200 EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTATION WITHANIA SOMNIFERA L. ROOTS ON SOME EGG PRODUCTION AND QUALITY TRAITS OF HEAT STRESSED JAPANESE QUAILS Dhia IBRAHIM 1 , Suad AHMAD 1 , Shalal HUSSAIN 2 1 College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad 2 Iraqi Center for Cancer and Medical Genetics Research Corresponding author email: [email protected]Abstract This study was carried out to investigate the anti-stress properties of local Withania somnifera roots, (WSR) in alleviating heat stress and improve egg production and quality in Iraq during summer season. The roots were used as ethanolic extract or crude powder. Ethanolic extract was done by using 70% ethanol. Three hundred Quail hens, 6 weeks (wks) old were used which were fed with standard basal diet containing 20% crude protein and 2903Kcal/Kg metabolizable energy and reared under high environmental temperature(27-37-27°C)and relative humidity (40-50%) and were randomly allocated to five groups as follows: Treatment (T 0 ): control group without any supplementation; Treatment 1and 2(T 1 ,T 2 ) quails supplemented orally with a dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight(b.wt)/day ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera roots (WSRE; Treatment 3, 4(T 3 ,T 4 ) quails received Withania somnifera roots as powder (WSRP) mixed with the diet at the rate of 1or 2g/kg diet respectively. At 7,9,11,13 weeks of age and the total average of these weeks egg production and quality traits were calculated. Quails supplemented with roots powder at the rate of 1g/kg diet. (T 3 ) were significantly higher (p≤0.05) in total average of egg production (%) than those received ethanolic extract (T 1 and T 2 ). Also T 3 was the best treatment in egg weight, feed conversion ratio, egg mass and albumin height. The supplemented groups T 1 , T 2 , T 3 and T 4 did not differ significantly from control in yolk index and Haugh unit. Egg tests during experimental period showed that there were no appearances of blood spot and meat segments, and no significant differences between treatments concerning with egg flavour test. We can concluded that little benefit in using (WSR) under heat stress to improve egg production and quality and the result favourite T 3 . Key words: Withania somnifera roots, egg production, quails, ethanolic extract and powder, Heat stress. INTRODUCTION In many countries including, Iraq poultry production suffers from high environmental temperatures in summer for more than six months. High ambient temperature is one of the major factors affecting poultry industry (Al- Hassani and Al-Jebouri,1988). Thus, several researches have been done to investigate the role of supplementing certain medicinal plant in improving birds performance because, its cheap and safety instead of using chemical drug. Withania somnifera (WS), also known as Ashwahandha, and Indian ginseng, is mentioned in the ancient Ayurvedic literature (Ghadha, 1976). The plant grows widely in all dry parts of subtropical India. It is also found in the Mediterranean region, the Middle East and South Africa; and in Iraq. WS is an important medicinal plant widely used as a home remedy for several diseases in India as well as other parts of the world (Owais et al., 2005). The chemistry of WS, as a rich source of bioactive compounds (Padmavathi et al., 2005) has been extensively studied. Twelve alkaloids, 35 with anolides and several sitoindosides from WS have been isolated (Matsuda et al., 2001; Ganzera et al., 2003; Jayaprakasam et al., 2003; Kaure et al., 2003). The pharmacological and therapeutic efficacy of this plant was well established (Dhuley, 2000). It has multifaceted medicinal properties- inducing antioxidant, adaptogen, aphrodisiac, liver tonic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial (Sandaram et al., 2011) There were no previous studies that examine the antistress and adaptogenic efficacy of indigenous Withania somnifera roots (WSR) as ethanolic extract, or powder to alleviate heat stress on egg production and quality of heat stressed Japanese quail. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were carried out at Poultry Farm, Department of Animal Resource, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad. The Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science. Vol. LIX, 2016 ISSN 2285-5750; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5769; ISSN Online 2393-2260; ISSN-L 2285-5750
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200
EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTATION WITHANIA SOMNIFERA L. ROOTS
ON SOME EGG PRODUCTION AND QUALITY TRAITS OF HEAT STRESSED JAPANESE QUAILS
Dhia IBRAHIM1, Suad AHMAD1, Shalal HUSSAIN2
