EC57
EINSTEINCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGSir.C.V.Raman Nagar,
Tirunelveli-12
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Subject Code: EC57Communication Systems Lab
Name Reg No Branch Year & Semester
: : : : Einstein College of Engineering Page 1 of 86
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INDEX
EX.NO.
DATE
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS
PAGE NO.
MARKS REMARKS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Amplitude modulation and Demodulation Frequency modulation and
Demodulation Sampling techniques Pulse Modulation-PAM Pulse
Modulation-PWM Pulse Code Modulation Time Division Multiplexing
Line Coding Techniques Amplitude Shift Keying Phase Shift Keying
Frequency Shift Keying Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Delta
Modulation Differential PCM Phase Locked Loop Pre-Emphasis/
De-Emphasis Error Control coding using MATLAB Characteristics of AM
Receiver-Study
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Experiment No : 1 AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM:
Date :
To construct a Amplitude modulator circuit & demodulate the
Amplitude modulated wave.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: S.NO 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) COMPONENTS
Transistor Diode Capacitors Resistors CRO Bread Board,power supply
7) THEORY : The modulation is simply a method of combining two
different signals and is used in the transmitter section of a
communication system. The two signals that are used are the
information signal and the carrier signal. Amplitude Modulation is
the simplest form of signal processing in which the carrier
amplitude is simply changed according to the amplitude of the
information signal hence the name Amplitude modulation. When the
information signals amplitude is increased the carrier signals
amplitude is increased and when the information signals amplitude
is decreased the carrier signals amplitude is Connecting Wires
RANGE BC 107 IN4001 0.01F, 0.1F,10F 22K, 10K,1.2K,1.1K
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AMPLITUDE MODULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DEMODULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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Decreased. The purpose of any detector or demodulator is to
recover the original modulating signal with the minimum of
distortion and interference. The simplest way of dealing with an AM
signal is to use a simple half- wave rectifier circuit. If the
signal were simply passed through a diode to a resistive load, the
output would be a series of half-cycle pulses at carrier frequency.
So the diode is followed by a filter, typically a capacitor and
resistor in parallel. The capacitor is charged by the diode almost
to the peak value of the carrier cycles and the output therefore
follows the envelope of the amplitude modulation. PROCEDURE: 1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Circuit connections are given as shown in the
circuit diagram. The power supply is connected to the collector of
the transistor. Using AFO the carrier signal is given to the base
of the transistor. The modulating (message or base band) signal is
given to the emitter of the transistor. From the collector of the
transistor, the modulated wave is noted down using CRO. By varying
the amplitude of the modulating signal the values of Emax and Emin
are noted down to find the modulation index. The amplitude
modulated wave is now given as the input to the detector circuit.
The demodulated (message) wave amplitude and frequency is noted
down from the CRO.
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MODEL GRAPH:
OBSERVATION:
Amplitude
Time
Frequency
m
Message Signal
Carrier signal
AM signal
Demodulated Signal
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VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.What is meant by Modulation? 2.Define
Modulation index(m). 3.Applications of AM 4.Types of Demodulation
of AM. 5.What is the band width for AM?
RESULT: Amplitude Modulator and Demodulators are constructed and
its waveforms are analyzed by using the above circuits.
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FREQUENCY MODULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FM DEMODULATOR:
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Experiment No : 2 FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION
Date :
AIM: To construct & Design Frequency modulator using IC
XR2206 & demodulate the Frequency modulated wave by using
IC565. COMPONENTS REQUIRED: S.NO 8) COMPONENTS Integrated Circuits
RANGE IC X R2206, IC NE565 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) Resistors
Capacitors Function Generator DSO Bread Board Connecting Wires 0 1
Mhz
THEORY : Frequency modulation is also called as angle
modulation. Frequency modulation is defined as changing the
frequency of the carrier with respect to the message signal
amplitude. Here the amplitude of the carrier remains fixed &
timing parameter frequency is varied. When the modulating signal
has zero amplitude, then the carrier has frequency of Fc as
amplitude of the modulating signal increases. The frequency of the
carrier increases, similarly, as the amplitude of the modulating
signal decreases, the frequency of the carrier decreases.
