Effects of Coco Gum Wastewater on the Germination of Selected Agricultural Crops

EFFECTS OF COCO GUM WASTEWATER ON THE GERMINATION OF

SELECTED AGRICULTURAL SEEDS

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to

The Faculty of Natural and Physical Sciences

University of Southeastern Philippines

Bo. Obrero, Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology

Angel Mae N. Cabaylo

March 2009

ii

APPROVAL SHEET

This undergraduate thesis hereto attached, entitled “Effects of Coco Gum

Wastewater on the Germination of Selected Agricultural Crops”, prepared and

submitted by Angel Mae N. Cabaylo, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Biology is hereby recommended for approval; and

acceptance.

Approved by the Committee on Oral Defense:

ENGR. MARY VIVIEN S. JALA DR. LOURDES C. GENERALAO

Member Member

DR. HILARIO L.WONG, JR.

Adviser

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science

in Biology.

DR. FLORENCE H. GUERRA

Dean, College of Arts and Sciences

iii

ABSTRACT

Effects of Coco Gum Wastewater on the Germination of Selected Agricultural Seeds

Angel Mae N. Cabaylo

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of coco gum wastewater applied

at different concentrations (100% concentration and 50% concentration) on the seed

germination of pechay seeds, mungbean seeds, and corn seeds grown in petri dishes. The

pH level was also measured in the three treatments used. The results obtained showed

that seed germination of pechay seeds, mungbean seeds, and corn seeds was significantly

reduced as the concentration of coco gum wastewater increased. As observed in the

experiment, white spots were present on the seeds applied with coco gum wastewater.

Moreover, the pH of the coco gum wastewater was observed to be acidic. This could

likely hinder seed germination of the tested seeds.

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Table of Contents

APPROVAL SHEET .......................................................................................................... ii

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii

List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi

List of Figures .................................................................................................................... vi

Appendices ....................................................................................................................... viii

Chapter I.............................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1

Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................ 3

Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................... 3

Significance of the Study ................................................................................................ 3

Scope and Limitation of the Study .................................................................................. 4

Definition of Terms ......................................................................................................... 5

Chapter II ............................................................................................................................ 6

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES .................................................................... 6

Refining of Crude Coconut Oil ................................................................................... 6

Coconut Gum ............................................................................................................... 7

Different Effect of Wastewater on the Germination of Some Crop Plants ................. 7

Mungbean .................................................................................................................. 10

The Effect on Seed Germination of Mungbean Seeds Applied with Different

Treatments ................................................................................................................. 11

Pechay ........................................................................................................................ 12

Corn ........................................................................................................................... 12

Corn Germination and Emergence ............................................................................ 13

Chapter III ......................................................................................................................... 16

METHODS AND MATERIALS .................................................................................. 16

Duration, Location and Experimental Materials of the Study ................................... 16

Collection and Description of Test Product .............................................................. 16

Source and Preparation of Seeds ............................................................................... 16

Experimental Design and Treatments ........................................................................ 17

v

Germination Test Set-up ............................................................................................ 17

Data Collection .......................................................................................................... 18

Statistical Treatment .................................................................................................. 18

Chapter IV ......................................................................................................................... 19

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................. 19

Chapter V .......................................................................................................................... 33

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..................................... 33

Summary .................................................................................................................... 33

Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 34

Recommendation ....................................................................................................... 35

Literatures Cited................................................................................................................ 36

APPENDICES .................................................................................................................. 38

CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................................... 53

vi

List of Tables

Table 1. Probation Outcomes of Corn Seeds Germination ............................................... 25

Table 2. Probation Outcomes of Mungbean Seeds Germination ...................................... 26

Table 3. Probation Outcomes of Pechay Seeds Germination ........................................... 27

Table 4. Probit Analysis for the Germination of Corn Seeds, Mungbean Seeds, and

Pechay Seeds ..................................................................................................................... 28

Table 5. Prediction Numbers of Germinated Corn Seeds on Various Concentration of

Coco Gum ......................................................................................................................... 30

Table 6. Prediction Numbers of Germinated Mungbean Seeds on Various Concentration

of Coco Gum ..................................................................................................................... 31

Table 7. Prediction Numbers of Germinated Pechay Seeds on Various Concentration of

Coco Gum ......................................................................................................................... 32

List of Figures

Figure 1. Acid Degumming Process ................................................................................... 7

Figure 2. Germination Percentage of Corn Seeds, Mungbean seeds, and Pechay Seeds . 19

Figure 3. pH Level of Treatments and Number of Seeds Germinated..............................21

Figure 4. Germination Performance of Mungbeans Seeds ............................................... 22

Figure 5. Germination Performance of Corn Seeds .......................................................... 23

Figure 6. Germination Performance of Pechay Seeds.......................................................24

vii

Appendices

Appendix AMeasuring the pH of the three treatments ..................................................... 39

Appendix B Analysis Result of Coco Gum Wastewater .................................................. 40

Appendix C Tap Water Treatment – Day 5 ...................................................................... 41

Appendix D 100% Coco Gum Wastewater Treatment – Day 5 ....................................... 42

Appendix E 50% Coco Gum and 50% Tap Water Treatment -Day 5 .............................. 43

