Egypt Greece Rome The Dawn of Man (“cave men”) Crete ... · The Dawn of Man (“cave men”) Crete / Minoan . Mesopotamia . Mycanae . ... At Edfu Luxor Hotel ... within a jar

Ancients we will cover: Egypt Greece Rome Ancients we will not cover: The Dawn of Man (“cave men”) Crete / Minoan Mesopotamia Mycanae Etrusca Hittite Empire Assyria Babylonia

ANCIENT EGYPT…

“You’re never going to find 2 Egyptologists who agree on this period.”

—Nicholas Reeves

“The minute you begin to write about those people, you begin to write fiction.”

—Barry Kemp

www.modahtravel.com

Maps of Ancient Egypt

www.nga.gov

ancientegyptamania.com

The Old Kingdom history.howstuffworks.com

The Nile River www.drinking-water.org

tigtail.org

EGYPT 4000BCE - 31CE (date Roman armies conquered)

30 dynasties (little or no change until 18th dynasty)

Influential People • Cleopatra • Hatshepsut (considered the "Queen Elizabeth" of Egypt) • Akhenaton and Nefertiti (1st to use the term Pharaoh) • Tutankhamen (18th Dynasty) • Ramses II - 1301 BCE

Numerous geographic advantages: • Located where 2 rivers meet • Nile very predictable good for planting (good black soil) • Many ores metals, and stones in earth (more gold than any country on earth) • Surrounded by desert (safety from intruders)

Events/ Dates • 4400-3200BC--- Pre-dynastic period • 3100BC--- Upper and Lower Egypt

united • 3200-2200BC--- Ancient Kingdom

(I-X) • 2100-1600BC--- Middle Kingdom

(XI-XVII) • 1600-332BC--- New Empire

(XVIII-XXX) Most Representative Statements

of Period • Most consistent culture in history • One of the cleanest (hygiene)

cultures in history

Discoveries/ Inventions • Hieroglyphics • Writing Material (Papyrus) • 365-day Calendar • Art and Literature • Surgery • Embalming/ Mummification • Beer (most popular beverage) • The Ramp and the Lever • Contraceptives • Geometry • More precious ores than any other

country • Farming major form of employment

Everyday Life/ Society Family unit important Women had options Upper Classes Royalty and Nobles Artisans, Craftsman, and Merchants Lower Classes Workers Slaves Other Priests Army

Philosophy Religion & gods took part in every human activity from birth to death King was god Extremely interested in the quality of life and death: Pyramids to ensure ”comfort” on the ”other side” Recorded everyday habits on walls of tombs Extremely advanced embalming techniques

Egyptian Codes and mysteries Left messages behind Symbolism and deeper meaning behind many things

VISUAL STYLE Architecture • Pyramids and Temples Cheaops c.2500BC Giza c.2560BC Luxor c.1375BC Colors • White • Gold • Natural ores: lapis lazuli, turquoise, coral, onyx, sardonyx • disliked red Motifs • Lotus • Papyrus

• Animals

Architecture

The Great Sphinx Giza Plateau, Egypt

Pyramids

Pyramids at Giza

Sphinx and Pyramid

Step Pyramid

Pyramids

Luxor Temple Luxor, Egypt

Statue of Horus At Edfu

Luxor Hotel Las Vegas, NE

The Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak Temple

Temple of Ramses II Located in Abu Simbel

Temple of Ramses II

Fragment of a painted floor Plaster, pigment 1352-1336 BC Tell el-Amarna

Capitals from Vivant Denon

Relief from Menena’s tomb ca. 670-650 B.C.E.

Found in Thebes, Egypt

Colors, Motifs

Tutankhamun on a Lotus, ca. 1354 BC. The Tutankhamun Collection

Tutankhamun’s burial mask Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt

Howard Carter’s Expedition and discovery and excavation of Tut’s tomb 1924

Howard Carter’s discovery and excavation of Tut’s tomb 1924

French fashion plate from 1922 showing the influence of the Carter discovery on aesthetics

1977: Lines waiting out side of the City of New Orleans Museum for the “Treasures of Tutankhamen” Exhibit