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PIN DIAGRAM (XR-2206):
MODEL GRAPH
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The modulation index is defined as the ratio of the maximum
frequency deviation to the modulating frequency. The maximum
frequency deviation is the shift from center frequency Fc when the
amplitude of the modulating signal is maximum.
By Carlsons rule BW = 2 (F+ Fm(max)) Where F Fm(Max) = Maximum
frequency deviation = Maximum modulating frequency
MODULATION PROCEDURE:
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram. Measure the
carrier signal frequency at the pin2 of IC XR2206. Apply modulating
AF signal at pin7 of IC XR2206. Observe the frequency-modulated
signal on DSO. Calculate the modulation index. Calculate the
BW.
DEMODULATION PROCEDURE: Connections are made as per the circuit
diagram. Modulated signal is given as the input to 565. In
demodulated output the original message signal is recovered.
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OBSERVATION:
Amplitude Message Signal
Time
Frequency
Carrier signal
FM signal
Demodulated Signal
VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.What is meant by FM? 2.Define Frequency
Deviation. 3.Applications of FM 4.Types of Angle Modulation. 5.What
is the band width for FM?
RESULT: Frequency Modulator and Demodulators are constructed and
its waveforms are analyzed by using CRO.
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SAMPLING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PIN DIAGRAM:
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Experiment No : 3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Date :
AIM: To obtain the sampled version of given analog signal using
operational amplifier and draw the spectrum. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus IC741 FET Capacitor RPS CRO FG Bread board THEORY: The
Sample and Hold circuit uses two buffers to keep a voltage level
stored in a capacitor. Ssample will charge the capacitor to the
present signal level, while the input buffer ensures the signal
won't be changed by the charging process. From there, the output
buffer will make sure that the voltage level across the storage cap
won't decrease over time. Sclear will short out the storage cap,
discharging it and setting the output to 0V.In actual practice, the
switches used are various forms of transistor switch, which
provides cleaner switching and also allows another circuit to
control the sample and clearing operations. Excellent Sample and
Hold circuits like the LF398 are available on a single chip for
cheap and easy use. Sample and Hold circuits are used internally in
Analog to Digital conversion. We might also use them to hold a
given signal value from any particular sensor on a robot, for
analysis and later use. BFW10 0.01F Range Quantity 2 2 1 1 1 1
1
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PROCEDURE: The sample and hold circuit is assembled with the
desired components. The input signal is given to the circuit from
the function generator. The amplitude of the input signal should
not exceed 10 volts. The frequency of the input signal is set to
600 Hz. The frequency of the sample signal is set to 5600 Hz. The
next sample available is zero order holding device, integrate the
signal between consequence sampling inputs.
VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.What is the need for sampling? 2.Define
sampling. 3.Define Nyquist rate. 4.What is the usage of capacitor
in the circuit diagram? 5.What is zero order hold?
RESULT: Thus the sample and hold circuit output is obtained
using OP- amp.
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PAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: MODULATION CIRCUIT:
DEMODULATION CIRCUIT:
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Experiment No: 4 PULSE MODULATION PAM AIM:
Date :
To generate pulse amplitude modulated signals and demodulates it
to get the original signal. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Apparatus
Transistor Resistor Range 2N2222 10Kohm 22Kohm Capacitor CRO FG
Bread board THEORY: In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitudes
of regularly spaced rectangular pulses vary with the instantaneous
sample values of a continuous message signal in a one to one
fashion. The pulse in PAM can be of rectangular or the type that we
have arrival in natural sampling. The carrier under goes amplitude
modulation in PAM. The width of the pulse remains fixed. Natural
sample method is used here to generate the PAM signal. The diodes
are used as a switching element. If the closing time t of the diode
approaches zero, the output gives only the instantaneous value.
Since the width of the pulse approaches zero. The instantaneous
sampling gives train of impulses. The area of each sampled section
is equal to the instantaneous value of the signal input. This
signal is modulated with the message signal. Thus we get the PAM
output. 0.1F Quantity 1 2 3 3 1 2 1
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MODEL GRAPH:
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PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Make connections as shown in the
diagram. Set the input signal and carrier signal. Obtain PAM signal
Measure the amplitude and frequency Demodulate the PAM signal.