1College of Agriculture - University of Baghdad
2Iraqi Center for Cancer and Medical Genetics Research
Corresponding author email: [email protected] Abstract This study was carried out to investigate the anti-stress properties of local Withania somnifera roots, (WSR) in alleviating heat stress and improve egg production and quality in Iraq during summer season. The roots were used as ethanolic extract or crude powder. Ethanolic extract was done by using 70% ethanol. Three hundred Quail hens, 6 weeks (wks) old were used which were fed with standard basal diet containing 20% crude protein and 2903Kcal/Kg metabolizable energy and reared under high environmental temperature(27-37-27°C)and relative humidity (40-50%) and were randomly allocated to five groups as follows: Treatment (T0): control group without any supplementation; Treatment 1and 2(T1,T2) quails supplemented orally with a dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight(b.wt)/day ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera roots (WSRE; Treatment 3, 4(T3,T4) quails received Withania somnifera roots as powder (WSRP) mixed with the diet at the rate of 1or 2g/kg diet respectively. At 7,9,11,13 weeks of age and the total average of these weeks egg production and quality traits were calculated. Quails supplemented with roots powder at the rate of 1g/kg diet. (T3) were significantly higher (p≤0.05) in total average of egg production (%) than those received ethanolic extract (T1and T2). Also T3 was the best treatment in egg weight, feed conversion ratio, egg mass and albumin height. The supplemented groups T1, T2, T3 and T4did not differ significantly from control in yolk index and Haugh unit. Egg tests during experimental period showed that there were no appearances of blood spot and meat segments, and no significant differences between treatments concerning with egg flavour test. We can concluded that little benefit in using (WSR) under heat stress to improve egg production and quality and the result favourite T3. Key words: Withania somnifera roots, egg production, quails, ethanolic extract and powder, Heat stress. INTRODUCTION In many countries including, Iraq poultry production suffers from high environmental temperatures in summer for more than six months. High ambient temperature is one of the major factors affecting poultry industry (Al-Hassani and Al-Jebouri,1988). Thus, several researches have been done to investigate the role of supplementing certain medicinal plant in improving birds performance because, its cheap and safety instead of using chemical drug. Withania somnifera (WS), also known as Ashwahandha, and Indian ginseng, is mentioned in the ancient Ayurvedic literature (Ghadha, 1976). The plant grows widely in all dry parts of subtropical India. It is also found in the Mediterranean region, the Middle East and South Africa; and in Iraq. WS is an important medicinal plant widely used as a home remedy for several diseases in India as well as other parts of the world (Owais et al., 2005). The chemistry of WS, as a rich source of bioactive
compounds (Padmavathi et al., 2005) has been extensively studied. Twelve alkaloids, 35 with anolides and several sitoindosides from WS have been isolated (Matsuda et al., 2001; Ganzera et al., 2003; Jayaprakasam et al., 2003; Kaure et al., 2003). The pharmacological and therapeutic efficacy of this plant was well established (Dhuley, 2000). It has multifaceted medicinal properties-inducing antioxidant, adaptogen, aphrodisiac, liver tonic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial (Sandaram et al., 2011) There were no previous studies that examine the antistress and adaptogenic efficacy of indigenous Withania somnifera roots (WSR) as ethanolic extract, or powder to alleviate heat stress on egg production and quality of heat stressed Japanese quail. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiments were carried out at Poultry Farm, Department of Animal Resource, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad. The
Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science. Vol. LIX, 2016ISSN 2285-5750; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5769; ISSN Online 2393-2260; ISSN-L 2285-5750
experimental quails were brought from the Poultry Farm of Agriculture Foundation Re-search, Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq. Three hundred Hens quails 6 weeks (wks) old, 190-200g body weight (b.wt.) were fed with standard basal diet containing 20% crude protein and 2903Kcal/Kg ME (Table 1) All birds were in healthy conditions. The birds reared under environmental temperature (27-37-27°C) and relative humidity (40-50%). Diet and water were supplemented ad libitum. All birds were acclimatized to experimental condition for 14 day.