Appendix F Germination Performance of Corn Seeds Applied with Tap Water (Day 1-

Day 5)................................................................................................................................ 44

Appendix G Germination Performance of Pechay Seeds Applied with Tap Water (Day 1-

Day 5)................................................................................................................................ 45

Appendix H Germination Performance of Mungbean Seeds Applied with Tap Water

(Day 1-Day 5) ................................................................................................................... 46

Appendix I Germination Performance of Corn Seeds Applied with 100% Coco Gum

(Day 1-Day 5) ................................................................................................................... 47

Appendix J Germination Performance of Pechay Seeds Applied with 100% Coco Gum

(Day 1-Day 5) ................................................................................................................... 48

Appendix K Germination Performance of Mungbean Seeds Applied with 100% Coco

Gum (Day 1-Day 5) .......................................................................................................... 49

Appendix L Germination Performance of Corn Seeds Applied with 50% Coco Gum +

50% Tap Water (Day 1-Day 5) ......................................................................................... 50

Appendix M Germination Performance of Pechay Seeds Applied with 50% Coco Gum +

50% Tap Water (Day 1-Day 5) ......................................................................................... 51

Appendix N Germination Performance of Mungbean Seeds Applied with 50% Coco

Gum + 50% Tap Water (Day 1-Day 5) ............................................................................. 52

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Wastewater irrigation and fertilization is an established agricultural practice

worldwide. Its reuse in agriculture is driven not only by the appreciable quantities of

essential nutrients it contains, which are needed for plant growth, but also by the

increasing scarcity of freshwater for irrigation. Applied in a judicious way, they improve

crop growth and soil quality. The use of distillery slops (the stillage obtained after the

distillation of the beer) as fertilizer for sugarcane and its beneficial effects to the crops

and soil has been documented in the Philippines and other countries as well. Likewise,

the use of distillery slops from molasses-based distilleries called post-methanated

distillery effluent (PMDE) as oil amendment or as a supplement to irrigation water was

reported by several researchers to improve crop growth, and physical, chemical and

biological properties of soil (Joshi et al., 2000; Jain et al., 2005; Pathak et al., 1999; Sison

et al., 2005).

Oleochemical plants usually generate voluminous wastewater throughout the

production process. The Pilipinas Kao Incorporated alone generates liquid waste called

coco gum liquid refinery waste from the primary processing of crude coconut oil (CNO)

into fatty alcohol. This liquid waste is treated with lime to bring the pH to 6.0 before

disposal. Analysis of the liquid waste revealed that it contains minerals needed for plant

growth. Although nutrient concentrations in the material tend to be low, large volume of

liquid are often available for value-added applications like using it as fertilizer or as

wastewater irrigation. Being liquid, the application of the material serves as a dual

2

purpose for fertilizing and irrigating the crop. But, like other liquid wastes, long-term

application in the soil might have impact on soil quality and the quality of ground water

and nearby surface water thus, a need to monitor them (Department of Agriculture

Administrative Order #26 s 2007).

Successful value-added applications would, likewise, reduce the cost and concern

of its disposal. Given the high potential nutrient of the coco gum liquid, this study

determined the effects of coco gum liquid on the germination of corn (cereal), pechay

(leafy vegetable) and mungbean (legume) and evaluated the effect of varying

concentrations of coco gum wastewater on the germination of corn (cereal), pechay (leafy

vegetable) and mungbean (legume).

3

Statement of the Problem

This experiment sought answers to the following:

1. What is the effect of the coco gum wastewater on the seed germination of

mungbean seeds (legume), pechay seeds (leafy vegetable), and corn seeds

(cereal) applied with coco gum wastewater?

2. Is there a significant difference on the effect of the different concentration of

coco gum on the germination of mungbean seeds (legume), pechay seeds

(leafy vegetable), and corn seeds (cereal).

Objectives of the Study

The study aimed to determine the effect of coco gum wastewater on the

germination of mungbean (legume), pechay (leafy vegetable), and corn seeds (cereal) and

to evaluate the effect of varying concentration of coco gum wastewater on the

germination of the test seeds.

Significance of the Study

The world nowadays is facing different problems such as global crisis,

population increase, food shortage and the most harmful is the environmental problem.

This environmental problem brought about pollution in the surroundings such as air

pollution and water pollution. Usually in developed countries, there is an increasing rate

of industrialization and disposal of industrial waste into the water and air. Industrial

wastes contain poisonous salts, alkalies, acid, odor, gases, insecticides and pesticides and

4

these wastes are thrown into the canals, streams, and rivers causing deterioration on the

quality of water (Malik, 2003; Bokhari, 2003; Dasti, 2003; Abidi, 2003).

It has been found out that coconut gum contains minerals that are needed by the

plant growth. Assessing the various wastewater effluents from industries on its effect on

the vegetations would lead to another discovery of potential irrigation water and even

fertilizer. Instead of disposing it and polluting the bodies of water, it may be used as an

alternative irrigation water or even fertilizer. In such way, the industry may contributes a

significant effect on the environment (Joshi et al., 2000;Jain et al., 2005; Pathak et al.,

1999). Thus, this study would be providing first hand information on the effect of coco

gum wastewater on the seed germination of the selected agricultural crops.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study focused on the effect of coco gum wastewater on the germination of

mungbean (legume), pechay (leafy vegetable), and corn seeds (cereal). Different kinds of

agricultural crops were represented on the test seeds. Furthermore, the different

treatments are the following: treatment 1 – control tap water, treatment 2 – 100% coco

gum, and treatment 3 – 50% coco gum and 50% tap water. This study observed the

different treatments for five days. This study also evaluated the effect of the different

concentration of coco gum.