Scarab (Beetle) A Common Motif

Pectoral of Kheper Scarab The Tutankhamun Exhibit

Scarab Bracelet The Tutankhamun Exhibit

Scarab Hieroglyphic Temple of Karnak Photo by Janet Kass

Taken from website: imagesofanthropology.com

Ankh Shaped Mirror Box The Tutankhamun Exhibit

Amenemipet’s openwork pectoral of Isis and Nephtys with a scarab Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard Presse

Gold Cloisonne Earrings The Tutankhamun Exhibit

Recovered stolen Tut artifact A lapis lazuli sphinx bracelet inlay

AESTHETICS • Admired clean pure refined lines. • Believed compatibility necessary within all forms.

including art, architecture, furniture, clothing etc. • Nakedness considered beautiful. • White, which was then combined with the natural earth colors of ore, turquoise, coral, lapis lazuli and gold etc, was the unified color system (more gold than any

other country in the world). • Importance of maintaining the line of the human body (only foreigners depicted as fat)--although idealized in art, the

Egyptian figure was quite slender and most Egyptians were in good shape.

• Mummies have been found padded with sawdust to insure life after death with a good figure.

Indications of the ideal body proportions in Egyptian art “In both art and architecture the ancient Egyptians favored the rectilinear geometric outline” touregypt.net

Foreigners were often depicted as fat or at least Very different from the Egyptian ideal

Relief depicting the rulers of Punt in the Temple of Hatshepsut

FABRICS

• Linen most commonly used fiber • Made from flax, difficult to grow • Could weave extremely fine and sheer • Generally a plain weave • Eventually crimped fibers • Some wool worn as outer wear • Garments were layered, and often had more sheer layers

over

Painting on stucco in tomb of Sennedjem Deir el Medina, West Thebes, 19th Dynasty. Shows Sennedjem and his wife Iynefert ploughing and reaping flax and wheat in the mythical fields of Inru.

Flax

Flax

The world’s oldest extant dress from Tarkhan. First Dynasty. Hall—Egyptian Textiles

http://www.musee-des-tissus.com/en/02_02/col01/tis01/ima.gif

This rare linen tunic is from the Middle Empire c 2000-1960 BC. It is in 3 pieces, pleated, and probably never worn. No representations of this kind of tunic have been found in extant Egyptian art. This item is in the collection at Lyon, an identical tunic is exhibited at the Louvre. Condensed from text on website of Musees des Tissus in Lyon

Fish Tapestry Antinoe Middle Egypt 2d-3d century AD This is a well-preserved and incomplete example of a textile that is exceptional because it is such a huge fragment. (Another fragment is in the Louvre) Condensed from the text on the website Musees des Tissus at Lyon

Textile Fragments

In the collection of extant fabric (all CE) From Musees des Tissus et des Arts Decoratifs

de Lyon

touregypt.net

Note the Layering in varying degrees of sheerness

New Discovery 2009

Four thousand years ago Egyptians had mastered the process of making madder, a red dye, according to a researcher who uncovered the earliest known example of the color still used today. Refining a technique that allows the study of microscopic bits of pigment, Marco Leona of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York was able to analyze the color of a fragment of leather from an ancient Egyptian quiver. The discovery that the color was madder is the earliest evidence for the complex chemical knowledge needed to extract the dye from a plant and turn it into a pigment, Leona reports in Tuesday's edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. ***The find is some 700 years earlier than any previously known use of madder. By Randolph E. Schmid for AP

On a side note………..

WIGS

• Commonly worn by men and women. • Often worn over shaved head. • Generally blunt cut and pyramidal in shape. • Generally had bangs • Could be very elaborate • Cakes of fragrant oil often set on top • Pharaohs wore false beard known a POSTICHE (Hatshepsut reported

to have worn, also) • Men grew beards only in mourning.

14th century BCE

The canopic jars of Pharaoh Tutankhamun The Tutankhamun Exhibit

The Sphinx

Note the “thickness” Of the “wig” shape

Ankhesenamun Tutankhamen www.kingtutone.com

Large Crimped Wigs

touregypt.net Statuette of the Late New Kingdom www.4to40.com

Limestone relief of nobleman Ca. 1295-1070 B.C.E.

Perhaps from Saqqara, Egypt

touregypt.net

Portrait of Lady Tjepu ca. 1390 – 1353 B.C.E.

