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Improving
The Pedestrian
Experience
Ron Effland, P.E. ACTAR, LCI 4207
MoDOT Non-Motorized Transportation Engineer
Local Planning and
Implementation
Sidewalk Construction 1907
Downtown St Louis 1920
1920s Safety - “Pedestrian Catcher”
Downtown St Louis 1940s
Downtown St Louis 1982
Build more roads…..
So how are we doing?
These materials have been developed based on applicable federal laws and regulations in place at the time the materials were created. The program
is being provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute and is not intended to provide OSHA compliance certification,
regulatory compliance, a substitute for any "hands on“ training required by applicable laws and regulations, or other legal or professional advice or
services. By accessing the materials, you assume all responsibility and risk arising from the use of the content contained therein.
©2010 Grainger Safety Services, Inc.
►►►
Pedestrian Safety
St Louis Safety Facts (2006 – 2010)
1,800 Pedestrian Related Motor
Vehicle Crashes
2.4% of all crashes
9.4% of all injuries
36% of all Fatalities
St Louis Safety Facts (2006 – 2010)
In USA 12% of Traffic Fatalities
are Pedestrians
In Europe 14%
In China 25%
But In St Louis 36%
--- Volvo Car Corporation
FHWA Pedestrian Safety Focus Cities
FHWA Focus Cities 2011 More than 20 average annual pedestrian fatalities or a
pedestrian fatality rate greater than 2.33 per 100,000 population
St Louis Safety Facts (2006 – 2010)
Network Kernel Density
►Plot crash locations reported
over time
►Looking for clusters or trends
along corridors
►Review detailed reports to
determine common factors
St Louis Safety Facts (2006 – 2010)
St Louis Safety Facts (2006 – 2010)
St Louis Safety Facts (2006 – 2010)
St Louis Safety Facts (2006 – 2010)
Streets for Everyone…
Maybe its time for
a change?
The Influence of the Automobile
The Influence of the Automobile
The Influence of the Automobile
We have grown to rely on our cars
for everything, but at what price?
Air pollution contributes to 70,000 deaths
nationwide each year.
Short auto trips produce far more pollution per mile than longer trips.
References: Harvard School of Public Health, Federal Highway Administration
Complete Streets policies.
Safe Routes to Schools programs.
Interconnected trail networks.
Roadway designs that favor lower
speeds.
More public involvement in
transportation planning process.
Changing trends in commercial
and residential developments.
Planning Trends
These materials have been developed based on applicable federal laws and regulations in place at the time the materials were created. The program
is being provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute and is not intended to provide OSHA compliance certification,
regulatory compliance, a substitute for any "hands on“ training required by applicable laws and regulations, or other legal or professional advice or
services. By accessing the materials, you assume all responsibility and risk arising from the use of the content contained therein.
©2010 Grainger Safety Services, Inc.
►►►
Complete Streets
Benefits of Complete Streets
Improved safety
Increased mobility for all users
and modes
Improved air and water quality
Improved public health
Enhanced economic
competitiveness
Increased livability
Benefits of Complete Streets
Improved Safety:
• Bicyclists and pedestrians
are disproportionately
represented in crash rates
• Designing streets for all
users reduces crashes
In Santa Monica, a street
reconfiguration reduced
crashes by 65%1
Source:
1. National Complete Streets Coalition and Local Government
Commission. 2012. Complete Streets in California: It’s a Safe Decision.
19% of total
collisions
3% of total
collisions
5% of total
work trips 0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
PedestrianCollisions
BicycleCollisions
Walk and BikeWork Trips
California Highway Patrol 1998 to 2007 Bay Area
Collisions; American Community Survey Work Trips (2009)
Speed Kills…
Benefits of Complete Streets
Reduced Obesity
Obesity rates are lower in places where people use bicycles, public transportation, and their feet for mobility.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Pe
rce
nt W
alk
, B
ike
,Tra
nsit
Pe
rce
nt o
f O
be
sit
y
Obesity
Source: J. Pucher, “Walking and Cycling: Path to Improved Public Health,”
Fit City Conference, NYC, June 2009
Benefits of Complete Streets
Pedestrian facilities encourage walking
Residents are 65% more likely to walk in a
neighborhood with sidewalks Giles-Corti, B., & R.J. Donovan. 2002. The relative influence of individual, social, and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Social Science & Medicine, 54 1793-1812.
Bicycle facilities encourage biking
Cities with more bike lanes per square mile
have higher levels of bicycle commuting Transportation Research Record:, No. 1828, TRB, pp 116-123.