TABULATION:
Amplitude Message Signal
Time
Frequency
Carrier signal
PAM signal
Demodulated Signal
VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.Define PAM. 2.What is frame in PAM? 3.What is
aperture effect? 4. What is the need for speech coding at low bit
rates? 5. What do you mean by companding? Define compander.
RESULT: Thus the PAM signal is obtained and the original signal
is demodulated from PAM signal.
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PWM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: MODULATION CIRCUIT:
DEMODULATION CIRCUIT:
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Experiment No : 5 PULSE MODULATION PWM
Date :
AIM: To generate pulse width modulated signals and demodulates
it to get the original signal. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus IC Resistor
Range 555 47Kohm 10Kohm
Quantity 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Capacitor RPS CRO FG Bread board
0.01F 0-30v
THEORY: The PWM is also known as pulse duration modulation. It
modulates the time parameter of the pulses. The width of PWM pulses
varies. The amplitude is constant; width of the pulse is
proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. Bandwidth
on transmission channel depends on rise time of the pulse. The
demodulation circuit used is a simple filter circuit that
demodulator the PWM signal and gives the original message
input.
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MODEL GRAPH:
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PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Make connections as shown in the
diagram. Set the input signal and carrier signal. Obtain PWM signal
Measure the amplitude and frequency Obtain the demodulated
output.
TABULATION:
Amplitude Message Signal
Time
Frequency
Carrier signal
PWM signal
Demodulated Signal
VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.Define PWM. 2. What is the disadvantage of
uniform quantization over the non-uniform Quantization? 3.Define
deviation ratio 4.What is carrier recovery? 5.Define bandwidth
efficiency. RESULT: Thus the PWM signal is obtained and the
original signal is demodulated from PWM signal. Einstein College of
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: MODULATION CIRCUIT:
DEMODULATION CIRCUIT:
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Experiment No : 6 PULSE CODE MODULATION AIM:
Date :
To generate pulse code modulated signals and demodulates it to
get the original signal. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus PCM kit CRO Patch card THEORY:
Range VCT07
Quantity 1 1
Pulse Code modulation come under digital communication
technique. In PCM the message signal is represented by a sequence
of coded pulse which accomplished by representing the signal in
discrete form in both time and amplitude. PCM consist of a receiver
and transmitter part. Transmitter section consists of sampler,
quantizer, encoder and parallel to serial converter. Receiver part
consists of serial to parallel set converter. Digital to analog
converter and LPF are constituted as receiver part. Sampling,
Quantizing and Encoding operations are performed in the same
circuit which is called as analog to digital converter.
PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Make connections as shown in the
diagram. Set the start of conversion switch from low to high and
high to low. Set the input signal and obtain the PCM signal. Obtain
the demodulated output. Measure the data and plot the graph.
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TABULATION: Message Signal: Amplitude in Time in Frequency
in
PCM Signal: Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in Frequency in
Demodulated Signal: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
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VIVA QUESTION: 1.Write the equation for probability of error
2.Define quadbit 3.Explain M-ary 4.State the concept of PCM 5.PCM
is analog or digital modulation ,Explain.
RESULT: Thus the PCM signal is obtained and the original signal
is demodulated from PCM signal.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
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Experiment No :7 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
Date :
AIM: To obtain time division multiplexed signal from different
channel and make it to transmit in a single channel.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
TDM kit CRO Patch card
VCT02
1 1
THEORY: Time Division multiplexing is a digital process that can
be applied when the data rate capacity of the transmission medium
is greater than the data rate required by the sending and receiving
devices. In such a case, multiple transmission can occupy a single
link by subdividing them and interleaving the portions. TDM can be
implemented in two ways. Synchronous TDM and Asynchronous TDM. In
synchronous, the multiplexer allocates exactly the same time slot
to each device at all times whether or not a device has anything to
transmit. PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Make connections as shown in
the diagram. Adjust the potentiometer to set the input signal. View
the modulated output. Obtain the demodulated output. Measure the
data and plot the graph.
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TABULATION: Message Signal: Amplitude in Time in Frequency
in
Carrier Signal: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
Modulated Signal: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
Demodulated Signal: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What are the 4 primary causes for ISI? 2.What is Multiplexing?
3.State the concept for TDM. 4.Explain the ideal channel noise.
5.What is coding efficiency.