5

Definition of Terms

Coco gum wastewater is a liquid waste from the primary processing of crude coconut

oil (CNO). It is a cloudy solution with suspended particles. This was used in the

study to which the seeds were treated.

Effects refer to the success or failure of the test seeds to germinate applied with different

concentrations of coco gum wastewater.

Germination refers to the growth of embryonic plant from the test seeds for five days

grown in petri dish.

Selected agricultural seeds refer to the corn, mungbean, and pechay seeds. These seeds

were used in the experiment as test seeds and applied with different concentration

of coco gum wastewater.

6

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

Refining of Crude Coconut Oil

Crude oils, as received from the extraction plant, contain several non-triglyceride

components which must be removed. The purpose of refining step is to lower the level of

these nonfatty glyceride materials to zero or at least neglible values. The quantities of

these materials present in crude coconut oil may be given pretreatment such as

degumming. The aims of degumming operation is emulsifying the action of

phospholipids which leads to increased of oil losses during alkali refining and gums lead

brown discoloration of oil after heating during deodorization (http://food.ege.edu.tr

/sunumlar/OIL%20AND%20FAT%20TECHNOLOGY%20LECTURES%20I.ppt.).

Dry acid degumming is particularly suitable for processing oils with low gum

contents such as palm oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil or animal fats. Intensive mixing is

implemented following addition of acid to the pre-heated crude oil. The conditioned

gums are absorbed into the bleaching earth and are separated by filtration. The benefits of

dry acid degumming process are efficiency as a result of low energy consumption, low

operation and maintenance costs, long service life (components are acid proof), low

investment costs, and environment-friendly with less wastewater or no soap stock occur

(http://food.ege.edu.tr/sunumlar/OIL%20AND%20FAT%20TECHNOLOGY%20LECT

URES%20I.ppt.).

7

Steps in acid degumming process are the following: heating the oil to 60 to 70 oC,

acid addition and mixing, hydration mixing for 30 minutes, centrifugal separation of

hydrated gums, vacuum drying of degummed oil and gums are separated as a form of

wastewater (http://food.ege.edu.tr/sunumlar/OIL%20AND%20FAT%20TECHNOLOGY

%20LECTURES%20I.ppt.).

Figure 1. Acid Degumming Process

Coconut Gum

The coconut oil is refined to remove coconut gum and phosphatides. These

substances naturally occur in the oil which leads to brown discoloration of oil and has an

unpleasant odor. Coconut gum is removed to produce a better quality of oil and to make

it edible. According to the analysis of the coconut gum it contains materials that are

needed for the plant growth such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sodium, sulphur, iron, copper, manganese, and zinc (Punchihewa and

Arancon, 2001).

8

Different Effect of Wastewater on the Germination of Some Crop Plants

Bazai and Achakzai (2006), studied the effect of five various level of polluted

water from three different localities of Quetta city (viz, Chiltan Ghee Mill, Chiltan Town

and Zarghoon Town) on seed germination and seedling growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa

L.). The lettuce was taken as a test plant and its seeds were germinated in petri dishes in

the laboratory. Results showed that seed germination was significantly reduced and

delayed as the concentration of wastewater increased. Seedling growth also showed

adverse effect in response to increasing level of polluted water. It can be safely concluded

that polluted water is becoming a threat for the crops with the passage of time as more

and more wastes are becoming the part of it. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the

effects of polluted water on plants. Through awareness campaigns the communities in

general and notables in particular, should be made aware of the harmful effects of the

activity within the traditional norms and practices.

Garg and Kaushik (2007), reported the effect of textile mill wastewater on the

seed germination and growth of sorghum cultivars. The study evaluated the effect of

textile mill wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 6.25, 12.5,

25, 50, 75 and 100%) for irrigation purposes. The study shows that the textile effluent did

not show any inhibitory effect on seed germination at lower concentration (6.25%). The

other reported plant parameters also followed the similar trend. Seeds germinated in

100% effluents but did not survive for longer periods. It was concluded that the effect of

textile effluent is cultivar-specific and due care should be taken before using the textile

mill wastewater for irrigation purpose.

9

Malik and company (2003), studied the effect of wastewater effluents from a

tannery on the growth of some crop plants. The result of analysis of wastewater from M.

Muzaffar-ud-Din Tannery showed that it was highly saline having the water quality class

C4-S1. The qualitative analysis of residue from the wastewater showed the presence of

sodium, potassium and chlorides. The effects of wastewater and its dilutions on seed

germination and seedling growth of Brassica campestris and Triticum aestivum were

studied. The results generally indicated no inhibitory effect on seed germination but as

regards the seedling growth, the wastewater as such had the greatest depressive effect,

followed by the wastewater with 1:1 and 1:3 dilutions. Survival, appearance and growth

of plants of Brassica campestris was not salt-tolerant. The appearance and growth of the

surviving plants of Tritivum aestivum were not affected in any of the irrigation

treatments, which indicated that Triticum aestivium was relatively salt tolerant. It can be

concluded that the wastewater effluent from Muzaffar-ud-Din Tannery is unfit for

agricultural use and it may have deleterious effect on soils when used for irrigation

purposes causing salinity and sodicity problems unless proper management techniques

are adopted.