San Francisco’s improvements on Valencia
Street resulted in 1.4 times more cyclists and
36% fewer pedestrian collisions National Complete Streets Coalition and Local Government Commission. 2012. Complete Streets in California: It’s a Safe Decision.
Local Planning and
Implementation
We need a
Comprehensive Plan!
Make Use of Planning Process
Build Consensus
Keep People Focused
Better Utilize Limited Resources
Personnel changes don’t disrupt
the progress
Pedestrian Education
Not every accident can be avoided.
However, pedestrian accidents often
occur because simple precautions
were not taken. Here are some ways
to avoid an accident:
►Stay on walkways
►Cross only at crosswalks
►Stay alert and be aware of traffic
►Make yourself visible to drivers
►Don’t cross if you’re uncertain
Education and Awareness Programs
Drivers: Fail to Yield/Stop
Disobey Signals
Pass Stopped Cars (Multiple Threat)
Driving Distracted
Speeding
Driver and Pedestrian Behaviors
Pedestrians: Disobey Signals
Walk Distracted
Cross at bad locations
Driver and Pedestrian Behaviors
Countermeasures
and Improvements
Principles of Good
Pedestrian Design: Recognize Drivers and Pedestrians
behaviors
Pedestrians want & need to cross the
street safely
Pedestrians will cross where it is most
convenient for them
Drivers need to be made aware that
pedestrians are present
Minimize crossing distances
Simplify crossings
Remember speed matters!
Typical Pedestrian Countermeasures
Pedestrian Spaces
Surfaced Shoulders
Expected Pedestrian Crash Improvement: 80%
Sidewalks
Expected Pedestrian Crash Improvement: 88%
Typical Pedestrian Countermeasures
Crossings at Unsignalized Intersections
Medians Cost Range: $5000 to $30,000
Expected Pedestrian Crash Improvement: 46%
Source:
1. Oregon Department of Transportation
Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety
Implementation Plan Presentation
April 3, 2014.
Typical Pedestrian Countermeasures
Crossings at Unsignalized Intersections
Source:
1. Oregon Department of Transportation
Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety
Implementation Plan Presentation
April 3, 2014.
Enhanced Markings and Signing Cost Range: $2000 to $15,000
Expected Pedestrian Crash Improvement: 15%+
Typical Pedestrian Countermeasures
Crossings at Unsignalized Intersections
Enhanced Lighting Cost Range: $25,000 and up
Expected Pedestrian Crash Improvement: 50%
Source:
1. Oregon Department of
Transportation Pedestrian and
Bicycle Safety Implementation Plan
Presentation April 3, 2014.
Rectangular Rapid
Flash Beacon
Flashing pattern catches drivers
attention
Uses a stutter flash effect similar
to EMS vehicles
Solar Powered - Interconnected
Lighting on crosswalk and
pedestrian sign
Estimated Cost $10,000 - $18,000
Typical Pedestrian Countermeasures
Signalized Intersections
Pedestrian Countdown Timers For existing signalized locations with a history of
pedestrian crossing crashes
Cost Range: $1500 to $5000
Expected Pedestrian Crash Improvement: 25%
Source:
1. Oregon Department of
Transportation Pedestrian and
Bicycle Safety Implementation
Plan Presentation April 3, 2014.
Typical Pedestrian Countermeasures
Source:
1. Oregon Department of Transportation Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety
Implementation Plan Presentation April 3, 2014.
Crossings at Mid-Block Locations
Medians Cost Range: $5000 to $100,000
Expected Pedestrian Crash Improvement: 25%
Enhanced Markings and Signing Cost Range: $2000 to $15,000
Expected Pedestrian Crash Improvement: 15%+
Enhanced Lighting Cost Range: $25,000 and up
Expected Pedestrian Crash Improvement: 20%
Typical Pedestrian Countermeasures
Crash Countermeasures
Source:
1. Oregon Department of Transportation
Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety
Implementation Plan Presentation April 3,
2014.
At wide intersections, pedestrian
safety and accessibility can be
enhanced through a variety of
features:
Refuge Islands
Crosswalk Markings
Pedestrian Signals
Street Lighting
Reduced Speed Limits
A look at
Innovations?
Pedestrian Air Bags?
Source:
1. Volvo V40 Pedestrian Airbag System 2012.
Pedestrian Grade Separation?
How Can You Help?
We are better together…
Driving A Strategic Initiative…
What can you do to improve pedestrian fatalities?
When are you going to do it?
Why are you doing this?
Who else needs to be involved?
Moving Forward….
We need Champions …
►Lead the movement
►Cast the vision of a better future
►Focus attention on the needs
►Influence others to join the cause
►Celebrate success along the way!
We need you!
Improving
The Pedestrian
Experience