PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE This article was downloaded by: [Canadian Research Knowledge Network] On: 15 January 2010 Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 789349985] Publisher Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Journal of Sports Sciences Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713721847 Effects of the addition of a resistance training programme to a caloric restriction weight loss intervention on psychosocial factors in overweight and obese post-menopausal women: A Montreal Ottawa New Emerging Team study Virginie Messier a ; Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret a ; Eric Doucet b ; Martin Brochu c ; Jean-Marc Lavoie d ; Antony Karelis a ; Denis Prud'homme b ; Irene Strychar a a Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec b School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario c Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec d Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada First published on: 23 December 2009 To cite this Article Messier, Virginie, Rabasa-Lhoret, Rémi, Doucet, Eric, Brochu, Martin, Lavoie, Jean-Marc, Karelis, Antony, Prud'homme, Denis and Strychar, Irene(2010) 'Effects of the addition of a resistance training programme to a caloric restriction weight loss intervention on psychosocial factors in overweight and obese post-menopausal women: A Montreal Ottawa New Emerging Team study', Journal of Sports Sciences, 28: 1, 83 — 92, First published on: 23 December 2009 (iFirst) To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/02640410903390105 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903390105 Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
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PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by: [Canadian Research Knowledge Network]On: 15 January 2010Access details: Access Details: [subscription number 789349985]Publisher RoutledgeInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Journal of Sports SciencesPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713721847
Effects of the addition of a resistance training programme to a caloricrestriction weight loss intervention on psychosocial factors in overweightand obese post-menopausal women: A Montreal Ottawa New EmergingTeam studyVirginie Messier a; Rémi Rabasa-Lhoret a; Eric Doucet b; Martin Brochu c; Jean-Marc Lavoie d; AntonyKarelis a; Denis Prud'homme b; Irene Strychar a
a Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec b School of Human Kinetics,University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario c Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University ofSherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec d Department of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal,Quebec, Canada
First published on: 23 December 2009
To cite this Article Messier, Virginie, Rabasa-Lhoret, Rémi, Doucet, Eric, Brochu, Martin, Lavoie, Jean-Marc, Karelis,Antony, Prud'homme, Denis and Strychar, Irene(2010) 'Effects of the addition of a resistance training programme to acaloric restriction weight loss intervention on psychosocial factors in overweight and obese post-menopausal women: AMontreal Ottawa New Emerging Team study', Journal of Sports Sciences, 28: 1, 83 — 92, First published on: 23 December2009 (iFirst)To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/02640410903390105URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410903390105
Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf
This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial orsystematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply ordistribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contentswill be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug dosesshould be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss,actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directlyor indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Effects of the addition of a resistance training programme to a caloricrestriction weight loss intervention on psychosocial factors inoverweight and obese post-menopausal women: A Montreal OttawaNew Emerging Team study
VIRGINIE MESSIER1, REMI RABASA-LHORET1, ERIC DOUCET2, MARTIN BROCHU3,
1Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, 2School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, Ontario, 3Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec and 4Department
of Kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
(Accepted 6 October 2009)
AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of the addition of a resistance training programme to a caloric restrictionweight loss intervention on psychosocial profile. The study sample consisted of 137 overweight and obese post-menopausalwomen. Participants were randomized to a caloric restriction group and caloric restrictionþ resistance training group.Psychosocial, anthropometric, and metabolic variables were measured before and after the 6-month weight loss intervention.Both groups presented similar weight loss and there were no significant differences between the caloric restriction group andcaloric restrictionþ resistance training group for changes in psychosocial profile. Thereafter, all participants were classifiedinto quintiles based on the amount of weight loss. In all quintiles, women markedly improved body esteem and self-esteem,and decreased hunger and perceived risk for diabetes mellitus (P5 0.05). However, significant increases in dietary restraintwere observed in quintiles 2–5 (�2.4 % body weight loss), decreases in disinhibition in quintiles 3–5 (�4.9 %), increases inself-efficacy in quintiles 3–5 (�4.9 %), and increases in health perceptions in quintile 5 (�11.1%). The results of this studydo not support the hypothesis that the addition of a resistance training programme to a caloric restriction weight lossintervention has additional benefits on psychosocial profile. Overall, the significant improvements in the psychosocial profileobserved were mostly accounted for by the degree of weight loss.