Table 1.Composition and calculated analysis of experimental diet
% Ingredient
56.1 Yellow corn 31.1 Soybean meal 5.0 Protein concentrate* 2.0 Vegetable oil 4.9 Limestone 0.6 Dicalcium phosphate 0.3 Food salt
*Type "Holdmix" manufactured in Jordan, every 1 Kg contain 40% crude protein, 7.5% fat, 2.5% crude fiber, 8% calcium, 2100 kcal ME, 2.30% phosphorus, 2.60% salt, 2.4% lysine, 1.7% methionine and cystine, 2500 IU vitamin D3, 300 mg vitamin B3, 10 mg vitamin B6, 200 mg vitamin E, 200 mg niacin, 500 mg iron, 600 mg zinc, 10 mg cobalt, 100000 IU vitamin A,10 mg vitamin B1, 100 mg vitamin B12, 20 mg vitamin K3, 0.5 mg Biotin, 80 mg pantothenic acid, 50 mg copper, 700 mg manganese, 2 mg Selenium and 5 mg folic acid. **calculated composition according to NRC, (1994). Fresh healthy plants of WS, 2-3 years old were collected from several places in Baghdad. The herb was identified and authenticated at the Iraqi National Herbarium, Abu Ghariab. The roots were separated, cleaned, washed, air dried in shades, crushed and became a powder by an electric grinder. The fresh powdered root of WS was extracted with 70% ethanol according to (Harborne et al., 1975). Quails were randomly distributed into five equal groups with three replicates for each group. The experimental treatments were as follows:
Treatment (T0): control group without any additions to diet; Treatments 1,2 (T1,T2): quails supplemented orally with a dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg b.wt. of ethanolic extract Withania somnifera roots (WSRE); Treatment 3,4 (T3,T4): quails supplemented with Withania somnifera roots as powder WSRP mixed with the diet at the rate of 1 or 2 g/kg diet. For ethanolic extract treatments (T1 and T2), a certain weight of the extract was suspended in a convenience amount of distilled water in order to prepare the dose of 50 mg/kg b.wt. for T1 and 100mg/kg b.wt for T2. These doses were administrated daily at 12.00 PM for every bird during entire experiment period, by using stomach tube which inserts the substance into the crop. For crude powder treatments, 1 and 2 g of fresh powder were mixed for every kg of T3 and T4 diet respectively. These diets were presented to hens daily, until the end of experiment. Eggs were collected daily at 9.00AM. Egg production (EP) was determined on daily- basis as the number of eggs laid by birds as hen's day (HD) production according to Naji and Hanna (1999). Ten freshly laid eggs were collected once weekly from each replicate. The eggs were weighed for average egg weight (EW) by using electronic scale with high precision strain gauge sensor system (400-SF). Egg mass (EM) was calculated according to Al-Zubaidy (1986) The egg shell was broken at the middle portion with the help of blunt end of knife; its contents were poured on perfectly levelled glass plate. The height of thick albumin was taken between the yolk and the outer border of thick albumen. Albumin height (AH) was measured with the help of micrometer with a least count of 0.001 mm after adjusting for the zero error on the plain glass plate. Yolk height (YH) was measured with the help of micrometer. Yolk diameter (YD) was measured with the help of digital Verne caliber (0.01 - 150 mm). Yolk index (YI) was calculated according to Card and Nesheim (1973). Haugh unit (HU) was measured according to the equation mentioned by Card and Nesheim (1973). The eggs were tested to determine the presence or absence of blood spot and meat segments.
201
experimental quails were brought from the Poultry Farm of Agriculture Foundation Re-search, Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq. Three hundred Hens quails 6 weeks (wks) old, 190-200g body weight (b.wt.) were fed with standard basal diet containing 20% crude protein and 2903Kcal/Kg ME (Table 1) All birds were in healthy conditions. The birds reared under environmental temperature (27-37-27°C) and relative humidity (40-50%). Diet and water were supplemented ad libitum. All birds were acclimatized to experimental condition for 14 day.
Table 1.Composition and calculated analysis of experimental diet
% Ingredient
56.1 Yellow corn 31.1 Soybean meal 5.0 Protein concentrate* 2.0 Vegetable oil 4.9 Limestone 0.6 Dicalcium phosphate 0.3 Food salt
*Type "Holdmix" manufactured in Jordan, every 1 Kg contain 40% crude protein, 7.5% fat, 2.5% crude fiber, 8% calcium, 2100 kcal ME, 2.30% phosphorus, 2.60% salt, 2.4% lysine, 1.7% methionine and cystine, 2500 IU vitamin D3, 300 mg vitamin B3, 10 mg vitamin B6, 200 mg vitamin E, 200 mg niacin, 500 mg iron, 600 mg zinc, 10 mg cobalt, 100000 IU vitamin A,10 mg vitamin B1, 100 mg vitamin B12, 20 mg vitamin K3, 0.5 mg Biotin, 80 mg pantothenic acid, 50 mg copper, 700 mg manganese, 2 mg Selenium and 5 mg folic acid. **calculated composition according to NRC, (1994). Fresh healthy plants of WS, 2-3 years old were collected from several places in Baghdad. The herb was identified and authenticated at the Iraqi National Herbarium, Abu Ghariab. The roots were separated, cleaned, washed, air dried in shades, crushed and became a powder by an electric grinder. The fresh powdered root of WS was extracted with 70% ethanol according to (Harborne et al., 1975). Quails were randomly distributed into five equal groups with three replicates for each group. The experimental treatments were as follows:
Treatment (T0): control group without any additions to diet; Treatments 1,2 (T1,T2): quails supplemented orally with a dose of 50 or 100 mg/kg b.wt. of ethanolic extract Withania somnifera roots (WSRE); Treatment 3,4 (T3,T4): quails supplemented with Withania somnifera roots as powder WSRP mixed with the diet at the rate of 1 or 2 g/kg diet. For ethanolic extract treatments (T1 and T2), a certain weight of the extract was suspended in a convenience amount of distilled water in order to prepare the dose of 50 mg/kg b.wt. for T1 and 100mg/kg b.wt for T2. These doses were administrated daily at 12.00 PM for every bird during entire experiment period, by using stomach tube which inserts the substance into the crop. For crude powder treatments, 1 and 2 g of fresh powder were mixed for every kg of T3 and T4 diet respectively. These diets were presented to hens daily, until the end of experiment. Eggs were collected daily at 9.00AM. Egg production (EP) was determined on daily- basis as the number of eggs laid by birds as hen's day (HD) production according to Naji and Hanna (1999). Ten freshly laid eggs were collected once weekly from each replicate. The eggs were weighed for average egg weight (EW) by using electronic scale with high precision strain gauge sensor system (400-SF). Egg mass (EM) was calculated according to Al-Zubaidy (1986) The egg shell was broken at the middle portion with the help of blunt end of knife; its contents were poured on perfectly levelled glass plate. The height of thick albumin was taken between the yolk and the outer border of thick albumen. Albumin height (AH) was measured with the help of micrometer with a least count of 0.001 mm after adjusting for the zero error on the plain glass plate. Yolk height (YH) was measured with the help of micrometer. Yolk diameter (YD) was measured with the help of digital Verne caliber (0.01 - 150 mm). Yolk index (YI) was calculated according to Card and Nesheim (1973). Haugh unit (HU) was measured according to the equation mentioned by Card and Nesheim (1973). The eggs were tested to determine the presence or absence of blood spot and meat segments.