RESULT:
Thus the TDM signal is obtained and the original signal is
demodulated from TDM signal.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Experiment No :8 LINE CODING TECHNIQUES
Date :
AIM: To obtain the standard digital codes from the source coded
signals using various techniques.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Apparatus Range Quantity 1 1
Trainer kit VCT37 CRO Patch card
THEORY: In digital systems, the electrical waveforms are coded
representations of the original information. If the original
information is an analog signal, this must be converted to a series
of discrete values that can be transmitted digitally. The process
of converting the original information into a data sequence is
referred to as source coding. The line coding is the process of
converting source coded signals into standard digital codes for the
purpose of transmission over the channel. There are many possible
ways of assigning the waveforms into the digital data. Simplest
form of coding is ONOFF, where a 1 is transmitted by a pulse and a
0 is transmitted by no pulse. Generally the line coding is used in
transmitter section while decoding in receiver section. The line
decoding is the process of converting standard digital codes into
source coded waveforms.
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Various line coding formats are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Unipolar RZ
Polar RZ Polar NRZ Bipolar NRZ Bipolar RZ Manchester coding
PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the PRBS (test point P5) to various line
coding formats. Obtain the coded output as per the requirement. 2.
Connect coded signal test point to corresponding decoding test
point as inputs. 3. Set the SW1 as per the requirement. 4. Set the
potentiometer P1 in minimum position. 5. Switch ON the power
supply. Press the switch SW2 once. 6. Display the encoded signal on
one channel of CRO and decoded signal on second channel of CRO.
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MODEL GRAPH:
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TABULATION:
No Coding techniques 1 2 3 4 5 6 Unipolar RZ Polar RZ Polar NRZ
Bipolar NRZ Bipolar RZ Manchester coding
ON time
OFF time
VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.What are the different types of coding
techniques for digital data? 2.State the concept of Manchester
coding. 3.Differentiate polar and bipolar. 4.What is codec?
5.Explain Line coding.
RESULT:
Thus the various line encoding and decoding techniques were
studied and the corresponding waveforms were drawn by using VCT-37
trainer kit.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODULATION CIRCUIT:
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Experiment No :9 AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
Date :
AIM: To generate ASK modulated and demodulated signal.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity 1 1
Trainer kit VCT17 CRO Patch card THEORY:
ASK or ON-OFF key is the simplest digital modulation technique.
In this method there is only one unit energy carrier it is switched
ON/OFF depending upon the input binary sequence to transmit symbol
0 & 1. No pulse is transmitted output contains some complete no
of cycle of carrier frequency. The disadvantage of ASK is the
modulated carrier signal is not continuously transmitted. The peak
power requirement is also high. The bit error probability rate is
also not required in this technique. PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Make
connections as shown in the diagram. Set the input signal and
carrier signal. Obtain ASK signal Measure the amplitude and
frequency Obtain the demodulated output.
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MODEL GRAPH:
.
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TABULATION: INPUT DATA: Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in
CARRIER SIGNAL: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
MODULATED SIGNAL: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
DEMODULATED SIGNAL: Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in
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PROGRAM FOR ASK:
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VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.Define OOK. 2.Define information capacity
3.What is the Baud rate for ASK? 4.What is Digital Transmission? 5.
Why do we go for Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure?
RESULT:
Thus the modulated and demodulated signal was obtained for
amplitude shift keying techniques
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
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Communication Systems Lab Experiment No : 10 PHASE SHIFT KEYING
Date :
AIM: To obtain the modulated and demodulated output waveform by
using Phase Shift Keying technique. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Apparatus
PSK Kit CRO Patch cards THEORY: PSK is a digital modulation scheme
which is analogues to phase modulation. In binary phase shift
keying two output phases are possible for a single carrier
frequency one out of phase represent logic 1 and logic 0. As the
input digital binary signal change state the phase of output
carrier shift two angles that are 180o out of phase. In a PSK
modulator the carrier input signal is multiplied by the digital
data. The input carrier is multiplied by either a positives or
negatives consequently the output signal is either +1sinwct or
1sinwct. The first represent a signal that is phase with the
reference oscillator the latter a signal that is 180o out of phase
with the reference oscillator. Each time a change in input logic
condition will change the output phase consequently for PSK the
output rate of change equal to the input rate range and widest
output bandwidth occurs when the input binary data are alternating
1/0 sequence. The fundamental frequency of an alternate 1/0 bit
sequence is equal to one half of the bit rate. PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3.
