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EGMGuided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors… ISHNE 2009 At lV MD FRCPC AtulVerma, MD FRCPC Staff Cardiologist, Electrophysiologist Southlake Regional Health Centre k d Newmarket, Canada
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EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Aug 19, 2020

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Page 1: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

EGM‐Guided Ablation:CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…ISHNE 2009

At l V  MD FRCPCAtul Verma, MD FRCPCStaff Cardiologist, Electrophysiologist

Southlake Regional Health Centrek dNewmarket, Canada

Page 2: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

DisclosuresDisclosures

Consulting fees/honorariag /– Biosense Webster, Medtronic, St Jude Medical, Sanofi 

Aventis, Astra Zeneca, Servier

S k  bSpeakers bureau– Biosense Webster, Medtronic, St Jude Medical

Research grantsResearch grants– Biosense Webster, Medtronic, St Jude Medical

Equity, Ownership, Salary, Royaltiesq y, p, y, y– None

Page 3: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

EGM‐Guided AblationEGM Guided Ablation

Complex Fractionated Electrograms (CFE)Complex Fractionated Electrograms (CFE)STAR AF dataGanglionated Plexi (GP)Ganglionated Plexi (GP)Dominant Frequency (DF)

Page 4: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Question #1Question #1

Of the following EGM‐based targets, which do you Of the following EGM based targets, which do you feel offer the greatest potential value as a hybrid strategy to PVI?

1. CFE2. Ganglionated Plexi3. Dominant Frequency3 q y4. None of the above

Page 5: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Question #2Question #2

In which AF patients do you think CFE are most In which AF patients do you think CFE are most useful to study/ablate?

1. All AF2. Paroxysmal AF2. Paroxysmal AF3. Persistent AF

Page 6: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Question #3Question #3

What do you think are the biggest barriers to using What do you think are the biggest barriers to using CFE ablation for AF (either alone or in combination)?

1. Not a consistent definition of CFEN t    t bl  t t f   bl ti2. Not a stable target for ablation

3. Not enough data showing its benefith d l4. Too much extra procedural time

5. None of the above

Page 7: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Complex Fractionated Complex Fractionated Electrograms (CFE)

Page 8: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Theory Behind CFEsTheory Behind CFEs

• Intraoperative mapping of p pp gRA during induced AF• Identified 4 types of atrial potentials during AFpotentials during AF• Fragmented potentials correlated to pivot points

h lti l l twhere multiple wavelets arc around a region of functional block

Konings et al, Circulation 1997• OR areas of slow conduction

Page 9: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Definition of CFE – Nademanee JACC 2004Definition of CFE  Nademanee JACC 2004

(A)atrial electrograms that are F ti t d & d f tFractionated & composed of two deflections or more andhave a perturbation of the baseline with continuous deflectionswith continuous deflections

(B) atrial electrograms with a(B) atrial electrograms with avery short cycle length (<120 ms) with or without multiple potentials when compared with the atrial CLpfrom other parts of the atria

Page 10: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Where are the CFE?Where are the CFE?

PVsR fRoof

Septump

RA

CS

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Nademanee, JACC 2004Nademanee, JACC 2004

AFCL increased from:– 172 ± 26 ms to 237 ± 42 ms

AF termination during ablation:l d b l d– Paroxysmal – 100% (14% required ibutilide)

– Chronic – 91% (28% required ibutilide)

76% success rate after 1 procedure15% became arrhythmia‐free after a second procedureAt least 5% of these successful patients remained on AAD

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Oral et al, Circulation 2007Oral et al, Circulation 2007

Prospective, non‐randomized assessmentProspective, non randomized assessmentCFE ablation only – no PV isolationN=100N=100Permanent AF patients only

Page 13: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Oral et al, Circulation 2007Oral et al, Circulation 2007

Very low acute termination rate of AF during ablationVery low acute termination rate of AF during ablation– Only 16% terminated acutely

Long‐term success rate of this approach modest– 57% AF‐free off medications– 44% required two procedures– Average of 14 months follow‐up

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Reproducibility of CFE ResultsReproducibility of CFE Results

Results from other centers not consistentResults from other centers not consistentPart of the problem stems from definition and understanding of CFEgAre these targets really spatially and temporally stable?Is there a consistent way to define CFE?