202
Egg flavopresenting judges thatthe flavor the questiowhich incl2) accordin
TGrade
1 2 3 4 5
According to Ibr
A completthe Statistiused to adifference Duncans (to significa RESULTS The meanpercentageTable 3. Tbetween trEP.At 7 wdecreased compared wsignificantandT4 had(EP) compdiffer signsupplemen1g/kg die(p≤0.05) ireceived etStatistical presented iwere foundand the totwas reducand T3 as cof age. At 11 wkincreased T13 wk of aextract (T1at the rate
or test (Fboiled eg
t had high qof alimentaons presentude five grang to Ibrahim
Table 2. Grad
rahim and Hill (1
tely randomical Analysianalysis the
factors in1955) multant compari
S AND DIS
n values oe (Hen DayThere were reatments atwks of age(p ≤ 0.05)with T0, whly fromT0.
d significanpared toT1, nificantly amnted with roet (T3) wn total avethanolic extanalyses o
in Table 3. d between ttal average oced significcompared w
k of age tT3,T4 as comage treating 1and T2) an
of 1g/kg d
FT) was ggs randomqualificationary product ted in specades for flam and Hill
de of egg flavo
Flavor TestNo flavor Few flavor
Medium flavStrong flavo
Very strong fl
1980).
mized designis System- e data for
n the studietiple range ison betwee
SCUSSION
of egg proy (H.D %) no significt 9 and 11 es, EP wa) in T1 andhile T2 and T At 13 wk
nce increaseT2 and T0, mong eachoot powderere signifierage of (Etract (T1andof Egg weiNo significtreatments aof EW. The
cantly (p≤0with control
there werempared withquails with
nd with crudiet signific
evaluated mly to elen in evaluatand answer
cial applicatavor test (Ta(1980).
or test t
r vor or lavor
n -CRD witSAS 2010 wthe effect
ed paramettests was u
en means.
NS
oduction (are shown
ant differenwks of age
as significand T4 groupT3 didn’t diks of age, ed (p≤0.01)which did
h other. Qur at the rateicantly higEP) than thd T2). ight (EW)
cant differenat 7 wk of e values of E.01) in T1,group at 9 w
e a significh T0 and T1h root ethanude powder(cantly (p≤0.
ween treatments erences between tnificant differencn ± SE.
ble 4 showsegg (FCE) e to experim
hile, at the11,13 wks)
oups supplwder in cod with contproved sigmparison wre significaand 13 wksre significampared to T
shown in fferences iatments dur9 wks of agextract (T1nificantly (
oup and T3 significant
d hens in T0ns supplemnificance (pWSRE and13 wk of a
an others anm T1, T2,T3
W as compadiffer signi
of supplemennolic extract od egg weight o
high environm
mg/Kg b.wt WSRP, T4= 2g/Kg dieat (p≤0.05) in
treatments at (p≤es between treat
s that the rawhich did n
mental treate rest of , there weremented womparison wtrol. At 7 agnificantly with T1.Treantly (p≤0.0s of age andant improveT1 and T2.