4. 5. Make connections as shown in the diagram. Set the input
signal and carrier signal. Obtain PSK signal Measure the output
data and draw the graph. Obtain the demodulated output. Page 44 of
86 Einstein College of Engineering Range VCT21 Quantity 1 1
Communication Systems Lab MODEL GRAPH:
.
:
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Communication Systems Lab TABULATION: INPUT DATA: Amplitude in
ON Time in OFF Time in
CARRIER SIGNAL: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
MODULATED SIGNAL: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
DEMODULATED SIGNAL: Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in
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Communication Systems Lab PROGRAM FOR PSK:
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Communication Systems Lab
VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.Explain Coherent detection 2.Difference
between PSK and FSK 3.Advantages of PSK 4. What is maximum
likelihood detector? 5.What is correlator?
RESULT: Thus the modulated and demodulated signal was obtained
for phase shift keying techniques.
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Communication Systems Lab FSK CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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Communication Systems Lab Experiment No :11 FREQUENCY SHIFT
KEYING Date :
AIM: To obtain the modulated and demodulated output waveforms by
using hardware kit and in Matlab program for Frequency Shift Keying
technique. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus IC Transistor Resistor
Range 555 BC547 47Kohm 10Kohm
Quantity 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1
Potentiometer 50Kohm Capacitor FG RPS CRO 0.01F
THEORY: In digital data communication, binary code is
transmitted by shifting a carrier frequency between two preset
frequencies. This type of transmission is called frequency shift
keying technique. A 555 timer in astable mode can be used to
generate FSK signal. The standard digital data input frequency is
150Hz. When input is HIGH, transistor Q is off and 555 timer works
in the normal astable mode of operation. fo=1.45/(Ra+2Rb)c
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Communication Systems Lab MODEL GRAPH:
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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Communication Systems Lab PROGRAM:
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Communication Systems Lab TABULATION: INPUT DATA: Amplitude in
ON Time in OFF Time in
CARRIER SIGNAL: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
MODULATED SIGNAL: Symbol Amplitude Time period No.of cycle
Frequency
Symbol 1
Symbol 0
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Communication Systems Lab PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram. Set the input
signal and carrier signal. Obtain FSK signal Tabulate the output
data and draw the graph. Justify the obtained output with
theoretical calculation.
VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.What are the Different types of Digital
modulation? 2.Define PSK,QPSK. 3.Advantage of PSK over ASK&FSK?
4.What is base band signal receiver? 5.Define h-factor in FSK
RESULT:
Thus the Frequency Shift Keying modulated output waveform is
obtained and it is justified with theoretical calculation.
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Communication Systems Lab BLOCK DIAGRAM: QPSK MODULATOR:
QPSK DEMODULATOR
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Communication Systems Lab Experiment No :12 QUADRATURE PHASE
SHIFT KEYING Date :
AIM: To obtain the modulated and demodulated output waveforms by
using hardware kit and by Matlab program for Quadrature phase Shift
Keying technique. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus QPSK Kit CRO Patch cards
Range VCT29
Quantity 1 1
THEORY: QPSK is another form of angle-modulated,
constant-amplitude digital modulation. It is an M-ary encoding
technique where M=4. with QPSK four output phases are possible for
a single carrier frequency. Two bits (a dibit) are clocked into the
bit splitter. After both bits have been serially inputted, they are
simultaneously parallel outputted. One bit is directed to the I
channel and the other to the Q channel. The I bit modulates a
carrier that is in phase with the reference oscillator and the Q
bit modulates a carrier that is 900 out of phase with the reference
carrier. QPSK modulator is two BPSK modulators combined in
parallel. The input QPSK signal is given to the I and Q product
detectors and the carrier recovery circuit. The carrier recovery
circuit produces the original transmit carrier oscillator signal.
The recovered carrier must be frequency and phase coherent with the
transmit reference carrier. The QPSK signal is demodulated in the I
and Q product detectors, which generate the original I and Q data
bits. The output of the product detectors are fed to the bit
combining circuit, where they are converted from parallel I and Q
data channels to a single binary output data stream.
