULTURAL
REFERENCES
Essex: Forget the jokes. Here are 20 reasons to celebrate
Britain's most maligned region has advertised for a marketing supremo to promote its charms worldwide. Jonathan Brown examines his home county's claims to fame
Wednesday, 26 January 2005
1: Colchester
2: Salt
3: Jamie Oliver
4: Shellfish
5: The A13
6: Canvey Island
7: Ford
8: Ian Dury
9: Dedham Vale
10: Dudley Moore
11: Beth Chatto
12: US presidents
13: Joseph Conrad
14: Des res
15: Southend-on-Sea
16: Dick Turpin
17: Rebellions
18: Trial marriages
19: Gustav Holst
20: Chigwell
From the list of 20 “reasons”, can you find…
7 people?
5 places?
2 things you can eat?
1 road?
1 abbreviation?
1 company?
SUMMARISING
Make notes on the key information in this paragraph about COLCHESTER:
According to Pliny the Elder, this is Britain's oldest town. He
records a settlement in his Historia Naturalis of 77AD as 200 miles
from Camulodnum - named after the war god Camulos. Claudius
made Colchester his capital in 43AD. The Trinovantes of Essex
didn't like it and joined Boudicca's revolt in 60AD, razing the city.
The capital of Britain then moved to London. Colchester's city wall
remains, ranking it in archaeological importance alongside
Europe's walled cities like Avignon and Orange. Campaigners
claim it is under threat through neglect.
Pliny the Elder - Historia Naturalis of 77AD:Colchester = Britain's oldest town. Camulodnum = Colchester’s old name
43AD: Claudius made Colchester capital 60AD: Boudicca’s revolt razes city
Colchester's city wall remains- archaeological importance - under threat through neglect
Pliny the Elder - Historia Naturalis of 77AD:Colchester = Britain's oldest town. Camulodnum = Colchester’s old name
43AD: Claudius made Colchester capital 60AD: Boudicca’s revolt razes city
Colchester's city wall remains- archaeological importance - under threat through neglect
Can you rephrase these expressions from my notes?
1. Colchester is Britain's oldest town. 2. Camulodnum is Colchester’s old name 3. Claudius made Colchester his capital in 43AD. 4. In 60AD, Boudicca’s revolt razed the city.5. Colchester's city wall is of archaeological importance.6. Colchester’s city wall remains.7. Colchester’s city wall is under threat through neglect
In his 1.___________ work Historia 2.___________,
3.___________ the Elder referred to Colchester
(then named 4.___________) as the oldest town in
Britain. Indeed, under 5.___________, Colchester
became the country’s capital in 6.___________ but
was destroyed within twenty years in an uprising led
by 7.___________. The city’s 8.___________
important Roman 9.___________ have survived till
the present day but have been 10.___________.
In his 77AD work Historia Naturalis, Pliny the Elder
referred to Colchester (then named Camulodnum) as
the oldest town in Britain. Indeed, under Claudius,
Colchester became the country’s capital in 43AD but
was destroyed within twenty years in an uprising led
by Boudicca. The city’s archaeologically important
Roman walls have survived till the present day but
have been neglected.