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Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University
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Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Dec 20, 2015

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Page 1: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms

Mary Barbercheck Dept. of EntomologyPenn State University

Page 2: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

In 1 teaspoon of agricultural soil there are…In 1 teaspoon of agricultural soil there are…

Bacteria 100 million to 1 billion

Fungi 6-9 ft fungal strands put end to end

Protozoa Several thousand flagellates & amoebaOne to several hundred ciliates

Nematodes 10 to 20 bacterial feeders and a few fungal feeders

Arthropods Up to 100

Earthworms 5 or more

Page 3: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.
Page 4: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Elliot & Coleman. 1988. Ecol. Bull. 39: 23-32

Page 5: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Some Goals of Soil Management

• Manage system for productivity and beneficial processes

• Improvement in abiotic and biotic properties of soil

• Improvement of plant health

• Conservation of beneficial organisms

• Suppression of pests

Page 6: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Crop Rotations

Reduce Pest Habitat

Provide Beneficial Habitat

Know Your Pest

Minimal Pesticide Use

Above-Ground Diversity toFavor Beneficials

Pest and Disease Suppression

Minimal Use of SyntheticPesticides & Fertilizers

Minimize Tillage to Conserve OM

Crop Rotations

Add Organic Matter

Below-Ground Diversity

Healthy Soil

Page 7: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Effects of Agricultural Management on Soil Arthropods

• Densities are much lower than in unmanaged systems, regardless of level and types of inputs

• Favors bacteria over fungi

• Soil arthropods tend to consume fungi

Predators(@ 10% of consumers)

Consumers(@ 10% of producers)

Producers

Energy Pyramid

(After Moldenke, 2002)

Page 8: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Implication of Bacterial Dominance in SoilTypical Ratio B:F >10:1

(After Moldenke, 2002)

Predatory Arthropods (0.0001x)

Predators of BFN (0.001x)

BF Nemas (0.01x)

Protozoa (0.1x)

Bacteria (x)

Predatory Arthropods (0.01x)

FF Invertebrates (0.1x)

Fungi (x)

Bacterial-based Fungal-based

Page 9: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Some Factors Affected by Tillage

• Soil Moisture • Soil Temperature • Range of Temperature

and Moisture Fluctuations

• Surface Residue • Soil Fauna Abundance

and Diversity• Plant Diversity• Favors Bacteria > Fungi

Page 10: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Tillage Effects on Soil Arthropod Abundance & Diversity in Corn

Goldsboro, NC

No Till Conv. Till

No. 2781 1369

Richness 107 88

Simpson .135 .058

Shannon 2.93 3.38

Evenness .396 .566

• Richness: No. of taxa

• Simpson’s: probability that 2 species selected at random will be the same; 0 to 1; diversity decreases as index increases

• Shannon’s: uncertainty in predicting identity of organism chosen at random; equals zero when only 1 species present

• Evenness: 1=all taxa in similar numbers, as approach 0, divergence from evenness, some taxa more dominant

Page 11: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Effects of Tillage on Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Maize

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.4

5/14/

1997

5/21/

1997

5/28/

1997

6/4/1

997

6/11/

1997

6/18/

1997

6/25/

1997

7/2/1

997

7/9/1

997

7/16/

1997

7/23/

1997

7/30/

1997

8/6/1

997

8/13/

1997

8/20/

1997

8/27/

1997

9/3/1

997

Ave

. No.

/Cor

e

Conventional No-till

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.4

5/14/

1997

5/21/

1997

5/28/

1997

6/4/1

997

6/11/

1997

6/18/

1997

6/25/

1997

7/2/1

997

7/9/1

997

7/16/

1997

7/23/

1997

7/30/

1997

8/6/1

997

8/13/

1997

8/20/

1997

8/27/

1997

9/3/1

997

Ave

. No.

/Cor

e

No-till Conventional

S. carpocapsae

S. riobrave

00.20.40.60.8

11.21.4

5/14/

1997

5/21/

1997

5/28/

1997

6/4/1

997

6/11/

1997

6/18/

1997

6/25/

1997

7/2/1

997

7/9/1

997

7/16/

1997

7/23/

1997

7/30/

1997

8/6/1

997

8/13/

1997

8/20/

1997

8/27/

1997

9/3/1

997

Ave

. No.

/Cor

e

Conventional No-till

H. bacteriophora

Millar & Barbercheck, 2002

Page 12: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Effects of Tillage and Cover Crops on Pest & Beneficial Arthropods in Soil

Peachy et al. 2002. Applied Soil Ecology 21: 59-70

0

20

40

60

80

100

Mustard Barley Rye Fallow Oats

Sym

ph

ylla

ns/

m2

Conv. Till Direct Seed Till

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Mustard Fallow Barley Oats Rye

Pre

dat

ors

/m2

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

CC

Dry

Mat

ter

MT

/ha

Macropredators Pred. Mites CC Dry Matter

Page 13: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Effects of Cover Crop Rye Managementin Reduced Tillage Corn

Clark et al. 1993. J. Entomol. Sci. 28: 404-416

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Me

an

No

./Plo

t

Predatorsa

ab

bc

c

Page 14: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Effects of Cover Crop Rye Managementin Reduced Tillage Corn

Clark et al. 1993. J. Entomol. Sci. 28: 404-416

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Mea

n N

um

ber

Roll Paraquat Remove Fallow/Disk

a a

ab

b

a

a a

b

a

b b

b

Page 15: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Effect of Organic & Mineral Fertilizers in AlfalfaFratello et al. 1989. Agric. Ecosyst. Envt. 27: 227-239

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

#/m

2 (

x 1

00

0)

Collembola Mites Other

Page 16: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Effect of Compost Type on Microbial Biomass N and Soil Arthropods

Gunadi et al. 2002. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 38:161-165

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

mg

/kg

Paper

Cow Manure

Food Waste

Compost

Microbial Biomass N

1

10

100

1000

10000

Lo

g M

ea

n N

um

be

r

PaperCow M

anureFood W

asteCom

post

Mites Collembola Other

Vermicomposts

72 6 4 Trophic Groups

Page 17: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Systems Experiment 1999-2002Microarthropods Cumulative Average

020

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Ave

. #/C

ore

Pasture BMPCT

Trees BMPNT

OldField

Organic

Other

Coll.

Mites

Barbercheck, unpubl.

Page 18: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.
Page 19: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Systems Experiment 1999-2002EPN & EPF Cumulative Average

0

2

4

6

8

10

Ave

. #/C

ore

Organic BMP CT Pasture BMP NT Trees Old Field

S.c. H.b. S.g. Fungi

Barbercheck, unpubl.

Page 20: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

BMP for Management of Soil Organisms

• Systems effects can arise from very complex direct and indirect interactions

• Minimize compaction• Provide continuous energy

(e.g., cover crops)• Reduce tillage to favor

fungal-based food webs• Provide refuges for mobile

predators• Rotate crops to reduce pest

organisms• Reduce use of biocides

Cosmochthonius (Oribatida)

D. Walter

Page 21: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

Web Resources

• Soil Biodiversity Portal www.fao.org/ag/AGL/agll/soilbiod/default.htm

• Soil Biology Primer

http://www.swcs.org

• USDA Soil Quality Institute http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/

• Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areashttp://www.attra.org/

• Earthworms: The agriculturist’s friend http://www.eap.mcgill.ca/publications/eap6.htm

Page 22: Effects of Soil Management on Soil Organisms Mary Barbercheck Dept. of Entomology Penn State University.

The End

Photo by M. Greenwood