Table 4, tn egg mring experimge. Hens su and T2) o(p≤0.05) loat 7 wk of difference
0. mented with
p≤0.05) incd control groage, T3 hadnd differed 3 and T0 .
ared to conificantly fro
nting Withaniaor crude powdof Japanese q
mental tempera
RE, T2 = 100 mget WSRP, *Signifn the same raw≤0.01) in the samtments, Values a
atio of feed not differ stments at 9 experiment
re an improwith roots with ethano
and 13 wks(p≤0.01)
eatments T01) better thd in total aveement (p≤0
there were mass (EM)mental periupplementeor as powdeower EM th
age, while es between
WSRP (T3creased EMoups at 11
d the highersignificantl
ntrol group,m T4.
a somnifera der on egg quail reared ature
g/Kg b.wt WSRE,ficant differencesw, **Significant
me raw), NS= Noare expressed as
conversionignificantlywk of age,
tal periodsovement in
as crudeolic extractof age, T3in (FCE)
T3 and T4han T1 at 7,erage, there0.05) in T3
significant) betweeniods exceptd with rooter (T4) hadhan controlthere werehens in T3
3andT4) hadM compared
wk of age.r EM valuely (p≤0.01)
,
, s t o s
n y , s n e t 3 ) 4 , e 3
t n t t d l e 3
d d . e )
Total averahens with values (p≤treatments(
Table 4.Efroots as e
conversion rund
T0 = control, T1 T3= 1g/Kg diet Wbetween treatmdifferences betwSignificant diffmean ± SE From Tablwks of agetreatments (AH). At AH (p≤0.0and T0 hadas compashowed nogroups coyolk heighwere foundexperimentStatistical presented conflict ithrough exT1 reduceother treatsignificantT3reduced T2and T4acantly as cTotal aversignificantT3. On the(T1, T2, T3from contr
age of EM s1g/kg diet
≤0.05) of (T1, T2, T4 a
ffect of suppleethanolic extraratio and egg mder high enviro
= 50 mg/Kg b.wWSRP, T4= 2g/K
ments at (p≤0.0ween treatments aferences between
le 5 it can be, no signif
were foun11 wk of a
01) than T1d significantared withTo significanompared wht (YH), nd between ttal periods (analysis
in Table (in differenxperimentaled significatments whily with T
significanalso at 13 wompared wrage of YDly (p≤0.05)
e other hand3 and T4) drol.
showed thatWSRP (TEM comp
and T0).
ementing Withact or crude pmass of Japanonmental temp
wt WSRE, T2 = 10Kg diet WSRP, *S5) in the sameat (p≤0.01) in th
n treatments, Val
be observed ficant differnd in egg aage, T3 gro. At 13 wktly (p≤0.05)1 group.
nt differencewith controno significatreatments (Table 5). of yolk d
(6) shows tnces amon periods. Aantly as cle at 9 wk
T2 meanwhntly compawk T1 incrith T0, T3,TD revealed higher valud, all suppledid not diffe
t supplemen3) gave hig
pared to ot
hania somniferpowder on feednese quails reaperature.
00 mg/Kg b.wt WSignificant differe raw, **Signie same raw), NSlues are express
that at 7 anrences betwalbumin heioup had higk of age, T) increased Total avere in all trea
ol. Concernant differenthroughout
diameter (Ythat there wng treatme
At 7 wk of ompared w
k T3 decreaile at 11
ared with reased sign
T4. d that T4ues than T1emented quer significan
nted gher ther
ra d ared
WSRE, rences ificant S= No sed as
nd 9 ween
ight gher 3,T4 AH
rage ated ning nces
the
YD) was ents age
with ased
wk T0,
nify-
had and
uails ntly
YoTabbetthe
Troh
T0 = T3= betwdiffeSignmean
Tro
dia
T0 = T3= betwdiffeSignmean Qu50 sigandsigwitsig
olk index (Yble 6 showtween treatme total avera
Table 5.Effect oots as ethanolheight and egg
under hi
control, T1 = 50 1g/Kg diet WSR
ween treatments erences between tnificant differencn ± SE
Table 6.Effect oots as ethanolameter and ind
en
control, T1 = 50 1g/Kg diet WSR
ween treatments erences between tnificant differencn ± SE.
uial hens sumg/kg b
nificantly (d T3 and T4nificantly (th T0, T2nificantly b
YI) paramewed no s
ments at 9, age.
of supplemenlic extract or c
g yolk height oigh environme
mg/Kg b.wt WSRP, T4= 2g/Kg dieat (p≤0.05) in
treatments at (p≤es between treat
of supplemenlic extract or cdex of Japanesnvironmental t
mg/Kg b.wt WSRP, T4= 2g/Kg dieat (p≤0.05) in
treatments at (p≤es between treat
pplementedb.wt (T1) (p≤0.05) coat 7 wk. A
(p≤0.05) inand T4, w
between each
eters that psignificant and 13 wks
nting Withaniacrude powder of Japanese quental tempera
RE, T2 = 100 mget WSRP, *Signifn the same raw≤0.01) in the samtments, Values a
nting Withaniacrude powder se quails rearetemperature
RE, T2 = 100 mget WSRP, *Signifn the same raw≤0.01) in the samtments, Values a
d WSRE at had incr
ompared wAt 11wk of ancreased YIwhich did ch others.
