EIS Chapter 1 INDUSTRIES REVOLUTION

MPU33183 UEME4243 Engineer in Society

3 credit hours

Lecturers: Prof. Ir. Dr. Tee Tiam Ting

Assessment

Assignment 1: 15%

Assignment 2: 15%

Mid-Term Test: 20%

Final Exam: 50%

Engineer in Society

Engineer (4 yrs university study)

Graduate Engineer (3-5 years working, Engr.)

Professional Engineer (P.Eng. Or Ir.)

Broad of Engineers Malaysia (BEM,IJM) and Institution of Engineers Malaysia(IEM).

Professional Examination ( Interview, write one technical report, one Code of Ethnics)

Engineer in Society

Other professional body:

Institution of Chemical Engineer(I Chem E)

Institution of Mechanical Engineer(I Mech.E)

Institution of Electrical Engineer (I Elect. E)

Institution of Civil Engineer.

Etc.

Engineer in Society

As an engineer:

Food

Water

Energy

Housing

Protect the Environment

Safety

Code of Ethnics

Objective of Unit

To provide knowledge of impact of technology on society.

To provide knowledge of professional issues in engineering, viz.,

Engineering safety

Sustainable development

Code of ethnics

Learning Outcomes of Unit

Explain and analyze the impact of technology on society from the social, political, economic and environmental perspectives.

Explain and identify issues of engineering safety and legal liabilities.

Analyse the role played by the professional engineer in sustainable development

Describe and apply conscientiously the professional Code of Ethics.

Recognizes and apply concepts related to Lifelong Learning to keep in pace with advancement of technology.

1. TECHNIOLOGY AND SOCIETY

1. TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

1. INTRODUCTION

Science & technology have progressed tremendously in last 100 years at exponential rate

Industrial revolution 19th century

Most technological advances happened in last 200 years


2,600,000 BC Stone Age

3,000 BC Bronze Age

1200 BC - Iron Age

1760 Industrial Age

1945 Nuclear Age (Hiroshima)

1957 Space Age (launch of Sputnik- first space ship)

1971 Information Age (based on micro-chips)


2. THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON SOCIETY

New Technologies

Technological & scientific advancement always have great impact on society

Inventions such as wheel, pulley, screws etc had changed our life style

Engineering breakthroughs such as tool-making, ship-building, dam-construction etc had helped to form our modern society


From 19th century to 1960s some called it Second Industrial Revolution there is a huge wave of technical and scientific discoveries

New inventions such as:

Telephone change our communication mode

Light bulb light the night and extend our productive time

Radio news & entertainment

Television influenced everything from politics to pattern of consumption

Medical antibiotics, polio was eradicated

Transistor great influence on electronic & communication


Life will be incomprehensible if without these inventions

Economy will also be seriously affected


Technology and Economics

Earlier days- people trade with each other with goods produced by them

All goods need some form of technology to produce

So technology has spurred development of economics

Modern world superior technology give rise to robust economy

Economic excess will flow into greater use of technology

Funds are abundant to source new technology


Early days - research was done by one or few men

Nowadays research is carried out by big corporations with multi million dollars investment

Now robots and computers are more efficient and productive than human beings

Even skilled jobs are also affected

Example design work can be done by computer

Workers will be laid off or wages will be reduced

Owners of big corporations will be richer as cost of production is reduced

This will lead to depressed consumer spending and economic growth


Technology and Life Style

Technology makes life easier and more enjoyable

More informed society due to internet

Global networking - facebook, twitter

Borderless social circle

Cheaper prices as cost of production is lower


Technology has many bad impact on our life style and environment

Pollution air, water

Congestion in transport too many cars

New forms of risk such as 1st generation nuclear reactors

Video games, internet access great social effect

New disease obesity, heart problem, diabetics

Global warming


Technology and Environment

Most modern technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as industrial waste and pollution

Some may be recycled but some are released into our environment

Effects of technology on environment are subtle:

Depletion of non-renewable natural resources such as petroleum, coal etc

Long term effects such as global warming, deforestation, loss of coastal wetland


New types of wastes are produced

Radioactive waste

Toxic waste

Electronic waste

Problem how to remove them expediently?

Natural process the organisms recycle the wastes of other organisms , eg photosynthesis

Technological waste cannot be removed by this method


3. 1st INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

This refers to a period (1750 1870) where Britain has gone through a fundamental change in economics, textile and metal manufacturing, transportation etc

It transforms a traditional society of England into modern society through industralisation of the economy

There is a dramatic increase of per capital production through mechanisation of manufacturing processes


Factors why Britain was able to increase the economy tremendously:

Rich in coal and iron ore to fuel the industries

Has easily navigable waterways and coasts to move people and goods

Good harbours to ship goods to other countries

Was at the crossroads of international trade

System of banks to fund new businesses

Has an open social structure that encouraged accumulation of wealth

Stable government


Industrial revolution began in textile industry

Several new inventions helped to produce clothes quickly

Steam engine was invented in 1705 and it helped to provide power to run the factory

1820 steam-driven train was invented

All railroads were built all over England

This helped to move goods quicker and to more areas

Construction of railroad also helped to provide plenty job opportunities

Other countries also followed- USA, France, Germany and other part of Europe

The Industrial Revolution Student Handouts, Inc.