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Communication Systems Lab MODEL GRAPH:
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Communication Systems Lab PROGRAM:
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Communication Systems Lab TABULATION:
INPUT DATA: Amplitude in ON Time in OFF Time in
CARRIER SIGNAL: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the binary input data to I-channel. 2.
Connect the binary input data to Q-channel. 3. Connect the sine
wave input to balanced modulator (I channel) as a carrier signal
and to sine wave input to balanced modulator (Q channel) as a
carroer signal. 4. Switch on the power supply. 5. Display binary
input data on CRO. Adjust pot1 and pot3 to get bipolar data. 6.
Adjust gain control pot to set equal amplitude in I and Q channel.
7. Obtain QPSK signal. 8. Connect the QPSK to input of QPSK
demodulator. 9. Obtain the demodulated QPSK signal. RESULT: Thus
the Quadurate Phase shift Keying modulated and demodulated output
waveform is obtained.
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Communication Systems Lab BLOCK DIAGRAM: DM MODULATOR:
DM DEMODULATOR:
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Communication Systems Lab Experiment No :13 DELTA MODULATION
AIM: The objective of this equipment is to examine and study the
technique of delta modulation and demodulation. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Date :
Apparatus QPSK Kit CRO Patch cards THEORY:
Range VCT32
Quantity 1 1
Delta modulation transmits only 1 bit per sample. The modulator
comprises of comparator, quantizer and integrator. With
conventional PCM, each code is a binary representation of both the
sign and magnitude of a particular sample, therefore multiple-bit
code is required to represent a one sample. With DM, rather than
transmit a coded representation of the sample, only a single bit is
transmitted, which simply indicates whether that the sample is
larger or smaller than the previous sample. If the current sample
is smaller than previous sample, a logic level 0 is transmitted. If
the current sample is larger than the previous sample, a logic 1 is
transmitted. PROCEDURE: 1. Switch on the power supply. Ensure that
the following initial condition exits on VCT-32 a. Keep the signal
ON/OFF switch in OFF position. b. Keep all potentiometer controls
in min. 2. Set the sine wave by adjusting OFFSET and AMP 3. Vary
the sine wave from 150Hz. Note that the amplitude of sine wave
decreases at 2KHz of frequency 4. Set clock frequency as 8KHz. Turn
ON the left side ON/OFF switch and right side ON/OFF, now adjust
the offset control signal. Note down the quantizer output,
integrated output and biphase NRZ encoder. 5. Obtain the modulated
output. Connect modulator output to demodulator input. 6. Obtain
the demodulated output. Page 61 of 86 Einstein College of
Engineering
Communication Systems Lab MODEL GRAPH:
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Communication Systems Lab TABULATION: INPUT DATA: Amplitude in
ON Time in OFF Time in
INTEGRATOR SIGNAL: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
MODULATED SIGNAL: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
DEMODULATED SIGNAL: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
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Communication Systems Lab
VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.Define delta modulation. 2.What is slope over
load? 3.Define Granular noise. 4.Define Adaptive DM. 5.How the
noises are reduced in DM?
RESULT: Thus the delta modulated and demodulated waveforms were
obtained.
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Communication Systems Lab
BLOCK DIAGRAM: DPCM MODULATOR:
DPCM DEMODULATOR:
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Communication Systems Lab Experiment No : 14 Date : DIFFERENTIAL
PULSE CODE MODULATION
AIM: The objective of this equipment is to examine and study the
technique of differential PCM and demodulation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Apparatus DM Kit CRO Patch cards Range VCT34
Quantity 1 1
THEORY: In a PCM Encoded waveform, there are often successive
samples taken in which there is little difference between the
amplitudes of the two samples. This necessitates transmitting
several identical PCM codes, which is redundant. DPCM is designed
specifically to take advantage of the sample to samples
redundancies in such waveforms. With DPCM, the difference in the
amplitude of two successive samples s transmitted rather than the
actual sample. Because the range of sample differences is typically
less than the range of individual samples. Fewer bits are required
for DPCM than conventional PCM. PROCEDURE: 1. Switch on the power
supply. Keep DC voltage in minimum position 2. Connect DC voltage
and vary to 1.5v. Now display the output of zeros and ones in the
CRO. 3. Obtain the modulated output. Now connect modulated output
to demodulator input 4. Now vary the DC control POT, the ADC coded
data ranges which also reflects at the output of the LATCH.
