El enfoque de trabajo en red de los actores locales para el desarrollo de los destinos de ecoturismo

Multi-Stakeholder Approaches to Developing Ecotourism DestinationsEl enfoque de trabajo en red de los actores locales para el desarrollo de los destinos de ecoturismo

Ideas + Oportunidades + Soluciones

Max A.E. Rossberg, Deputy Chairman

What is the European Wilderness Society?

The community based European Wilderness Society identifies, designates, manages, promotes and lobbies to protect Europe’s wilderness, the continent’s most undisturbed areas of nature.

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The leading wilderness protection organisation in Europe.

Who is Max A. E. Rossberg

• Educated in Germany and Canada• General Manager for Logitech, IBM others in Canada, Ireland,

Scandinavia Central Europe, Eastern Europe and Spain • Went to school with Thomas Mapother (1974) in Ottawa, CDN• Senior Partner Protected Area Consulting Tourism Strategies• Deputy Chairman of the European Wilderness Society• Happily married for 30 years with my wife Anni and 4 kids • Based in a UNESCO biosphere reserve in the Austrian Alps • UNWTO Focal Point, CIPRA, IUCN, AMA, IAPA, etc.

Motto since High School: Walk the Talk!

The Tourism industry

Defining Tourism

“Tourism may be defined as the processes, activities and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors” (Goeldner & Ritchie, 2006: 5). As a result, one can see that tourism involves numerous stakeholders that are all involved in the delivery of tourism-related services.

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Mass Tourism industry facts1) One billion arrivals 20122) 1,8 billion expected by 20303) Tourism generates more revenue than most industries4) Tourism is based on trends and innovation5) Tourism is controlled by selected few (Oligopolies)6) Tourism is capital intensive and privately controlled

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Mass Tourism Travel habits1) Length of stay worldwide dropped to 10.4 days2) Length of stay in Austria down to 3,8 days3) Germans in Spain spent €95 per day/€1.284 4) Ecotourism is a small and fragmented market5) Customer Milieus are becoming more diverse 6) LOHAS are still marginalhttp://www.tourismusanalyse.de/de/zahlen/daten/statistik/tourismus-urlaub-reisen/2013/reisekosten.html

Mass Tourism Boosterism

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• Tourism seen as inherently good and should be developed • Cultural and natural resources should be exploited • Boosterism is practised by two groups of people:

• Politicians who philosophically and pragmatically believe that economic growth is always to be promoted and

• by others who will gain financially by tourism.

Mass Tourism Boosterism

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• Tourism Boosterism continues until there are:• no more resources to exploit that• the real or opportunity costs are too high, or that• political opposition to growth can no longer be countered.

Mass Tourism principles• Tourism is an extraction business oriented industry• It is not sustainable• It is often the only source of a regions incoming

capital besides government subsidies• It is based on growth• It is cost sensitive and profit oriented• It typically is its own reason for demise

Mass Tourism Lifecycle

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Destination areas carry with them the seeds of their own destruction as they become more commercialised and lose the qualities which originally attracted tourists•Exploration •Involvement •Development •Consolidation •Stagnation •Decline or Rejuvenation

Is Ecotourism the alternative?

Why responsible tourism at allThe concept of a more responsible tourism emerged as a reaction to the negative impacts of mass tourism as well as a more holistic approach to the general sustainability discourse to achieve environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development. Tourist areas are jumping on the bandwagon due to lack of alternatives, consultants, government pressure and public hype.

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Ecotourism or Sustainable TourismEcotourism is a subform of sustainable tourism, used to describe zero impact travel to relatively undisturbed natural areas to understand the culture and natural history of the environment, taking care not to alter the integrity of the ecosystem, while producing economic opportunities that make the conservation of natural resources beneficial to local people.Source: The International Ecotourism Society.

Is there an Ecotourism market?• How many travelled by car, plane or train to this congress?• How many did a Co2 offset?• Who based his vacation decision on Ecotourism aspects?• Meeting customer expectations is almost impossible• Ecotourism is currently more a marketing hype than a real

product

Is Sustainable Tourism achievable?Tourism will never be completely sustainable, but it can work towards becoming more sustainable. The need for sustainable/responsible planning and management is imperative for the tourism industry to survive as a whole. It offers broader opportunities for rural areas than Ecotourism.

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Murphy & Price in Theobald 2005, p. .175

Sustainable Tourism Model

Tourism: The saviour?

Why is tourism so interesting• Often the only potential direct source of income• Local unemployment could be reduced• Public support for rural areas could be increased• Investment in infrastructure could be financed• Training of local management could be improved

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Tourism challenges of rural areas• Rural areas are often in less developed regions• Multitude of local interests especially if it is a PA• Often poor local infrastructure• Government funding often the only source of capital

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Tourism challenges of rural areas• Government funding increasingly under pressure• Few local tourism professionals available• Management skills are scarce – networking seldom• Depopulation due to urbanization pressure• Lack of local Marketing Knowhow and funding

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Peneda-Geres NP © PGNP Archives

Uniqueness of rural areas

What can a rural area offer?• Unique landscapes• Unique experiences• Unique flora and fauna• Unique wildlife• Unique destinations• Unique cultural and social traditions

What can a rural area NOT offer?• Guarantee of wildlife sightings• Uncontrolled access• Uncontrolled growth opportunity• Events specifically for tourists• Stop of the natural community processes• Tourism specific infrastructure