The First Industrial Revolution

Necessity Is the Mother of Invention

Spinning machine

Need to speed up weaving

Power loom created


Power loom

Increased demand for raw cotton

Invention of the cotton gin


Cotton gin

Demands for stronger iron

Improvements in iron smelting and the development of steel (Bessemer process)


As more steam-powered machines were built,

factories needed more coal to create this

steam

Mining methods improved to meet the demand for more coal

The process of inventing never ends One invention inevitably leads to improvements upon it and to more inventions

Development of Steam Engines

Early water power involved mills built over fast-moving streams and rivers

Early water power had problems

Not enough rivers to provide the power needed to meet growing demand

Rivers and streams might be far removed from raw materials, workers, and markets

Rivers are prone to flooding and drying

Steam Power

Humans tried harnessing steam power for millennia

Hero of Alexandria, Egypt created a steam-driven device in the 1st century B.C.E.

Thomas Newcomen, England (1704)

Created a steam engine to pump water from mines

James Watt, Scotland (1769)

Improved Newcomens engine to power machinery

Steam Engines

By 1800, steam engines were replacing water wheels as sources of power for factories

Factories relocated near raw materials, workers, and ports

Cities grew around the factories built near central Englands coal and iron mines

Manchester, Liverpool

Bessemer Process and Steel

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, steel was difficult to produce and expensive

Henry Bessemer, 1856 Developed the Bessemer process

Brought on the Age of Steel

Steel is the most important metal used over the past 150+ years

Other improvements in steel production Open-hearth furnace

Electric furnace

Use of other metals to produce various types of

Transportation

Increased production

Search for more markets and

raw materials

Better and faster means of transportation

Before the Industrial Revolution Canal barges pulled by mules Ships powered by sails Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and carriages

After the Industrial Revolution Trains Steamships Trolleys Automobiles

Transportation Revolution

Robert Fulton (American)

Steamboat (1807)

Sped water transportation

Thomas Telford and John McAdam

(British)

Macadamized roads (1810-1830)

Improved roads

George Stephenson (English)

Locomotive (1825)

Fast land transport of people and goods

Gottlieb Daimler (German)

Gasoline engine (1885)

Led to the invention of the automobile

Rudolf Diesel (German)

Diesel engine (1892)

Cheaper fuel

Orville and Wilbur Wright (American)

Airplane (1903)

Air transport

Railroads

1830 Stephensons Rocket train traveled the 40 miles between Liverpool and Manchester in 1 hours

1830-1870 railroad tracks went from 49 miles to over 15,000 miles

Steel rails replaced iron rails

1869 Westinghouses air brake made train travel safer

Greater train traveling comfort heavier train cars, improved road beds, and sleeping cars

Communications Revolution Samuel F.B. Morse

(American)

Telegraph (1844)

Rapid communication across continents

Alexander Graham Bell (American)

Telephone (1876)

Human speech heard across continents

Cyrus W. Field (American)

Atlantic cable (1866)

United States and Europe connected by cable

Guglielmo Marconi (Italian)

Wireless telegraph, an early form of the radio (1895)

No wires needed for sending messages

Lee de Forest (American)

Radio tube (1907)

Radio broadcasts could be sent around the world

Vladimir Zworykin (American)

Television (1925)

Simultaneous audio and visual broadcast

Printing Revolution

Printing 1800-1830 Iron printing press Steam-driven press

Rotary press 1870 Invented by Richard Hoe Printed both sides of a page at once

Linotype machine 1884 Invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler A machine operator could create a line of type all at

one go, rather than having to individually set each letter

Newspapers became much cheaper to produce Cost of a newspaper plummeted Number of newspapers increased

Agriculture and Industry

The Industrial Revolution brought machinery to farms

The use of farm machinery meant that fewer farm workers were needed

Displaced farm workers moved to the cities to find work in factories This is called rural-to-urban migration

Growing populations in urban cities required farmers to grow more crops Food to eat

Raw materials (like cotton) for textile factories

Agricultural Machinery Eli Whitney Cotton gin (1793) Increased cotton production

Cyrus McCormick Mechanical reaper (1834) Increased wheat production

Other important inventions: Horse-drawn hay rake, threshing machine, steel plow

Steam engines, gasoline and diesel engines, and electric motors were added to farm machinery as these types of engines were invented.

The Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions complemented one another. Developments and needs in one created developments and needs in the other.