resented indifferences
s of age and
a somnifera on albumin
uails reared ture.
g/Kg b.wt WSRE,ficant differencesw, **Significant
me raw), NS= Noare expressed as
a somnifera on egg yolk
ed under high
g/Kg b.wt WSRE,ficant differencesw, **Significant
me raw), NS= Noare expressed as
the rate ofreased YI
with T0, T2,age, T3 hadI compared
not differ
n s d
, s t o s
, s t o s
f I ,
d d r
203
Egg flavopresenting judges thatthe flavor the questiowhich incl2) accordin
TGrade
1 2 3 4 5
According to Ibr
A completthe Statistiused to adifference Duncans (to significa RESULTS The meanpercentageTable 3. Tbetween trEP.At 7 wdecreased compared wsignificantandT4 had(EP) compdiffer signsupplemen1g/kg die(p≤0.05) ireceived etStatistical presented iwere foundand the totwas reducand T3 as cof age. At 11 wkincreased T13 wk of aextract (T1at the rate
or test (Fboiled eg
t had high qof alimentaons presentude five grang to Ibrahim
Table 2. Grad
rahim and Hill (1
tely randomical Analysianalysis the
factors in1955) multant compari
S AND DIS
n values oe (Hen DayThere were reatments atwks of age(p ≤ 0.05)with T0, whly fromT0.
d significanpared toT1, nificantly amnted with roet (T3) wn total avethanolic extanalyses o
in Table 3. d between ttal average oced significcompared w
k of age tT3,T4 as comage treating 1and T2) an
of 1g/kg d
FT) was ggs randomqualificationary product ted in specades for flam and Hill
de of egg flavo
Flavor TestNo flavor Few flavor
Medium flavStrong flavo
Very strong fl
1980).
mized designis System- e data for
n the studietiple range ison betwee
SCUSSION
of egg proy (H.D %) no significt 9 and 11 es, EP wa) in T1 andhile T2 and T At 13 wk
nce increaseT2 and T0, mong eachoot powderere signifierage of (Etract (T1andof Egg weiNo significtreatments aof EW. The
cantly (p≤0with control
there werempared withquails with
nd with crudiet signific
evaluated mly to elen in evaluatand answer
cial applicatavor test (Ta(1980).
or test t
r vor or lavor
n -CRD witSAS 2010 wthe effect
ed paramettests was u
en means.
NS
oduction (are shown
ant differenwks of age
as significand T4 groupT3 didn’t diks of age, ed (p≤0.01)which did
h other. Qur at the rateicantly higEP) than thd T2). ight (EW)
cant differenat 7 wk of e values of E.01) in T1,group at 9 w
e a significh T0 and T1h root ethanude powder(cantly (p≤0.
T0 = control, T1 T3= 1g/Kg diet WT4= 2g/Kg dietreatments. *Ibrahim and 3=intermediate fFlavor, 5=very s The resultusage of Wproductionstress counsupplemimprovemeas powder could be hincreased ithis groupmeans that
Haugh uns were obtat the study
during expewere no ap
segments. analysis prcant differeg with egg f
ffect of suppleanolic extract se quails reare
tem
T1 = 50 mg/Kg g/Kg diet WSRP
ferences between
Sensory evaluaapanese quails fera roots as et
atments T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
ficant level
= 50 mg/Kg b.wWSRP,
et WSRP, NS =
Hill (1980), Fflavor, 4=strong strong flavour.
ts of EP(HWSR did non of Japanesonditions
mented grouent in EP wat the rate
happened asin the amoup under het females bo
nit values, ained betwwks, and in
erimental pppearances
resented in ences betweflavor test (E
ementing Withor crude powded under high
mperature
b.wt WSRE, TP, T4= 2g/Kg d
n treatments, Val
ations for eggsupplemented
thanolic extracEvalu
wt WSRE, T2 = 10
= No significant
lavor: 1=No fl
H.D%) indiot significanse quail rea
in compup. Yet, it when the roo
of 1g/kg d a result of
unt of feed cat stress c
ody made us
no significeen treatmen total aver
periods showof blood s
Table 8 shoeen treatmeEF).