Ahmad and company (2003), studied the response of sugarcane to treated

wastewater of oil refinery. The sugarcane growth was better when irrigated with treated

wastewater of oil refinery than control (groundwater). The soil receiving wastewater did

not show any changes in physicochemical characteristics. The soil accumulated all the

heavy metals but the sugarcane accumulated nickel, lead, and zinc only whose values

were much lesser than the permissible limits.

10

Gulfraz and company (2003), evaluated the suitability of different industrial

effluents (textile mill, oil refinery, soap and detergent mill, hydrogenated oil mill and

rubber industry) for irrigation purposes in wheat crop. The germination of wheat seeds

was most affected by textile mill wastewater followed by soap and detergent, oil refinery,

hydrogenated oil and rubber industry wastewater. It was concluded that wastewater

should not be discharged in agricultural crops or water stream. It was also recommended

that industries should install wastewater treatment plants to protect the crops.

Mungbean

Mungbean is an important legume crop cultivated in many developing countries.

The mungbean sprout is a traditional vegetable in China and Southeast Asia. It is

prepared in many dishes. However, mungbean sprout is not well known in South Asia,

Africa and most other mungbean-producing countries where a vast potential for its

commercial production, consumption, and export exists. Mungbean sprout production is a

simple germination process that requires neither sunlight nor soil; it has no season

limitations. The process is completed in just 4 to 8 days. The sprout production is

extremely inexpensive, requiring only mungbean seeds, sprouting containers and water as

inputs. It can, therefore, be practiced even by poor farmers in augmenting their meager

resources. Mungbean sprouts serve as a good alternative vegetable and source of income.

This is especially true during hot wet summer and rainy season when there is acute

shortage of fresh vegetables, or in the event of crop losses. The pH preference level of

mungbean is 5.5 to 6.5 (Lal and Shanmugasundaram, 2000).

Sprouting of the mungbeans occurs in six stages: (1) beans are swollen after 8

hours of soaking, (2) seeds start germinating one day after soaking, (3) seeds germinate

11

fully 2 to 3 days after soaking with 1 to 2 cm long sprouts, (4) sprouts increase in length

to 2 to 3-cm after 3 to 4 days soaking, (5) sprouts increase in length to 2 to 3 cm after 3 to

4 days soaking and in most countries, the standard marketable sprouts are at least 5 cm

long, and (6) sprouts grow farther, reaching a length of 8 to 9 cm after 6 to 8 days of

soaking (Lal and Shanmugasundaram, 2000).

The Effect on Seed Germination of Mungbean Seeds Applied with Different

Treatments

De and Kar (1995), studied Seed germination and seedling growth of mungbean

(Vigna radiata) under water stress induced by PEG-6000. Seed germination and seedling

growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) were studied at different levels of water stress

induced by PEG-6000. Both germination and seedling growth (root and shoot length)

declined with increasing water stress. Increase in fresh weight was also prevented by

water stress. When a short term (24 hours) water stress was imposed at different days

during incubation, both root and shoot growth were relatively less affected in case of

seedlings exposed to PEG solution (-1.0 MPa) on 2nd and 5th day after the start of

imbibitions. Exposure of seeds to changing water potential at the beginning of incubation,

when imbibitions did not start (as evident from water uptake kinetics during early

imbibition phase), affected germination during subsequent days of incubation. When the

water stress was imposed on germinated seeds after radicle emergence in distilled water,

root growth was not much affected up to -1.0 MPa.

Nagda, Diwan, and Ghole (2006), conducted an experiment on seed germination

bioassays to assess toxicity of molasses fermentation based bulk drug industry effluent.

Wastewater from a molasses fermentation based bulk drug industry rich in organic matter

12

and phenols was treated with waste Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) leaves as a primary

biosorption treatment. About 89% phenols were removed during the treatment with 56%

reduction in organic matter and 36% decrease in effluent volume. The resultant treated

effluent as well as raw effluent was subjected to seed germination bioassays using wheat

(Triticum aestivum Lin.) and mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) seeds. A laboratory

experiment to study the effect of different concentrations (0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, and

100%) of raw and treated effluents on germination index, fresh leaf weight and

chlorophyll contents in mung bean and wheat was carried out. In a crop-specific

response, mung bean and wheat showed enhanced growth in 50% and 25% dilutions of

treated effluent and in 25% and 10% dilutions of raw effluent respectively. Biosorption of

phenols from raw effluent by tendu leaf refuse rendered the effluent.