Keywords: Weight loss, body esteem, obesity, quality of life, physical activity
Introduction
Classical strategies used in weight loss treatments
include calorie-restricted diets, aerobic physical
activity regimens, and cognitive behavioural thera-
pies. Systematic reviews of diet and exercise trials
have shown a mean weight loss of approximately
5–9% of body weight (Lau et al., 2007). Moreover,
lifestyle interventions combining diet and exercise
regimens are important strategies for long-term
weight loss maintenance (Galani & Schneider,
2007). Similarly, the addition of behavioural thera-
pies has positive benefits on weight loss in the short
(Galani & Schneider, 2007) and possibly long term
(Franz et al., 2007). The health benefits of modest
weight loss (5–10% body weight) include a de-
creased risk for diabetes, an improved lipid profile,
and lowered blood pressure (Douketis, Macie,
Thabane, & Williamson, 2005; Franz et al., 2007;
Lau et al., 2007).
Weight loss interventions are associated with
improved psychological well-being, mental health,
self-esteem, body image, and quality of life (Blaine,
Rodman, & Newman, 2007; Dent, Habib, Soucy, &
Bissada, 2007; Hays, Bathalon, Roubenoff,
McCrory, & Roberts, 2006; Kaukua, Pekkarinen,
Sane, & Mustajoki, 2003). Psychosocial factors
associated with weight loss and weight loss main-
tenance include increased dietary restraint, reduced
disinhibition and hunger, and increased self-efficacy,
Correspondence: V. Messier, Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.
CR¼ caloric restriction; CRþRT¼ caloric restrictionþ resistance training; BMI¼ body mass index.aSignificantly different from pre-intervention values (P5 0.05).bSignificantly different from caloric restriction only group (P5 0.05).
Table II. Psychosocial profile of overweight and obese post-menopausal women before and after the intervention (mean+ s).
CR only (n¼71) CRþRT (n¼36)
Psychosocial variables* Before After Before After
Total body esteem (0–4) 1.4+ 0.5 1.7+ 0.6a 1.5+0.4 1.8+0.5a
greater quality of life, greater self-efficacy, greater perceived benefits, and greater perceived risk.aSignificantly different from pre-intervention values (P5 0.05).
88 V. Messier et al.
Downloaded By: [Canadian Research Knowledge Network] At: 12:17 15 January 2010
design, weight change was significantly different
among quintiles (P5 0.05). Changes in body es-
teem, self-esteem, hunger, and perceived risk for
diabetes were observed in all quintiles (P5 0.05).
However, significant increases in scores for dietary
restraint were observed only in quintiles 2–5 (body
weight loss� 2.4%) (P5 0.05). In addition, signifi-
cantly higher self-efficacy scores and lower disinhibi-
tion scores were observed only in quintiles 3, 4, and
5 (body weight loss� 4.9%) (P5 0.05). Further-
more, significant improvements in quality of life
subscale scores for health perceptions were observed
only in quintile 5 (body weight loss� 11.1%)
(P5 0.05).
Finally, we performed a stepwise regression analy-
sis to examine the independent predictors (changes in
weight, in fat mass, in _V O2peak, and in lower-body
muscle strength) of changes in psychosocial factors.
The caloric restriction and caloric restrictionþ
resistance training groups were pooled for the
regression analysis, since weight loss was similar in
the two groups. Table IV indicates the significant
predictors of changes in psychosocial factors. Results
show that the change in weight, by way of a caloric
restriction with or without resistance training, was an
independent predictor of changes in self-efficacy,
perceived stress, mental health, disinhibition, and
quality of life subscale for physical functioning. In
addition, the change in muscle strength was an
independent predictor of changes in self-esteem.