Nebamun’s Tomb; Thebes, Egypt Crimped hair

Earrings and Headdress in gold, turquoises, faience and carnelians, from the tomb of the Three Ladies Thebes, 18th dynasty. The Huntley Bequest, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gregorietti, Guido. Jewelry Through the Ages. Crescent Books

Perfumed cones on wigs

touregypt.net homepage.powerup.com.au

Perfumed cones on wigs

Postiche

Akhnaton from a pillar statue in the Temple of Aten. c. 1360 B.C.

Egyptian Museum, Cairo

Postiche

Tutankhamen

touregypt.net Tutankhamun’s burial mask

MAKEUP

• Commonly worn by men and women • Full body makeup common (earth colored) • Elongated eye achieved through KOHL • Women sometimes painted nipples gold • Varicose veins considered beautiful - would darken

the blue/green--especially on breasts

The Egyptian EYE

touregypt.net

ACCESSORIES • Jewelry worn extensively by both men and women. • Jewelry was very elaborate and intricately crafted. • Jewelry commonly worn at "edges”. • The 2 most common necklace shapes were the traditional

rounded collar (USEKH) and the PECTORAL which was trapezoidal in shape and often depicted an event.

• Egyptians commonly went barefoot but some sandals were worn.

• Headdresses - were often elaborate, and depicted location. • Khat - Scarf (pyramidal-shaped)

http://www.touregypt.nefeaturestories/beauty6.jpg Bust of Nefertiti

1345BC Egyptian Museum of

Berlin

Limestone relief The Royal Tomb at Amarna

Painting on Nefertari’s tomb

Ramses 11 as a child 19th dynasty

Louvre

Khat

Archaeologists discovered seven shoes, that appear to be made out of bovine, within a jar in an Egyptian temple. The shoes date back more than 2,000 years and this picture shows the inside of the jar before the shoes were removed.

Footwear Mostly barefoot, but some

leather and straw

Grass and bead Sandals

on a side note……………………………

World’s Oldest Shoe Discovered Preserved in Sheep Dung The size 7-woman's leather lace-up moccasin, with straw padding, could have been worn by a farmer. THE GIST * A 5,500-year-old shoe was found in a cool, dry cave in Armenia. * The right-footed moccasin was buried in sheep dung, which likely helped preserve it. * The shoe is roughly the size of an American size 7 woman's shoe. Discovery.com

From Tut 18th Dynasty Egyptian Museum Cairo

Vulture Collar

Gold uraeus of Senusert II 12th dynasty, Egypt

5 Gold Rings From Tut 18th Dynasty

Necklace with Lunar Pectoral From Tut 18th Dynasty

Gold necklace of Psusennes 21st dynasty, Egypt

Pectoral with Solar and Lunar Emblems From Tut 18th Dynasty

Openwork Gold Buckle From Tut 18th Dynasty

Bracelet with Carnelian Udjat From Tut 18th Dynasty

Gold earrings of Seti II 19th dynasty, Egypt

Vulture Pendant From Tut 18th Dynasty

Ramses 11 Gold and Lapis Bracelets 19th Dynasty, Egypt

CLOTHING

• In addition to the animal skins, jewelry, wigs, and shoes—there were many fabric drape variations in Ancient Egypt. I have divided them into 3 distinct categories:

• SCHENTI • PROCARDIUM • KALASIRIS

Wall painting in Tutankhamen’s Tomb heritage-key.com

SCHENTI (Shendot)

• (also called loincloth and kilt)--a rectangular loincloth worn by men only. It was wrapped around and under the body similarly to a diaper. There was much variety in wrapping techniques, and the length and width varied greatly. These were generally girdled at the waist and some later ones had the triangular girdle end that could be stiffened and decorated. When these were worn, the man was generally naked above the waist save jewelry, etc.

• Distinctively, they tend to ride higher at the back waist and dip at the Center Front (you can really see this in a “side view”).

Schenti Statues ofMetjetji ca. 2371-2288 B.C.E. Currently located at The Brooklyn Museum

Troops Egyptian Museum

Tut The Harpooner From Tut 18th Dynasty Egyptian Museum Cairo

Wall painting showing Neb-Aman’s gratitude for his wealth. XVII Dynasty Metropolitan Address Book

PROCARDIUM

• a long rectangular sheath which fit the wearer snugly

• worn by both men and women. It could vary in length and size and often had a strap, particularly when worn by women. This strap (or straps) provided tremendous variety, the single diagonal one is quite common. On women, the top of the garment often fell below the nipple line therefore exposing the breast. These could be worn in layers.