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Haissaguerre et al, H  Rh h   6Heart Rhythm 2006

“CFE” are dependent on AFCLCFE  are dependent on AFCLThe faster the CL, the more likely it is to see “CFE”Since AFCL can be variable  so to can occurrence of Since AFCL can be variable, so to can occurrence of “CFE”Therefore, “elusive” “transient” targetTherefore,  elusive   transient  target

Page 16: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Haissaguerre et al, H  Rh h   6Heart Rhythm 2006

Problem:  Are these “CFE”?

Page 17: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Automated CFE MappingAutomated CFE Mapping

Subjectivity of CFE definition still a major limitationSubjectivity of CFE definition still a major limitationAutomated algorithms are novel tools to standardize CFE definition and mappingpp gAverages the signal analysis over 4‐8 sec, allowing differentiation from transient vs stable CFE sites

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Implementation and Deployment f  h  CFE M i  T l (NAVX)of the CFE Mapping Tool (NAVX)Activation Detection Criteria

– Peak‐to‐peak voltage threshold• > Baseline noise floor

Sl  th h ld

~.05 mV

– Slope threshold• Near field vs. far field

– Refractory settingA id d bl   ti

~20 ms

• Avoid double counting

Map Display Representation

~50 ms

Organized

– Average interval representedwith color scale (ms)• 1‐8 second evaluation length

Organized

Fractionated

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Diagnostic Landmarking: NavX System3D mapping from 3 pp gstandard cathetersPoints are collected at electrodes and projected onto map surfaceUsing MultiPoint technology, points may be collected from

A  i l   l t d– A single electrode– A multipolar catheter– All catheters in use

MultiPoint DxL mapping of fractionationImage courtesy of Dr Andrea Natale, CCF

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Mapping CFE RegionsMapping CFE RegionsBy annotating the

deflections of the local EGM, a mean CL can be

calculated – CFE defined as regions with

CL < 120 msCL < 120 ms.

Courtesy of Dr. Koonlawee Nademanee, Los Angeles, CA

Page 21: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

DxL Map Settings  CFE MeanDxL Map Settings – CFE Mean

Recommended Settings

Width 10‐20 ms (avoid far‐field)

Refractory 30‐50 ms (avoid double counting)Refractory 30‐50 ms (avoid double counting)

P‐P Sensitivity 0.03‐0.05 mV (avoid noise)

Segment Length 4‐8 sec

Interpolation 4‐10 mm

Internal/External Projection 3‐6 mm

Page 22: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

CFE Stability – Verma et al, H  Rh h   8Heart Rhythm 2008

CFE maps taken at 0CFE maps taken at 0 and 20 minutes. Degree of overlap and

i t f CFEconsistency of CFE areas studied.

CFE definition – regions with local EGM cycle length <120 mslength <120 ms.

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CFE Stability – Verma et al, H t Rh th   8Heart Rhythm 2008

80%

100%

80%

100%

0%

20%

40%

60%

0 min 20 min

CBA

0%

20%

40%

60%

0 min 20 min

C

B

A When measured at 0 and 20 minutes, proportion of signals within cycle

40%

60%

80%

100%

CBA 40%

60%

80%

100%

CBA

LPV RPV of signals within cycle length ranges are

stable.