hania somniferder on haugh uenvironmenta
2 = 100 mg/Kgdiet WSRP, NS=lues are express
g flavor of head with Withanct or powder
uation degree* 3 3 3 3 3
NS
00 mg/Kg b.wt W
t differences bet
avor, 2=little fl
cated that ntly affect
ared under hparison wwas found
ots were addiet. This eff the significconsumptiononditions; se of bioac
cant ents rage
wed spot
ows ents
ra unit al
g b.wt = No
sed as
at nia
WSRE,
tween
flavor,
the egg heat with d an dded ffect cant n in this
ctive
comwheggal.,of al.,prowithigtheTheof Tin fThegrocouandrecRegsigwitmaandEP ThesupcorAHtreawhhadThein conroleinsResWSaffeandusepos CO Reghensigconweandexp
mponents ahich in –turng yolk pre2007), perhthe liver du2008), an
oduction, wth ethanolicgh environme advantage e significanT2 group cofeed intake e reduction
oups suppleuld result frd egg weigceived root agarding EMnificant incth both extray relate tod the inequax EW.
e absence opplemented rrelate withH due to treaated of he
hether as pod any effecte absence oeggs of q
ndition coue of WSRide ovarian sults of ESR as ethanfect this pard this coulde in layer ssibility for
Asli M.M., S.A. Hosseini, H. Lotfollahian, F. Shariatmadari, 2007. Effect of probiotics, yeast, Vitamin E and Vitamin C supplements on performance and Immune response of laying hen during high environmental temperature. Inter.J. Poult. Sci., 6(12):895-900.
Dhuley J.N., 2000. Adaptogenic and Cardioprotective action of Ashwagan-dha in rats and frogs. J. Ethnopharma, 70:57-63
Duncan D.B., 1955. Multiple ranges and multiple F test.Biometrics, 11:1-42.
Ganzera M., M.I. Choudhary, I.A. Khan, 2003. Quantitative HPLC analysis of withanolides in Withania somnifera. Fitoterapia., 74 : 68-76.
Ghadha Y.R., 1976. The Wealth of India (Raw materials), 58
Harikrishnan B., P. Subramanian, S. Suhash, 2008. Effect of Withania somnifera root powder on the levels of circulatory liquid Peroxidation and liver marker enzymes in chronic hyperammone-mia.E.J.Chems., 5(4):872-877.
Harborne J.B., T.J. Mabray, H. Mabray, 1975. Physiology and function of Flavonoids, 970. The Flavonoids, Academic press, New York.
Ibrahim I.K., Hill K., 1980. The effect of rapeseed meals from Brassica napus varieties and the variety tower on
the production and health of laying fowl. Poult.Sci., 21:423-430.
Jayaprakasam B., Y.J. Zhang, N.P. Seeram, M.G. Nair, 2003. Growth inhibition of tumor cell lines by Withanolides from Withania somnifera leaves. Life Sci., 74:125-132.
Kaur P., M. Sharma, S. Mathur, 2003. Effect of 1-oxo-5beta, 6beta-epoxy-witha-2-ene-27-ethoxy-olide isolated from the root of Withania somnifera on stress indices in Wistar rats. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 9: 897–907.
Matsuda H., T. Murakami, A. Kishi, M. Yoshikawa, 2001.Structures of withanosides I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII, new withanolide glycosides, from the roots of Indian Withania somnifera DUNAL and inhibitory activity for tachyphylaxis to clonidine in isolated guinea-pig ileum. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 9:1499–507
NajiS.A.H., A.G. Hanna, 1999.Commercial laying hens management. Arab Union of Food and Industry.Nesheim
N.RC. National Research Council, 1994. National Academy of Science. Nutrient Requirement of poultry 9th ed .Washington, USA.
Padmavathi B.,P.C.Rath,A.R.Rao, R.P.Singh,2005.Roots of Withania somnifera inhibit for stomach and skin carcinogenesis in mice. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med., 2 (1) : 99-105.
Sandaram S., P. Dwived, S. Purwar, 2011. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to bacterial Pathogens.Asian J.Biotech., 3:194-199.
SAS, 2010.Statistical Analysis System, User's Guide. Statistical. Version 9.1th ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary, N.C., USA.
205
Regarding differencesthroughout(Table 7). Egg tests dthat there and meat sStatistical no significconcerning
T0 = control, T1 T3= 1g/Kg diet WT4= 2g/Kg dietreatments. *Ibrahim and 3=intermediate fFlavor, 5=very s The resultusage of Wproductionstress counsupplemimprovemeas powder could be hincreased ithis groupmeans that
Haugh uns were obtat the study
during expewere no ap
segments. analysis prcant differeg with egg f
ffect of suppleanolic extract se quails reare
tem
T1 = 50 mg/Kg g/Kg diet WSRP
ferences between
Sensory evaluaapanese quails fera roots as et
atments T0 T1 T2 T3 T4
ficant level
= 50 mg/Kg b.wWSRP,
et WSRP, NS =
Hill (1980), Fflavor, 4=strong strong flavour.