Pechay

Pechay (Brassica napus L. var. Black Behi) is one of the most important

cultivated crops in the Philippines (DA-BAR, 2005). Pechay belongs to the family of

cabbage and known as one the oldest green vegetable in Asia. The leaves of pechay can

grow from 15 to 30 cm. Pechay is one of the favorite ingredients in soups and stews

although, it is not tasty by itself, it needs some salt and other flavors to be added. The

leaves are mild flavored, green, and less crisp compare with other cabbages

(http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/vegetables3.htm). It can be adapted to wide range of

temperature. Pechay can grow in any type of soil that has an adequate moisture supply

and well-drained soil rich in organic matter. The pH preference level of pechay is 6.0 to

6.5 (DA-BAR.2005).

13

Corn

Corn is one of the most commonly grown foods in the world. The seed can be

eaten raw or cooked before it is fully ripe and there are varieties especially developed for

this purpose (the sweet corns) that have very sweet seeds and are delicious. The mature

seed can be dried and used whole or ground into flour. It has a very mild flavour and is

used especially as a thickening agent in foods such as custards. The starch is often

extracted from the grain and used in making confectionery, noodles etc. The dried seed of

certain varieties can be heated in an oven when they burst to make popcorn. The seed can

also be sprouted and used in making uncooked breads and cereals. The pH preference

level of corn is 6.0 to 8.0. (http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Zea+mays)

Corn Germination and Emergence

The whole process of germination requires accumulation of heat units known

as growing degree days. For corn seedlings to emerge, the accumulation of approximately

100 to 125 GDD is required. If soil is cold at the time of planting, additional GDDs may

be required to warm the soil around the seed to approximately 50 F to facilitate

germination. Corn germination needs a minimum temperature of approximately 50 F,

soil moisture, and light, and so with a temperature of approximately 50 F is required.

Base planting decision on soil temperature alone is not advisable. Soil temperature in the

seed germination zone fluctuates considerably based on air temperature and, therefore, is

not a dependable indicator of when to plant. Modern corn hybrids survive for long

periods from planting to emergence as it appears to be. Increases in the time of

emergence generally result in increased variability in time of emergence between plants.

This loss of symmetry in emergence can compromise grain yield. Damage from cold

14

temperature stress affects the germination of seeds and the growth of young seedlings and

probably exposes the plants to invasion by soil fungi capable of causing seed rot and

seedling blight. In addition to slowing the germination process, cold temperatures,

especially if accompanied by precipitation, may cause harm to the delicate structures of

emerging corn seedlings. When dry corn seed absorbs cold water as a result of a cold rain

or melting snow, chilling to imbibition injury may result. Cold water can cause similar

injury to seedling structures during germination. Such injury in corn seed ruptures cell

membranes and results in aborted radicles, proliferation of seminal roots, and delayed seedling

growth. Damage to germinating seed can be particularly severe when temperatures remain at or

below 50 degrees F after planting. When this physiological damage is combined with surface soil

crusting, saturated soil conditions, compacted soils, deep seed placement, and seedling blights,

you have a recipe for widespread emergence problems (http://www.extension.org/pages/Corn

_Germination_ &_Emergence).

Germination is the regeneration of enzymatic activity that results in cell division

and elongation and, ultimately, embryo emergence through the seed coat. Corn

germination occur was triggered by absorption of water through the seed coat. Corn

kernels must absorb imbibe about 30 % of their weight in water before germination

begins. Repeated wetting and drying cycles can decrease seed viability. The visual

indicators of germination occur in a distinct sequence. The radicle root emerges first, near

the tip end of the kernel, within two to three days in warm soils with adequate moisture.

In cooler or drier soils, the radicle root may not emerge until one to two weeks after

planting. The coleoptile or commonly known as the spike emerges next from the embryo

side of the kernel within one or up to many days of the appearance of the radicle,

depending on soil temperature. The coleoptile is a rigid piece of plant tissue that

15

completely encloses the four to five embryonic leaves that formed during grain

development of the seed production year. The plumule leaves slowly enlarge and

eventually cause the coleoptile to split open as it nears the soil surface. The lateral

seminal roots emerge last, near the dent end of the kernel. Even though these and the

radicle root are technically nodal roots, they do not comprise what is typically referred to

as the permanent nodal root system. The first set of so-called permanent roots begins

elongating (Nielsen, 2008).

Excessively cold or wet soils delay germination of seeds and emergence of the

kernel and young seedlings. The kernel and young seedling are subjected to lengthier

exposure to damaging factors such as soil-borne seed diseases, insect feeding and injury

from pre-plant or pre-emergent herbicides and carry over herbicides from a previous crop

(Nielsen, 2008).

16

Chapter III

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Duration, Location and Experimental Materials of the Study

This study was conducted for 5 days at 38 Saint Anthony Street, Matina Teacher’s

Village, Matina Aplaya, Davao City. Seeds of pechay, mungbean, and corn were used as

the test seeds. The materials used in the study were petri dish, beaker, graduated cylinder,

paper towel, plastic bottles, and pH meter.

Collection and Description of Test Product

The test product was provided by the Philippine Coconut Authority-Davao

Research Center brought by the Pilipinas Kao Inc, a liquid waste from the primary

processing of crude coconut oil (CNO).

The test product was Coco Gum Liquid Fertilizer with a nutrient analysis of 0.045

– 0.058 – 0.063% NPK, respectively with Ca (1.01%), Mg (.156%), S (0.007%) and other

trace elements and a pH of 6.