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Communication Systems Lab
TRAINER KIT DIAGRAM:
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Communication Systems Lab MODEL GRAPH:
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Communication Systems Lab TABULATION: INPUT DATA: Amplitude in
ON Time in OFF Time in
MODULATED SIGNAL: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
DEMODULATED SIGNAL: Amplitude in Time in Frequency in
Page 69 of 86 Einstein College of Engineering
Communication Systems Lab VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.Say the difference
between PCM and DPCM. 2.Define Vocoder. 3.Bit rate of DPCM.
4.Define baseband transmission 5. Define Dibit.
RESULT: Thus the differential PCM modulated and demodulated
waveforms were obtained.
Page 70 of 86 Einstein College of Engineering
Communication Systems Lab CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+6V R T =6.8 K C=0.001f
C=1f
10 2Vin Input
8 7
Demodulated output Reference Output
NE565 3 9 1
6 4 5
VCO output (fo)
C T =0.001f
-6V
Fig.1
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Communication Systems Lab Experiment No :15 PHASE LOCKED LOOP
Date :
AIM: To study the characteristics of Phase Locked Loop .
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
COMPONENTS Transistor IC Capacitors Resistors CRO Bread
Board,power supply
RANGE BC 107 NE565, IC7490
7)
Connecting Wires
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Communication Systems Lab DESIGN:
THEORY:
If an input signal Vs of frequency fs is applied to the PLL, the
phase detector compares the phase and frequency of the incoming
signal to that of the output Vo of the VCO. It the two signals
differ in frequency and /or phase, an error voltage Ve is
generated. The phase detector is basically a multiplier and
produces the sum (fs+fo) and difference (fs-fo) components at its
output. The high frequency component (fs+fo) is removed by the low
pass filter and the difference frequency component is amplified and
then applied as control voltage Vc to VCO. The signal Vc shifts the
VCO frequency in a direction to reduce the frequency difference
between fs and fo. The VCO continues to change frequency till its
output frequency is exactly the same as the input signal frequency.
The circuit is then said to be locked.
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Communication Systems Lab PIN DIAGRAM:
-Vcc Input Input VCO Output Phase Comparator VCO Input Reference
Output Demodulated Output
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
14 13
NC NC NC NC +Vcc External Capacitor for VCO External Resistor
for VCO
NE 565 1211 10 9 8
OBSERVATION: f1=755Hz, f2=1640Hz, f3=1250Hz, f4=360Hz
Page 74 of 86 Einstein College of Engineering
Communication Systems Lab PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Make the circuit connection as shown in Fig 1. Measure the
practical free running frequency of VCO for zero input. Set the
input square wave of 1Vp-p at 1KHz. Increase the input frequency
till PLL is locked. This frequency f1 gives the lower end of the
capture range. Go on increasing the input frequency to f2 (upper
end of the lock range), till PLL tracks the input signal. 5. Now
gradually decrease the input frequency till f3 when the PLL is
again locked. This is the upper end of the capture range. Keep on
decreasing the input frequency till f4 when the loop is unlocked.
This is the lower end of the lock range. 6. Compare theoretical and
practical values of lock range and capture range. VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What is VCO? 2.Define Lock range,Capture range. 3.What are the
applications of PLL? 4.Define PLL. 5.What is frequency
synthesizer?
RESULT:
Thus the PLL characteristics are studied Theoretical Lock range
fL= Practical Lock range fL= Theoretical Capture range fC=
Practical Capture range fC=
Page 75 of 86 Einstein College of Engineering
Communication Systems Lab CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PRE-EMPHASIS:
DE-EMPHASIS:
Page 76 of 86 Einstein College of Engineering
Communication Systems Lab Experiment No :16 PRE-EMPHASIS /
DE-EMPHASIS Date :
AIM: Design and conduct an experiment to test a pre-emphasis and
de-emphasis circuit for 75Ps between 2.1KHz to 15KHz and record the
results. APPARATUS REQUIRED: S.NO 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) COMPONENTS IC
Capacitors Resistors CRO Bread Board,power supply 6) Connecting
Wires RANGE IC741
PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit
diagram. 2. Apply a sine wave of 5Vpp amplitude, vary the frequency
and note down the gain of the circuit. 3. Plot a graph of
normalized gain Vs frequency.