ts of EP(HWSR did non of Japanesonditions
mented grouent in EP wat the rate
happened asin the amoup under het females bo
nit values, ained betwwks, and in
erimental pppearances
resented in ences betweflavor test (E
ementing Withor crude powded under high
mperature
b.wt WSRE, TP, T4= 2g/Kg d
n treatments, Val
ations for eggsupplemented
thanolic extracEvalu
wt WSRE, T2 = 10
= No significant
lavor: 1=No fl
H.D%) indiot significanse quail rea
in compup. Yet, it when the roo
of 1g/kg d a result of
unt of feed cat stress c
ody made us
no significeen treatmen total aver
periods showof blood s
Table 8 shoeen treatmeEF).
hania somniferder on haugh uenvironmenta
2 = 100 mg/Kgdiet WSRP, NS=lues are express
g flavor of head with Withanct or powder
uation degree* 3 3 3 3 3
NS
00 mg/Kg b.wt W
t differences bet
avor, 2=little fl
cated that ntly affect
ared under hparison wwas found
ots were addiet. This eff the significconsumptiononditions; se of bioac
cant ents rage
wed spot
ows ents
ra unit al
g b.wt = No
sed as
at nia
WSRE,
tween
flavor,
the egg heat with d an dded ffect cant n in this
ctive
comwheggal.,of al.,prowithigtheTheof Tin fThegrocouandrecRegsigwitmaandEP ThesupcorAHtreawhhadThein conroleinsResWSaffeandusepos CO Reghensigconweandexp
mponents ahich in –turng yolk pre2007), perhthe liver du2008), an
oduction, wth ethanolicgh environme advantage e significanT2 group cofeed intake e reduction
oups suppleuld result frd egg weigceived root agarding EMnificant incth both extray relate tod the inequax EW.
e absence opplemented rrelate withH due to treaated of he
hether as pod any effecte absence oeggs of q
ndition coue of WSRide ovarian sults of ESR as ethanfect this pard this coulde in layer ssibility for
Asli M.M., S.A. Hosseini, H. Lotfollahian, F. Shariatmadari, 2007. Effect of probiotics, yeast, Vitamin E and Vitamin C supplements on performance and Immune response of laying hen during high environmental temperature. Inter.J. Poult. Sci., 6(12):895-900.
Dhuley J.N., 2000. Adaptogenic and Cardioprotective action of Ashwagan-dha in rats and frogs. J. Ethnopharma, 70:57-63
Duncan D.B., 1955. Multiple ranges and multiple F test.Biometrics, 11:1-42.
Ganzera M., M.I. Choudhary, I.A. Khan, 2003. Quantitative HPLC analysis of withanolides in Withania somnifera. Fitoterapia., 74 : 68-76.
Ghadha Y.R., 1976. The Wealth of India (Raw materials), 58
Harikrishnan B., P. Subramanian, S. Suhash, 2008. Effect of Withania somnifera root powder on the levels of circulatory liquid Peroxidation and liver marker enzymes in chronic hyperammone-mia.E.J.Chems., 5(4):872-877.
Harborne J.B., T.J. Mabray, H. Mabray, 1975. Physiology and function of Flavonoids, 970. The Flavonoids, Academic press, New York.
Ibrahim I.K., Hill K., 1980. The effect of rapeseed meals from Brassica napus varieties and the variety tower on
the production and health of laying fowl. Poult.Sci., 21:423-430.
Jayaprakasam B., Y.J. Zhang, N.P. Seeram, M.G. Nair, 2003. Growth inhibition of tumor cell lines by Withanolides from Withania somnifera leaves. Life Sci., 74:125-132.
Kaur P., M. Sharma, S. Mathur, 2003. Effect of 1-oxo-5beta, 6beta-epoxy-witha-2-ene-27-ethoxy-olide isolated from the root of Withania somnifera on stress indices in Wistar rats. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 9: 897–907.
Matsuda H., T. Murakami, A. Kishi, M. Yoshikawa, 2001.Structures of withanosides I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII, new withanolide glycosides, from the roots of Indian Withania somnifera DUNAL and inhibitory activity for tachyphylaxis to clonidine in isolated guinea-pig ileum. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 9:1499–507
NajiS.A.H., A.G. Hanna, 1999.Commercial laying hens management. Arab Union of Food and Industry.Nesheim
N.RC. National Research Council, 1994. National Academy of Science. Nutrient Requirement of poultry 9th ed .Washington, USA.
Padmavathi B.,P.C.Rath,A.R.Rao, R.P.Singh,2005.Roots of Withania somnifera inhibit for stomach and skin carcinogenesis in mice. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med., 2 (1) : 99-105.
Sandaram S., P. Dwived, S. Purwar, 2011. In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) to bacterial Pathogens.Asian J.Biotech., 3:194-199.
SAS, 2010.Statistical Analysis System, User's Guide. Statistical. Version 9.1th ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary, N.C., USA.