SUMMARY Previous research on semantic dementia (SD) has demonstrated a link be- tween conceptual representations and ability on a range of ‘non-semantic’ tasks, both verbal and nonverbal. In all cases, SD patients perform well on items that conform to the underlying statistical ‘surface’ structure of the do- main in question but poor performance on items that are atypical with re- spect to these statistics. For such items, there is a strong tendency for the patients’ erroneous responses to reflect the more typical pattern. To date, most research on this topic has been conducted with English- speaking patients, and where extended to non-English languages, directly comparable aspects of each language have been probed. In this study we tested the generalisation of this theory by probing performance on an as- pect of Spanish with no analogue in English (grammatical gender). As predicted, Spanish SD patients provided the correct gender to high fre- quency words or where the phonology of the noun strongly predicted the gen- der. For low frequency, atypical nouns, however, the patients made many more errors (preferring the statistically typical gender). As expected, perform- ance on nouns with atypical grammatical gender was strongly correlated with the degree of semantic impairment across the case-series of SD patients. The results not only provide another example of the critical relationship between semantic memory and ‘non-semantic’ cognition, but also indicate that this the- oretical framework generalises to novel aspects of non-English languages – suggesting that the phenomenon is based on brain-general mechanisms. Key words: semantic dementia; semantic memory; language; grammatical knowledge; quasi-regular domain Background Material/ Methods: Results: Conclusions: EL-LA: THE IMPACT OF DEGRADED SEMANTIC REPRESENTATIONS ON KNOWLEDGE OF GRAMMATICAL GENDER IN SEMANTIC DEMENTIA Matthew A. Lambon Ralph 1(A,C,D,E,F,G) , Karen Sage 1(A,B,D,E,G) , Cristina Green Heredia 2(B,E) , Marcelo L. Berthier 2(B,E) , Macarena Martínez-Cuitiño 3(B,E) , Teresa Torralva 3(B,E) , Facundo Manes 3(B,E) , Karalyn Patterson 4(C,D,E,F) 1 Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit (NARU), School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK 2 Centro de Investigaciones Medico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Universidad de Málaga, Spain 3 Favoloro University and Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Buenos Aires, Argentina 4 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK ORIGINAL ARTICLE ACTA ACTA Vol. 9, No. 2, 2011, 115-131 NEUROPSYCHOLOGICA NEUROPSYCHOLOGICA Received: 13.11.2010 Accepted: 30.06.2011 A – Study Design B – Data Collection C – Statistical Analysis D – Data Interpretation E – Manuscript Preparation F – Literature Search G – Funds Collection 115
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SUMMARYPrevious research on semantic dementia (SD) has demonstrated a link be-
tween conceptual representations and ability on a range of ‘non-semantic’
tasks, both verbal and nonverbal. In all cases, SD patients perform well on
items that conform to the underlying statistical ‘surface’ structure of the do-
main in question but poor performance on items that are atypical with re-
spect to these statistics. For such items, there is a strong tendency for the
patients’ erroneous responses to reflect the more typical pattern.
To date, most research on this topic has been conducted with English-
speaking patients, and where extended to non-English languages, directly
comparable aspects of each language have been probed. In this study we
tested the generalisation of this theory by probing performance on an as-
pect of Spanish with no analogue in English (grammatical gender).
As predicted, Spanish SD patients provided the correct gender to high fre-
quency words or where the phonology of the noun strongly predicted the gen-
der. For low frequency, atypical nouns, however, the patients made many
more errors (preferring the statistically typical gender). As expected, perform-
ance on nouns with atypical grammatical gender was strongly correlated with
the degree of semantic impairment across the case-series of SD patients.
The results not only provide another example of the critical relationship between
semantic memory and ‘non-semantic’ cognition, but also indicate that this the-
oretical framework generalises to novel aspects of non-English languages
– suggesting that the phenomenon is based on brain-general mechanisms.
Matthew A. Lambon Ralph1(A,C,D,E,F,G), Karen Sage1(A,B,D,E,G), Cristina Green Heredia2(B,E), Marcelo L. Berthier2(B,E), Macarena Martínez-Cuitiño3(B,E), Teresa Torralva3(B,E), Facundo Manes3(B,E), Karalyn Patterson4(C,D,E,F)
1 Neuroscience and Aphasia Research Unit (NARU), School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
2 Centro de Investigaciones Medico-Sanitarias (CIMES), Universidad de Málaga, Spain
3 Favoloro University and Institute of Cognitive Neurology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
4 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
ORIGINAL ARTICLE ACTAACTA Vol. 9, No. 2, 2011, 115-131
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICANEUROPSYCHOLOGICA
Received: 13.11.2010
Accepted: 30.06.2011
A – Study Design
B – Data Collection
C – Statistical Analysis
D – Data Interpretation
E – Manuscript Preparation
F – Literature Search
G – Funds Collection
115
INTRODUCTIONMany aspects of both linguistic and non-linguistic ability which do not, on the
face of it, require access to semantic knowledge are adversely affected when se-
mantic memory deteriorates. This phenomenon, or rather set of phenomena, has
mainly been demonstrated in the degenerative brain condition known as semantic
dementia (SD), in which anterior, inferior temporal lobe atrophy produces a rela-
tively selective degradation of semantic memory or conceptual knowledge
(Hodges et al., 2010; Hodges & Patterson, 2007; Snowden et al., 1989). Of
course, SD patients perform poorly on cognitive tasks which do obviously depend
on conceptual knowledge, such as understanding or defining words or naming
objects; any theoretical position on the role of conceptual knowledge would pre-
dict and account for such transparent semantic deficits. The impact of SD on less-
obviously semantic abilities, however, is predicted by only a subset of theories,
mainly those in which ‘surface’-level representations necessarily interact with the
semantic system when the human brain is processing stimuli and producing re-
sponses. Parallel-distributed processing or connectionist models, like those de-
veloped by Plaut et al. (1996, 2002) and Rogers et al. (2004), are examples of
such theories. Figure 1 presents a general representation of this kind of model,
often referred to as a ‘triangle’ model (Patterson & Lambon Ralph, 1999).
What sorts of abilities do we mean when we speak of non-semantic or less-
obviously semantic tasks which have been shown to suffer in SD? Although evi-
dence for these is by no means restricted either to verbal tasks or to En glish-
speaking patients, that combination does cover most demonstrations of this phe-
nomenon, and we shall therefore summarise them first. In the verbal domain,
English SD patients are impaired at
(1) reading written words aloud (Patterson & Hodges, 1992; Snowden
et al., 1989; Woollams et al., 2007);
(2) spelling words dictated to them (Graham et al., 2000);
Lambon Ralph et al., Degraded semantic representations and grammatical knowledge
116
Fig. 1. A generic framework for the interaction of semantic representations with domain-specific
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