Source and Preparation of Seeds

The test seeds were the commercial seeds found in the market. Healthy-looking,

undeformed seeds were selected for germination. Pechay seeds were blackish in color,

dry, and round in shape. Mungbean seeds were green in color, dry, and oblong shape.

Corn seeds were yellow in color, dry, and spherical in shape.

17

Experimental Design and Treatments

The experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with

three treatments replicated three times. The randomization performed on the experiment

was done by physical mechanism.

The experimental treatments are as follows:

Treatment 1 – Control (Tap water)

Treatment 2 – 100% Coco gum

Treatment 3 – 50% Coco gum + 50% tap water (1:1 ratio)

For treatment 3 (50% coco gum + 50% tap water), coco gum and water was

thoroughly mix at a 1:1 ratio.

Germination Test Set-up

There were three different seeds used in the study. Pre-selected seeds were placed

on a petri dish with a population of 50 seeds per petri dish. About 25 milliliters (mL) test

solution were poured on each dish. Three trials were made for each crop and it was

replicated three times, making nine petri dishes in every trial for each crop.

The germination of the seeds was observed daily in a span of five days. The

germinated seeds were counted everyday to obtain the germination rate of the three

different seeds.

18

Data Collection

All the germinated seeds were counted and recorded daily. The results obtained

were used in getting the germination rate of the seeds. The pH was also measured in all

the test solutions. This was procured by using a handy digital pH meter.

Calculating the germination percentage by using this equation:

Statistical Treatment

The data collected were subjected to Probit analysis using SPSS 17. The probit

analysis obtained the values for the probit model which was:

(Pi) = a + bX

Where P = number of probability

a = is constant obtained on the probit analysis for treatment (tap water)

b = Probit regression coefficient of the test crop

X = is the level of concentration of coco gum

Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Germination Percentage

Figure 2 shows that, in corn seeds, tap water (treatment 1) and 50% tap water +

50% coco gum wastewater treatment (treatment 3) has comparable results on the

percentage of germination while 100% coco gum wastewater treatment (treatment 2) got

a very low percentage (7.55%) of germination. In mungbean seeds, similar results were

obtained for tap water treatment and 50% tap water + 50% coco gum wastewater

treatment while 100% coco gum wastewater treatment got a 53.66%, which means half of

the total number of seeds had germinated. In pechay seeds, the influence of coco gum on

the seeds resulted to a lower percentage of germination as seen on the results obtain in

100% coco gum wastewater treatment and 50% tap water + 50% coco gum wastewater

treatment. Tap water treatment got a high percentage (99%) of germination.

Thus, the results obtained on the three crops show that as the level of

concentration of coco gum increases, the germination percentage decreases.

Figure 2. Germination Percentage of Corn Seeds, Mungbean seeds, and Pechay Seeds

20

pH Level of Treatments

Figure 3 shows the pH level of the different treatments applied on the seeds and

the number of seeds germinated. The pH level of tap water that was used has a value of

7.6. This indicates that the tap water was slightly alkaline (basic). In tap water, it was

observed that pechay seeds, mungbean seeds, and corn seeds has the highest percentage

of germination. The pH level of pure coco gum wastewater that was used has a value of

5.8. This indicates that the coco gum wastewater is acid. In pure coco gum wastewater

test solution, it was observed that pechay seeds, mungbean seeds, and corn seeds has the

attained the lowest percentage of germination. The pH level of diluted coco gum with

water (1:1 dilution) that was used has a value of 6. This indicates that the diluted coco

gum with water (1:1 dilution) was slightly acidic. Although, in diluted coco gum a

comparable percentage of germination was observed for corn seeds and mungbean seeds

while for pechay seeds, the obtained results was lower than the percentage of corn seeds

and mungbean seeds applied with diluted coco gum. The recommended pH level of

mungbean seeds, 5.5 to 6.5 pH level; pechay seeds, 6.0 to 6.5 pH level; corn seeds, 6.0 to

8.0 pH level. Based on the data gathered, the treatment with less acidic obtained a higher

percentage of germination.

21

Figure 3. pH Level of Treatments and Number of Seeds Germinated

22

Germination Performance of Mungbean Seeds

Figure 4 shows the changes with time in the number of germinated seeds of

mungbean. The seeds in tap water was much faster to germinate compared in all the

treatments, that in day 2 all the seeds had germinated (Appendix H). There was a delay

on the seeds germinated in 1:1 dilution of tap water and coco gum wastewater on the first

day of germination, however, all the seeds have germinated on the fourth day (Appendix

N). Treatment with 100% coco gum wastewater got the lowest number of seeds

germinated among all the treatments (Appendix K). The results obtained show that coco

gum influenced the germination performance of the mungbean seeds.

Figure 4. Germination Performance of Mungbeans Seeds

23

Germination Performance of Corn Seeds

Figure 5 illustrates the observed germinated corn seeds for five days. Tap water

has 312 seeds germinated for five days while 1:1 dilution of tap water and coco gum

wastewater has 297 seeds germinated for five days (Appendices F and L, respectively).

On the other hand, 100% coco gum wastewater has a total of 34 seeds germinated

(Appendix I). Tap water and 1:1 dilution of tap water and coco gum wastewater was

progressive compared with 100% coco gum wastewater. Relatively, 100% coco gum

wastewater has the lowest number of seeds germinated due to the influence of coco gum

treatment. The results show that coco gum wastewater has an adverse effect on the

germination of corn seeds.