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Communication Systems Lab
DESIGN 1. Pre-emphasis circuit. Given f1 = 2.1 KHz, f2 = 15KHz.
f1 = 1/2SrC, f2 = 1/2SRC Choose C = 0.1Pf then r = 820 and R = 100.
Also r/R = Rf/R1, then R1 = 2.2K and Rf = 15K. 2. De-emphasis
circuit. fC = 1/2SRdCd. Choose Cd = 0.1Pf and fC = f1 = 2.1KHz Then
Rd = 820.
MODEL GRAPH:
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Communication Systems Lab TABULATION: PRE-EMPHASIS: Vi=
Frequency(Hz) VO Gain= VO/ Vi Gain in dB
DE-EMPHASIS: Vi= Frequency(Hz) VO Gain= VO/ Vi Gain in dB
Page 79 of 86 Einstein College of Engineering
Communication Systems Lab
VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.What is advantage of FM over Am? 2.Define
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis. 3.Define capture effect. 4.What are
the types of FM? 5.Define transmission efficiency.
RESULT: Thus the Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis circuit was
designed and analysed using IC741.
Page 80 of 86 Einstein College of Engineering
Communication Systems Lab Experiment No :17 ERROR CONTROL CODING
USING MATLAB Date :
AIM: To write a program in MATLAB for error control coding
techniques.
ALGORITHM: 1.Get the input binary sequcence. 2.Calculate the
reundancy bits for the corrosponding code. 3.Transmit the signal
that contains message bits+redundancy bits added at the end.
4.Calculate the redundancy bits once again for the received bits.
5.If the redundancy bits=0 then no error in the transmission
otherwise some error in the transmission.
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Communication Systems Lab
PROGRAM:
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Communication Systems Lab
RESULT: Thus the error control coding techniques are executed
using MATLAB programs.
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Communication Systems Lab Experiment No :18 CHARACTERISTICS OF
AM RECEIVER Date :
AIM: To study the characteristics of AM receiver.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. VCT 06KIT. 2. CRO 3. Patch card. THEORY:
Heterodyne means to mix two frequencies together in a non-linear
device or to translate one frequency to another frequency using
non-linear mixing. The first section is the RF section which
consists of a predictor is a broad tuned BPF with an adjustable
centre frequency that is tuned to the desired carrier frequency.
Selectivity is a receiver parameter that is used to measure the
ability of the receiver to accept a given band of frequencies and
reject all others. For example, with the commercial AM broadcast
band, each stations transmitter is allocated a 10KHz bandwidth.
Therefore, for a receiver to select only those frequencies assigned
to a single channel, the receiver must limit its bandwidth to
10KHz. If the pass band is greater than 10KHz, more than one
channel may be received and demodulated simultaneously. If the pass
band of a receiver is less than 10KHz, a portion of the modulating
signal information for that channel is rejected or blocked from
entering the demodulator and, consequently lost.
PROCEDURE: 1. Switch ON the trainer kit. 2. Initial setup is
made as follows. a. Set audio oscillator frequency as 1KHz and
amplitude as 1Vp-p b. Adjust the carrier frequency of AM
transmitter to one position. c. Adjust the gain of the audio
amplifier in some position.
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Communication Systems Lab BLOCK DIAGRAM:
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Communication Systems Lab TABULATION:
No 1 2
dB -3 -60
Bandwidth
1. Now tune the gang capacitance in the preselector block, such
that the output is of maximum amplitude. 2. Connect CRO across test
point and find out -3db bandwidth of IF amplifier. Also find out
-60db bandwidth of IF amplifier 3. Calculate Shape factor for
various input signal. VIVA QUESTIONS: 1.Define Selectivity. 2.What
is sensitivity? 3.Define Q factor in AM receiver. 4.What are the
three noises present in the AM reciver? 5.Define shape factor.
RESULT : Thus the characteristics of the AM receiver is
studied.
Page 86 of 86 Einstein College of Engineering