0%

20%

40%

0 min 20 min

A

0%

20%

40%

0 min 20 min

A

SEPT PWBlack = 50-120 ms

Whit 121 200

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

CBA

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

CBA

White = 121-200 ms

Grey = >200 ms0%

0 min 20 min0%

0 min 20 min

RO FLR

Page 24: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

CFE Stability – Verma et al, H t Rh th   8Heart Rhythm 2008

150

80

90100

*Range A, r=0.82

75

100

125

0 m

in

2030

4050

60

7080 *

%

5050 75 100 125 150

20 min

A B

010

A B C

Degree of Overlap 0/20 min Cycle Length 50-120 ms

160

200

0 m

in

400

500

600

700

800

0 m

in

Range C, r=0.08Range B, r=0.21

120120 160 200

20 min

200

300

400

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

20 min

C DCycle Length >200 msCycle Length 121-200 ms

Page 25: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Substrate vs Trigger ggAblation for Reducing Atrial FibrillationAtrial Fibrillation

A M l i  R d i d T i lA Multicenter, Randomized Trial

Principal Investigator:p gAtul Verma, MD FRCPCSouthlake Regional Health Centre, Canada

Presented at Heart Rhythm 2009 – Late Breaking Trials

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Study PurposeStudy Purpose

To compare the efficacy of three AF ablation To compare the efficacy of three AF ablation strategies:– Targeting the triggers of AF via PV isolation (PVI) – Targeting the substrate of AF maintenance via 

elimination of complex fractionated electrograms (CFE)A h b id  h  f PVI   CFE  bl i– A hybrid approach of PVI + CFE ablation

High‐burden paroxysmal (65%) and persistent (35%) AF populationAF populationMulticenter, randomized trial

Page 27: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

PVI StrategyPVI Strategy

Wide, circumferential PV Wide, circumferential PV antral isolationLesions placed >1‐2 cm poutside of the PV ostiaEndpoint of entrance pblock of all PV antra as documented by a 

lcircular mapping catheter

Page 28: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

CFE Strategy ‐ ICFE Strategy  I

Spontaneous or induced Spontaneous or induced AF (must persist >1 min)Automated CFE mapping algorithmAll CFE regions targeted g g(CL<120 ms)Target all CFE regions in LA, then CS, then RA

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CFE Strategy ‐ IICFE Strategy  II

Endpoint of elimination of all pCFE sites or termination of AF and non‐inducibility of AFIf AF did  t t i t   ft  If AF did not terminate after all CFE sites ablated, cardioversion allowedIf AF terminated to AT or AFL, this was mapped/ ablated when possibleablated when possibleIV antiarrhythmics not used during ablationg

Page 30: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

PVI+CFE StrategyPVI+CFE Strategy

PVI completed firstPVI completed firstThen, CFE mapped (spontaneous or induced ( pAF) and ablatedEndpoint of PVI followed pby AF termination/ non‐inducibilityIf AF not terminated after all CFE ablated, 

di i   ll dcardioversion allowed

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Procedural Details ‐ IIProcedural Details  II

CFE PVI PVI+CFE pp

Procedure Time (min)

224 ± 80 181 ± 74 225 ± 68 NS( )

Mapping Time (min)

39 ± 18 29 ± 21 41 ± 20 0.09

Fluoroscopy Time (min)

56 ± 28 58 ± 27 60 ± 34 NS

RF Time (min)

65 ± 33 68 ± 41 77 ± 45 NS

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Freedom from AF/AFL/AT(1 procedure)

AT

p=0.002

m A

F/A

FL/A

PVI+CFEFree

dom

fro

PVI+CFEPVICFE

F

5.6% on antiarrhythmics, evenly distributed between groups

Months Post-Ablation

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Freedom from AF/AFL/AT(2 procedures)

100 p<0.00010 04

70

80

90

AT

%

p=0.04

50

60

70

om A

F/A

FL/A

PVI+CFEPVICFE

20

30

40

Free

dom

fro CFE

0

10

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12

Months post initial ablation

5.6% on antiarrhythmics, evenly distributed between groups

Page 34: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Repeat ProceduresRepeat Procedures100