Figure 5. Germination Performance of Corn Seeds

24

Germination Performance of Pechay Seeds

Figure 6. Germination Performance of Pechay Seeds

Shown in figure 6 was the observed germination performance of pechay seeds for

five days. Data of the germination performance of tap water, 100% coco gum, and 1:1

dilution of tap water and coco gum wastewater were shown on appendix G, J, and M. The

figure shows the significant difference of germination performance of pechay seeds in tap

water than those in other treatments. Hence, it shows that coco gum is ineffective on the

germination of pechay seeds, probable cause of the low performance of germination was

the residue found on the coco gum.

25

Probation Outcome of Corn Seeds Germination

The table 1 shows the observed number of germinated seeds and seeds that were

not able to germinate as well as the probability of the success of germinated seeds and

failure of seeds to germinate. Tap water has a higher probability of success of seeds to

germination than seeds failed to germinate. 100% coco gum wastewater has a higher

probability to fail in germinating the seeds than success to germinate the seeds. Treatment

with 50% coco gum + 50% tap water obtained a higher probability of success of the seeds

to germinate than seeds fail to germinate. The results show that tap water and 50% coco

gum + 50% tap water were much more effective in attaining great results on the seed

germination.

Table 1. Probation Outcome of Corn Seeds Germination

Treatments Succeeded Failed Total

Number of

Seeds Number of

Seeds

Probability Number

of Seeds

Probability

Treatment 1

(Control, Tap

Water)

312 0.69 138 0.31 450

Treatment 2

(100% Coco Gum)

34 0.08 416 0.92 450

Treatment 3 (50%

Coco Gum + 50%

Tap Water)

297 0.66 153 0.34 450

Total 643 707 1,350

26

Probation Outcome of Mungbean Seeds Germination

Table 3 shows that both tap water and 50% coco gum + 50% tap water has

obtained a 100 percent of seeds that germinated while 100% coco gum obtained a 0.53

probability of the seeds that has germinated and 0.47 probability of seeds that has failed

to germinate which shows that there is an equal chance that the seed would succeed or

fail.

Table 2. Probation Outcome of Mungbean Seeds Germination

Treatments Succeeded Failed Total

Number of

Seeds Number of

Seeds

Probability Number

of Seeds

Probability

Treatment 1

(Control, Tap

Water)

450 1 0 0 450

Treatment 2

(100% Coco Gum)

237 0.53 213 0.47 450

Treatment 3 (50%

Coco Gum + 50%

Tap Water)

450 1 0 0 450

Total 1137 213 1,350

27

Probation Outcome of Pechay Seeds Germination

Shown on table 3 was the observed number of germinated seeds and the observed

seeds failed to germinate. Tap water has obtained a 0.99 probability of seeds that

germinated among all the three treatments. Treatment with 100% coco gum wastewater

obtained 0.03 probability. This indicates that it has the lowest chance in succeeding of

seeds to germinate. Treatment with 50% coco gum wastewater + 50% tap water got a

0.31 probability of seeds that has germinated. This shows lower probability of seeds to

germinate. Based on the data gathered, variations of treatment concentration confirm that

it has an effect on the germination of seeds.

Table 3. Probation Outcome of Pechay Seeds Germination

Treatments Succeeded Failed Total

Number of

Seeds Number of

Seeds

Probability Number

of Seeds

Probability

Treatment 1

(Control, Tap

Water)

444 0.99 6 0.01 450

Treatment 2

(100% Coco Gum)

15 0.03 435 0.47 450

Treatment 3 (50%

Coco Gum + 50%

Tap Water)

139 0.31 311 0.69 450

Total 598 752 1,350

28

Table 4. Probit Analysis for the Germination of Corn Seeds, Mungbean Seeds, and

Pechay Seeds

Parameter Estimate Std. Error Z Sig.

PROBITa Treatment -.027 .001 -34.833 .000

Interceptb corn 1.210 .052 23.162 .000

mungbean 2.972 .085 35.044 .000

pechay 1.135 .056 20.268 .000

a. PROBIT model: PROBIT(p) = Intercept + BX

b. Corresponds to the grouping variable plant.

Probit Regression Equations According to Plant

Equation 1:

Probit (p)corn = 1.210 – 0.027 (X), where X is equal to the level of

treatment

Equation 2:

Probit (p)mungbean = 2.972 – 0.027 (X), where X is equal to the level of

treatment

Equation 3:

Probit (p)pechay = 1.135 – 0.027 (X), where X is equal to the level of

treatment

Based on the results, it can be said that the treatment has an effect on the

germination of the seeds of corn, mungbeans and pechay. The analysis results to the

29

values for the probit model on determining the predicted number of seeds on different

level of concentration of coco gum.

Table 5. Prediction Numbers of Germinated Corn Seeds on Various Concentration

of Coco Gum

The table shows the predicted expected number of corn seeds that would

germinate on a certain level of concentration of coco gum wastewater. Based on the

obtained results, it shows a dramatic decreased of number of germinated corn seeds as the

level of concentration of coco gum increases. Based on the obtained results, level of

concentration of coco gum influence the germination performance of corn seeds.