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Borjomi-Kharagauli NP © Konstantin

Gabrichidze

Must Do´s

Many ways to Rome

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• Define long-term objectives• Define how locals in the region will benefit • Define a long term investment strategy• Define the basic tourist infrastructure • Define the carrying capacity limits• Define the benefits to the local economy• Involve all stakeholders

Borjomi-Kharagauli NP © Konstantin

Gabrichidze

The Stakeholders

StakeholdersInvolve ALL stakeholders of all genders, ages, social status, political affiliation, marital status, cultural heritage and nationality living in the region

DO NOT JUST FOCUS on local tourism professionals

Get them Involved

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• Clear objective understood by everyone• Bottom up approach – minimize management!• Step by step approach• Regular meetings and perfect communication• Work without subsidies to encourage local ownership• Take risk and encourage dissent• Take them serious regardless of outcome

Sustainable Tourism Planning

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• Establish tourism development objectives and policies • Ensure that natural and cultural resources are maintained and

conserved for present and future use • Integrate tourism into overall development policies and patterns of a

region and establish linkages with other economic sectors

Sustainable Tourism Planning

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• Provide rational basis for decision-making by public and private sector • Co-ordinate development of the many elements of the tourism sector • Optimise and balance economic, environmental and social benefits of

tourism, whilst minimising impacts • Provide an appropriate physical structure for the location in which

development is taking place

Sustainable Tourism Planning

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• Establish guidelines and standards for development • Provide necessary organisational and institutional framework • Provide framework for effective co-ordination of public/private sectors

(After Getz, 1987; Hall et al., 1997)

Sustainable Tourism Planning

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Step 1: Conduct preliminary studies Step 2: Community knowledge of tourism Step 3: Determine level of participationStep 4: Determine appropriate participation mechanism Step 5: Collective decision-making Step 6: Development of an action and implementation plan Step 7: Monitoring and evaluation

Borjomi-Kharagauli NP © Konstantin

Gabrichidze

Reasons for Failure

Design Stage Failure

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• Ambiguous or conflicting objectives • Absence of analytical detail • Too much emphasis on physical development • Inadequate market assessment • Projects only evaluated on financial basis • No consideration of impact on host community economy or environment • Poor involvement of local stakeholders

Implementation Stage Failure

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• Miscalculations regarding use and control of land • High debt/equity ratios

Lack of co-ordination between public and private sectors Poor communication

• Failure to produce planning legislation in time • More concern with profit than with quality of product • Public opposition

Poor location or design of the facilities

Borjomi-Kharagauli NP © Konstantin

Gabrichidze

Pros and Cons

Economic ImpactsPositiveEconomic growthForeign InvestmentValue of real estate riseStandard of living increaseInfrastructure improvementLocal products demand

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NegativeInflationForeign Labour and InvestmentsSpeculationWealthy and poor spreadNeglecting other sectorsLoss of ownership

Tourism Commercial ImpactsPositiveIncreased destination imageImproved infrastructure

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NegativeUncontrolled destination imageFacilities for tourism only – two sided coin

Environmental ImpactsPositiveEnvironmental valuesEnvironmental awarenessMaintenance of biodiversityPreservation of heritage

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NegativeDestruction of habitat and ecosystemsExceeding physical carrying capacityLoss of heritageArchitectural pollutionResource conflicts (water)Increase pollutionTraffic congestion

Social ImpactsPositiveInflux of new ideasCultural exchangeQuality of lifeIncrease local identityLocal participationImproved living conditions

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NegativeLocal knowledge less worthLoss of cultural uniquenessLoss of community valuesOvercrowdingProstitution/AlcoholChanges in community structure

Peneda-Geres NP © PGNP Archives

Tourism in EWS areas

Mix of PartnersThe European Wilderness Society certifies protected and wilderness areas, tour operators and local business partners in Europe. All of them must meet a certain set of criteria. In addition the European Wilderness Society has just launched a new Website www.wilderness-travel.org to promote sustainable tourism in protected areas.

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Quality standard for local business• Quality Standard is defined as a part of overall the European Wilderness Society

Quality Standard• that includes the principles Wilderness and Environmental Values,

Management Effectiveness, Visitor Management Strategies, Sustainable tourism development strategy and local business partner. Each principle has a set of Criteria and each Criteria a set of Indicators

• An independent quality audit is the basis of certification• Quality Standards for local business partners focus on environmental, socio-

economic, communication and partnership aspects• The aim is to show how well managed wilderness protected area/s provide

a benefit to the local economy

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Quality standard for tour operators• International tour operators (usually small or medium size) are well known

for their sensitive, environmentally friendly operation• These partners have an interest and commitment to introduce to their

clients a wilderness experience but simultaneously respect environmental, social-economical and ethical standards as defined above.

• Each Tour operator signs a letter of understanding defining the European Wilderness Society principles.

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Polistovsky NR © Polistovsky Nature Reserve archive

Summary

Sustainable Tourism can help rural areas

• It needs to be managed bottom-up• It must meet a set of sustainability criteria• It must be aware of the limitations the region• It must be locally owned and operated• It must involve community stakeholders• It should not be the only source of income• It should be long-term oriented

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The European Wilderness Society works to identify, designates, manages and promotes Europe’s wilderness, the continent’s most undisturbed areas of nature

www.wilderness-society.org