Discussion
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of
the addition of a resistance training programme to a
caloric restriction weight loss intervention on psy-
chosocial factors among post-menopausal women.
Results show that both groups underwent a similar
body weight loss, while the caloric restrictionþ re-
sistance training group displayed a significant in-
crease of muscle strength in the lower body
compared with the caloric restriction group. More-
over, improvements in both study groups (caloric
restriction and caloric restrictionþ resistance train-
ing) were observed for body esteem, self-esteem,
dietary restraint, health perceptions, self-efficacy,
and decreases in disinhibition and hunger. Similar
findings have been reported elsewhere (Fontaine
et al., 1999; Foster et al., 1998; Kaukua et al., 2003;
Lemoine et al., 2007; Teixeira et al., 2006). Thus,
our findings show that within the context of similar
weight loss, both groups improved their psychosocial
profile, but no significant additional improvements
were observed with the addition of a resistance
training programme to a caloric restriction interven-
tion. Despite our findings of increased muscle
strength in the resistance training group, there were
no improvements in the quality of life subscale for
physical functioning, as might be expected with
greater muscle strength (Ghiselli et al., 1981).
Levinger (2007) observed that 10 weeks of resistance
training without caloric restriction increased per-
ceived physical and mental health, physical function,
general health, and social function. It is possible that
in our group of overweight and obese post-meno-
pausal women without other chronic diseases, the
benefits of resistance training on psychosocial factors
may have been overshadowed by those induced by
caloric restriction alone.
When pooling participants from both study
groups, percent body weight loss was significantly
correlated with increases in body esteem, self-
esteem, dietary restraint, health perceptions, self-
efficacy, and decreases in disinhibition, hunger, and
stress. This was as anticipated, since both groups in
our study benefited from the caloric restriction
Figure 2. Relationship between change in dietary restraint and
change in body weight.
Figure 3. Relationship between change in self-efficacy and change
in body weight.
Resistance training and psychosocial profile 89
Downloaded By: [Canadian Research Knowledge Network] At: 12:17 15 January 2010
Tab
leII
I.P
sych
oso
cial
fact
ors
of
ove
rwei
gh
tan
do
bes
ep
ost
-men
op
ausa
lw
om
end
ivid
edin
qu
inti
les
bas
edon
per
cen
tb
od
yw
eigh
tlo
ss(m
ean+
s).
Quin
tile
1
wei
gh
tch
ange:
þ5
.3to
72
.3%
(n¼
17
)
Quin
tile
2
wei
gh
tch
ange:
72
.4to
74
.8%
(n¼
13
)
Quin
tile
3
wei
gh
tch
ange:
74
.9to
78
.3%
(n¼
15
)
Quin
tile
4
wei
gh
tch
ange:
78.4
to7
11
.0%
(n¼
14
)
Quin
tile
5
wei
gh
tch
ange:
711
.1to
71
8.1
%
(n¼
15
)
Var
iab
les
Bef
ore
Aft
erB
efo
reA
fter
Bef
ore
Aft
erB
efo
reA
fter
Bef
ore
Aft
er
To
tal
bo
dy
este
em1
.5+
0.5
1.6+
0.6
a1
.1+
0.3
1.3
+0
.5a
1.5+
0.6
1.9+
0.6
a1
.5+
0.5
2.0+
0.6
a1
.4+
0.3
1.8
+0
.4a
Bo
dy
este
emsu
bsc
ales
for:
Ap
pea
ran
ce1
.7+
0.6
1.7+
0.8
1.4+
0.5
1.7
+0
.7a
1.7+
0.8
2.0+
0.6
a1
.5+
0.6
2.1+
0.6
a1
.4+
0.4
1.7
+0
.5a
Att
rib
uti
on
1.9+
0.5
2.1+
0.4
a1
.6+
0.5
1.8
+0
.4a
1.9+
0.6
2.1+
0.6
a1
.9+
0.6
2.1+
0.7
a1
.8+
0.7
1.7
+0
.6a
Wei
gh
t1
.1+
0.6
1.2+
0.6
0.9+
0.5
1.2
+0
.6a
1.1+
0.5
1.7+
0.7
a1
.0+
0.6
1.8+
0.8
a0
.9+
0.3
1.5
+0
.6a
Sel
f-es
teem
1.7+
0.4
1.5+
0.5
a1
.6+
0.5
1.5
+0
.6a
1.5+
0.3
1.4+
0.2
a1
.6+
0.4
1.4+
0.3
a1
.3+
0.3
1.2
+0
.2a
Str
ess
15
.3+
8.9
17
.7+
9.6
19
.3+
8.9
17.5
+9
.71
8.5+
7.8
15
.7+
5.5
19
.5+
8.4
17
.5+
6.0
18
.6+
6.2
16.8
+8
.1
Die
tary
rest
rain
t1
2.1+
4.8
12
.5+
4.6
9.3+
1.8
13.6
+2
.1a
10
.8+
3.2
15
.6+
3.5
a1
0.8+
2.7
16
.6+
4.3
a9
.6+
4.1
15.6
+1
.9a
Dis
inh
ibit
ion
8.6+
3.2
8.5+
3.2
8.1+
3.4
8.2
+3
.28
.0+
3.9
6.5+
2.6
a7
.5+
3.1
4.8+
2.3
a9
.0+
3.8
6.9
+3
.2a
Hu
nger
5.3+
3.6
4.6+
3.2
a5
.5+
3.4
4.8
+3
.1a
5.2+
2.9
4.0+
2.5
a4
.7+
2.9
2.9+
2.3
a6
.0+
3.1
3.7
+3
.4a
To
tal
qu
alit
yo
flife
78
.5+
11
.17
8.5+
12
.38
3.5+
15
.98
2.2
+1
6.9
79
.1+
12
.88
1.7+
10
.27
9.8+
13
.18
5.6+
10
.08
1.8+
6.4
83.8
+8
.4
Qu
alit
yo
flife
sub
scal
esfo
r:
Ph
ysic
alfu
nct
ion
ing
73
.0+
30
.48
0.4+
26
.38
9.1+
15
.78
5.9
+2
3.4
81
.4+
23
.18
7.8+
20
.09
1.0+
14
.68
9.7+
14
.99
2.2+
9.2
91.7
+1
2.2
Pai
n5
8.8+
26
.45
7.4+
30
.36
3.5+
36
.35
9.6
+3
7.6
63
.3+
31
.26
5.0+
24
.65
7.7+
31
.37
3.1+
25
.96
5.0+
20
.75
6.7
+2
7.5
So
cial
fun
ctio
nin
g9
8.8+
5.0
97
.5+
6.8
98
.5+
5.5
95.4
+8
.89
8.7+
5.2
98
.7+
5.2
90
.8+
22
.59
2.3+
27
.79
6.0+
8.3
98.7
+5
.2
Ro
lefu
nct
ion
ing
85
.3+
28
.08
3.8+
27
.99
6.2+
13
.91
00.0
+0
.08
5.0+
22
.88
5.0+
26
.49
2.3+
21
.49
4.2+
20
.89
6.4+
9.1
91.1
+1
8.6
Men
tal
hea
lth
74
.4+
17
.67
0.6+
16
.17
3.5+
19
.47
3.2
+1
9.2
70
.4+
11
.67
6.0+
11
.26
8.0+
13
.87
4.8+
11
.26
8.0+
11
.77
2.9
+1
4.2
Hea
lth
per
cep
tio
ns
84
.1+
11
.88
2.9+
12
.58
0.4+
25
.07
8.8
+2
5.8
80
.7+
17
.88
5.3+
11
.47
9.2+
18
.18
9.2+
11
.57
3.2+
14
.58
8.6
+9
.7a
Sel
f-ef
fica
cy2
.7+
0.5
2.4+
0.5
a2
.6+
0.7
2.7
+0
.72
.7+
0.5
3.0+
0.4
a2
.8+
0.5
3.2+
0.4
a2
.5+
0.6
3.0
+0
.5a
Per
ceiv
edb
enefi
ts3
.5+
0.6
3.6+
0.6
3.6+
0.3
3.5
+0
.43
.7+
0.3
3.6+
0.4
3.8+
0.4
3.8+
0.4
3.6+
0.5
3.8
+0
.3
Per
ceiv
edri
skfo
rh
eart
dis
ease
2.4+
1.1
2.3+
0.9
3.1+
0.9
2.8
+0
.92
.9+
0.6
2.7+
0.7
2.6+
1.0
2.2+
0.8
2.9+
0.9
2.7
+1
.0
Per
ceiv
edri
skfo
rd
iab
etes
2.2
4+
1.1
52
.18+
1.0
7a
3.0
8+
0.7
92
.67+
0.9
8a
2.7
3+
0.7
02
.40+
0.9
1a
2.6
2+
1.0
42
.31+
0.8
5a
2.7
3+
0.8
82
.60+
1.1
2a
aS
ign
ifica
ntl
yd
iffe
ren
tfr
om
pre
-in
terv
enti
on
valu
es(P
50
.05
).