The Second Industrial

Revolution

The First and Second Industrial Revolutions

The first, or old, Industrial Revolution took place between about 1750 and 1870 Took place in England, the United States, Belgium, and

France Saw fundamental changes in agriculture, the

development of factories, and rural-to-urban migration

The second Industrial Revolution took place between about 1870 and 1960 Saw the spread of the Industrial Revolution to places

such as Germany, Japan, and Russia Electricity became the primary source of power for

factories, farms, and homes Mass production, particularly of consumer goods

The Spread of the Industrial Revolution

Mid-1800s Great Britain, the world leader in the Industrial Revolution, attempted to ban the export of its methods and technologies, but this soon failed

1812 United States industrialized after the War of 1812

After 1825 France joined the Industrial Revolution following the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars

Circa 1870 Germany industrialized at a rapid pace, while Belgium, Holland, Italy, Sweden, and Switzerland were slower to industrialize

Transportation

Railroads Industrialized nations first laid track in their own countries, then in

their colonies and other areas under their political influence Russia Trans-Siberian railroad (1891-1905) Germany Berlin-to-Baghdad railroad across Europe to the

Middle East Great Britain Cape-to-Cairo railroad vertically across Africa

Canals

Suez Canal (1869) provided access to the Indian Ocean from the Mediterranean Sea without the need to sail around Africa

Kiel Canal (1896) North Sea connected to the Baltic Sea Panama Canal (1914) provided access from one side of the

Americas to the other without the need to sail around the tip of South America

Transportation

Automobiles Charles Goodyear vulcanized rubber, 1839

Gottlieb Daimler gasoline engine, 1885

Henry Ford assembly line, 1908-1915

Airplanes Orville and Wilbur Wright airplane, 1903

Charles Lindbergh first non-stop flight across the Atlantic, 1927

20th-century growth of commercial aviation

Results of the Industrial Revolution

Expansion of world trade

Factory system

Mass production of goods

Industrial capitalism

Increased standard of living

Unemployment

Economic Changes

Decline of landed aristocracy

Growth and expansion of democracy

Increased government involvement in society

Increased power of industrialized nations

Nationalism and imperialism stimulated

Rise to power of businesspeople

Political Changes

Development and growth of cities

Improved status and earning power of women

Increase in leisure time

Population increases

Problems economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban slums, etc.

Science and research stimulated

Social Changes

Economic Changes: Mass Production of Goods

Motor vehicle production in the United States 1895 33,000 motor vehicles

1910 181,000 motor vehicles

2000 5,542,000 passenger cars alone

Factors contributing to mass production Standardized (or interchangeable) parts

Assembly line

Labor division and specialization

Mass production meant more items were produced at lower costs More people could afford to buy manufactured

goods, which in turn spurred demand


Countries that adopted industry economy enjoyed more wealth and power

European countries went to other parts of the world such as Africa and Asia to source for cheap raw materials

Goods are manufactured by using these raw materials and to resell to the people in Africa and Asia


4. TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION

General

Most important happening to humanity

It refers to a period in which new technology is actively pursued and is heading to a vast increase of technological capability


The impact on humans:

Life expectancy genetic technology

Education levels internet, distant learning

Standard of living - entertainment

Nature of work more automation, robotics

Communication email, facebook, twitter

Health care new drugs, new medical tools

War new weapons, laser guided missiles, hydrogen bomb


Recent Technology Revolution

Computer

Internet

Cell phone

DVD huge storage

Super cell phone camera, internet, TV

Digital TV broadcasting


Future Technology Revolution

20th century advance in chemistry and physics

21st century advance in biotechnology

Genetic coding able to control biological organisms and their deficiencies

Diseases like diabetics can be rectified by changing the genetic code

Nanoengineering and nanoscience provides an unprecedented understanding and control over the fundamental blocks of all physical things


It will affect design and production of almost everything such as vaccine, computers, cars etc

Material engineering also provides a new impact on the technology revolution

Cross-disciplinary fields of biomaterials and nanomaterials are making promising development

New materials with improved properties are likely to be produced

Future materials will be smarter, multi-functional and compatible with broad range of environment


5. TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY

What is Technology

Technology is a tool or process that can be used to build better products

It is how people modify the natural world to suit their own purpose

Literally it means an act of making or crafting something


Technology transfer to developing countries

Technology transfer - flows of technology from one place to another with a price

Since 1960s, technology has been transferred from Western countries to 3rd World countries

However this technology transfer brought more problems :

High technology will require high capital investment costs and the developing countries have to borrow massive sums to finance the transfer


New technology is designed to save labour and thus its transfer will create unemployment problem. In fact what they need is low technology which is highly labour intensive

New technology needs a social structure of education, organisation and disciplines. These are not found in developing countries


Methods of Technology Transfer

Foreign Direct Investment

This refers to the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest ( normally 50 percent or more of company shares) in a company operating in another country.

The investor will bring funds, management personnels and technology to manufacture goods


Joint Venture

Foreign partners will establish a company together with local partners

Normally the foreign partners are Multinational Corporations and will encourage technology and knowledge transfer


Licensing Agreement

A license is a contract which authorises the use of the technology for a certain period and the proprietary right of the technology remains with the foreign partner

This method will provide low risk and high profit as compare to direct export

However this will only benefit transferor and not transferee in the long run

EIS Chapter 1 INDUSTRIES REVOLUTION

Documents

society technology

society inventions

impact of technology

society life

modern society

professional engineer

advancement of technology

form of technology