70

80

90

dure

s p=0.008

4750

60

70

epea

t pro

ced

p=0.07

p=0.21

3130

40

nder

goin

g re

15

10

20% u

n

0PVI+CFE PVI CFE

Page 35: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Paroxysmal/Persistent bSubgroups

100 p=0.03 p=0.03

70

80

90

100

hmia

%

p=0.14 p=0.14

p p

40

50

60

70

rom

arr

hyth

PVI+CFEPVI CFE

10

20

30

40

Free

dom

fr CFE

0

10

AF AF/AFL/AT AF AF/AFL/AT

P l P i t tParoxysmal Persistent

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ConclusionsConclusions

In high burden paroxysmal/persistent AF patients, In high burden paroxysmal/persistent AF patients, PVI+CFE is associated with the highest freedom from atrial arrhythmia at one yearPVI+CFE requires fewer repeat procedures compared to either strategy aloneCFE is associated with the highest recurrence rate and highest number of repeat proceduresBenefit of PVI+CFE may be more pronounced in persistent AF

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Ganglionated Plexi (GPs)

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Ablating Autonomic InputsAblating Autonomic Inputs

Evidence from Pappone et al that vagal denervation may be pp g yan important reason for AF cure by CARTO‐guided approach

Pappone et al,Circulation 2004

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Targeting GP InputsTargeting GP Inputs

Recently, Sherlag et al, JICE 2005 reported improved Recently, Sherlag et al, JICE 2005 reported improved success rates with ablation of GPs in addition to PV isolation– 90% vs 71% success respectively

Page 40: EGM Guided Ablation: CFE, Ganglia, Rotors…cardiolatina.com/.../uploads/2018/08/ing_verma_atul_2.pdfAtul Verma, MD FRCPC Southlake Regional Health Centre, Canada Presented at Heart

Sherlag et al, JACC 2005Sherlag et al, JACC 2005

GP input may beimportant increating acreating a substrate for converting PVconverting PVfiring into AF.

Correlation betweenCFE and regionsof autonomic inputof autonomic input.

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Mixed Clinical ResultsMixed Clinical Results

Scanavacca et al, Circulation 2006Scanavacca et al, Circulation 2006– Vagal reflex‐guided GP ablation in paroxysmal AF (n=10)– 29% success rate after one procedurep

Pokushalov et al, Heart Rhythm 2009– Vagal reflex‐guided GP ablation vs anatomic ablation of 

GP sites in paroxysmal AF (n=40)S l ti  GP  bl ti     l   %– Selective GP ablation success only 43%

– Anatomic GP ablation success 77%

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Ganglionated PlexiGanglionated Plexi

Persistent AF population is the next big horizonPersistent AF population is the next big horizonWill not be adequately addressed by the “one size fits all” approachppNew mapping‐based targets need to be assessed

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Dominant Frequency (DF)

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Dominant FrequencyDominant Frequency

May represent specific rotor sites responsible for AF May represent specific rotor sites responsible for AF perpetuationMay be targeted as a lone or combined hybrid y g ystrategy

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DF DistributionDF Distribution

PAROXYSMAL

Sanders et al Circulation 2005

CHRONIC

Sanders et al, Circulation 2005

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Atienza et al, Heart Rhythm 2009Atienza et al, Heart Rhythm 2009

A t d ti iAcute reduction inDF in all chambers associated with higher freedom from AF long-term.

Ablation of DFmax sites associated

ith hi h f dwith higher freedom from AF (88% vs 30%)

Overall success rate 88% parox and 56% persistent

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SummarySummary

EGM‐guided ablation is a promising avenue for g p gadjuvant ablation in addition to PVIMay be particularly useful in persistent AF 

l b l h h b d lpopulation, but also higher‐burden paroxysmalsCFE offers the most promising target at present, but need for more refined definitionsneed for more refined definitionsGP ablation may overlap a lot with CFE and data still lackinggDF ablation may be promising, particularly in refining CFE sites