90 V. Messier et al.
Downloaded By: [Canadian Research Knowledge Network] At: 12:17 15 January 2010
intervention, which included diet prescription to-
gether with group sessions that addressed cognitive
and behavioural strategies for weight loss.
Changes in psychosocial profile, following our
weight loss intervention, varied as a function of the
amount of weight loss. When body weight loss
approximated 3%, we observed an increase in dietary
restraint and body esteem regarding appearance and
weight; a loss over 5% was associated with significant
improvements in disinhibition and self-efficacy; and
a loss over 11% improved perceptions about the
women’s health. Kaukua et al. (2003) reported that a
body weight loss over 10% was associated with
improved perceptions of general health. If indeed
changes in psychosocial profile after weight loss
interventions are a function of the magnitude of
weight loss, as we have shown in our study, this
could explain inconsistencies between studies re-
garding which psychosocial factors are associated
with weight loss (Lemoine et al., 2007; Niemeier
et al., 2007). Furthermore, the absence of significant
differences in psychosocial factors between the two
groups in the present study could be due to the fact
that the caloric restrictionþ resistance training group
did not present a greater weight loss than the caloric
restriction group. Overall, our results suggest that the
dominant psychosocial changes associated with
greater weight loss include changes in disinhibition,
dietary restraint, and self-efficacy. As such, we
suggest that weight loss interventions targeting
post-menopausal women should address issues
related to controlling the amount of food eaten in
response to emotional and situational cues.
Stepwise regression analysis showed that weight
change accounted for the greatest source of unique
variance for several of the psychosocial factors in our
cohort. For example, weight loss change explained
35.7% of the unique variance of perceived stress.
Furthermore, one could also ask whether changes in
the psychosocial profile after weight loss could be
explained by factors other than weight loss itself,
including exercise-related changes in _V O2peak, fat
mass, and lower-body muscle strength. Based on our
regression analysis, we can conclude that muscle
strength was an independent predictor of changes in
self-esteem, explaining 34.3% of the variance.
It should be noted that our findings are limited to a
population of otherwise apparently ‘‘healthy’’, non-
diabetic, overweight and obese post-menopausal
women who volunteered to participate in a weight
loss intervention protocol. Moreover, we did not
assess adherence to the diet or monitor appetite.
However, our results are strengthened by examining
a relatively large sample size of well-characterized
overweight and obese post-menopausal women.
In conclusion, in a cohort of overweight and obese
post-menopausal women, following a weight loss
intervention by caloric restriction with or without
resistance training, we observed significant improve-
ments in psychosocial profile (increases in body
esteem, self-esteem, dietary restraint, health percep-
tions, and decreases in hunger and disinhibition) that
varied according to the amount of weight loss. No
differences in psychosocial factors were observed
with the addition of a resistance training programme
to a caloric restriction weight loss intervention.
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Table IV. Stepwise regression analysis of independent predictors of changes in psychosocial factors in overweight and obese