Maid-servants attending to ladies at a banquet Tomb of Vizier Rekhmire

King Horemheb before the Goddess Hathor Wall painting in the Tomb of Horemheb

c.a. 1348 – 1320 B.C.E.

Maidservant carrying vases. White sheath is covered with net, which probably was multi-colored cut leather. Batterberry

KALASIRIS

• a rectangle twice the length of the wearer with a slit for the head. It was generally fairly wide so when one put it on and girdled it, a natural sleeve was formed, and it could hang open at the side. This was primarily worn by women and could be worn in conjunction with either of the other two types of drapes.

Kalasiris

All 3 Basic shapes worn in one painting

Wall painting in Tutankhamen’s Tomb heritage-key.com

Wall painting of the hired mourners c. 1411-1375 B.C.E.

The Tomb of Ramose, Valley of the Nobles, Egypt

Prince Rahotep and Nofret Ca. 2160 B.C.E.

Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Known as “The Last Pharoah”

Prince Rahotep and Nofret

FORMER!!! Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.

Known as “The Last Pharoah”

Statue of Ptah, god of artists and craftsmen

(Tutankhamen Exhibit)

Tutankhamun Shawabty Figure

Carved wood coated with gesso and gilded. The god is wrapped in a feather- patterned garment with details in bronze and gold. He weras a wide collar, and his skull cap is dark blue faience, the eyes and eyebrows are inlaid glass. He holds a scepter with both hands

Gold Dagger From Tut 18th Dynasty Egyptian Museum Cairo

A necklace of Ahhotep decorated with three gold flies Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard Presse

Necklace with a pendant depicting the symbol of the god Nekhbet, from

Tutankhamen’s treasure, Egyptian, 18th

dynasty.

Large collar with pectoral in gold, faience and cornelian, from Tutankhamen’s treasure, Egyptian, 18th dynasty.

Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Gregorietti, Guido Jewelry Through the Ages. Crescent Books

Egypt in pop culture

Lost Egyptian city discovered

Egypt in pop culture

Ramses 11’s modern journey…

19th dynasty (approx 1400 BCE)…..Ramses 11 is known as the Warrior King and ruled for 60 yrs. During this time, a statue is erected at

approx 36 ft tall and weighing 82 tons.

Postcard from 1800’s

in 1882 …..The 3,200 yr old statue was first discovered.

Photograph from 1955 of statue being transported

(was cut into 5 pieces!)

in 1955 ……The statue was placed in the square in Cairo

Campbell logger story

www.touregypt.net

www.arabworldbooks.com

In August 2006 …..It was determined that pollution was causing the statue to deteriorate rapidly so it was moved to a new location in the desert on the Cairo-

Alexandria road. A park giving the statue it’s visual “due” is planned to open in 2013

2006….. A plan was hatched to move the statue to a new location in the desert on the Cairo-Alexandria road. It was to be at the location of a “grand” museum planned

on the Giza Plateau that lines up with the pyramids. A park giving the statue it’s visual “due” along with the (nearly 800 million dollar) GRAND EGYPTIAN MUSEUM is

planned to open in 2012, oops-2013, oops- 2014, oops-2015….

The adventure began before dawn…

More info at: http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/ramsessquare.htm

www.egiptologia.com www.egy.com

When Ramses moved to the square in 1955, the statue was cut into 8 sections. This time, they decided to leave him intact, so a large scaffolding was built around him. He was then loaded on to a specially designed flatbed truck. The journey of 35 kilometers took 10 hours. An atmosphere of celebration ensued, as thousands of citizens lined the streets to bid Ramses farewell as he paraded to his new location.

www.arabworldbooks.com

All pictures from www.arabworldbooks.com

Design for Grand Egyptian Museum (Scheduled to open 2013) http://www.gem.gov.eg/

2011 Egyptian Revolution

blog.cleveland.com www.zimbio.com

2011 Egyptian Revolution

A magnificent necklace belonging to Psusennes I Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard Presse

Rings of the great Ramessides Musée du Louvre, Paris. Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard Presse