Concentration of Coco Gum Expected Number of Germinated

Seeds

10 372

20 337

30 295

40 248

50 199

60 153

70 112

80 77

90 50

100 25

30

Table 6. Prediction Numbers of Germinated Mungbean Seeds on Various

Concentration of Coco Gum

The data presented in the table were the predicted number of mungbean seeds that

would germinate on a certain level of concentration of coco gum wastewater; it shows

that the germination performance is greatly affected by the varying level of concentration

of applied coco gum wastewater. Based on the results obtained in the table, the higher the

concentration of coco gum wastewater, the germination performance of mungbean seeds

becomes lower.

Concentration of Coco Gum Expected Number of Germinated

Seeds

10 448

20 447

30 443

40 437

50 426

60 410

70 387

80 356

90 318

100 272

31

Table 7. Prediction Numbers of Germinated Pechay Seeds on Various

Concentration of Coco Gum

Table 7 shows the prediction of numbers of seeds that would germinate in a

certain level of concentration of coco gum wastewater. Based on the results, it can be said

that as the level of concentration of coco gum wastewater increases, the germination

performance of pechay seeds decreases. Based on the table, varying concentrations of

coco gum wastewater affects the number of germinated seeds.

Concentration of Coco Gum Expected Number of Germinated

Seeds

10 363

20 326

30 282

40 235

50 187

60 141

70 101

80 69

90 44

100 26

32

Similar results on the effect of the coco gum wastewater on the seed germination

of pechay, mungbean, and corn seeds were observed in previous studies. The study of

Bazai and Achakzai (2006) on the effect of five concentrations of polluted water on seed

germination, and the results showed that the germination was significantly reduced and

delayed as the concentration of wastewater increased. Furthermore, the study of Gulfraz

et al. (2003) evaluated the suitability of different industrial effluents (textile mill, oil

refinery, soap and detergent mill, hydrogenated oil mill, and rubber industry) for

irrigation purposes in wheat crop. The results showed that the wheat seeds were affected

negatively by textile mill wastewater followed by soap and detergent, oil refinery,

hydrogenated oil and rubber industry wastewater.

Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

The study was conducted to determine the effect of coco gum wastewater on the

germination of mungbean seeds (legume), pechay seeds (leafy vegetable), and corn seeds

(cereal as well as to evaluate the effect of varying concentration of coco gum wastewater

on the germnation of seeds of selected agricultural crops. The study conducted involves

three treatments which were treatment 1 (control, tap water), treatment 2 (100% coco

gum), and treatment 3 (1:1 ratio of coco gum and tap water). The study was conducted in

three trials and each trial is replicated three times. A population of 50 seeds were evenly

distributed on the petro dish with paper towel for germination test. The test crops were

corn seeds, pechay seeds, and mungbeans seeds. Each petri dish was poured with 25 mL

of test solution and was observed daily for five days. The pH level of treatments are

obtained in the study.

In pechay seeds, the results shows that there were 444 seeds germinated on the

control treatment (tap water) and 6 seeds failed to germinate. In treatment 2 (100% coco

gum), 15 seeds germinated while 435 seeds were failed to germinate. In treatment 3 (1:1

ratio of tap water and coco gum), there were 139 seeds germinated and 311 seeds failed

to germinate.

In corn seeds, the obtained results for treatment 1 (control, tap water) were 312

germinated and 138 seeds failed to germinate. Treatment 2 (1:1 ratio of tap water and

coco gum) 34 seeds germinated while 416 seeds failed to germinate. Treatment 3 (1:1

34

ratio of tap water and coco gum) got a results of 297 seeds germinated and 153 seeds

failed to germinate.

In mungbean seeds, all the number of seeds which 450 seeds used in the study

were successfully germinated for treatment 1 (control, tap water). In treatment 2 (1:1

ratio of tap water and coco gum) got a result of 237 seeds germinated and 213 seeds

failed to germinate.

The result shows that the germination of seeds was influenced by the different

treatments.

Conclusion

The obtained results on the study revealed the effect of coco gum on the seed

germination was adverse on the germination performance of the corn seeds, pechay

seeds, and mungbean seeds. Hence, there was a significant difference on the effect of

varying concentrations of coco gum on the number of germinated seeds. Eventhough

coco gum contains minerals needed for the plant growth still the obtained result in the

study was negative. Residues were found on the coco gum solution which probably has

an adverse effect on the germination of pechay seeds, corn seeds, and mungbean seeds.

The pH level procured in the study also shows a relationship on the germination

performance. The acidity of the treatments may affect the germination of the seeds.

Better performances of seed germination were found if the level of concentration of coco

gum was decreased.

35

Recommendation

The researcher recommends extending the duration of the experiment to further

explore the effect of coco gum wastewater. As observed on the study, white spots and

fungi-like were found on the seeds applied with coco gum wastewater treatment. In lieu

with this, the researcher recommends to conduct a microbial test on the coco gum

wastewater as well as the seeds applied with the coco gum wastewater. A follow-up study

needed to further validate the data gathered.

36

Literatures Cited

Books/Journals:

Ahmad, A., Inam, A., Ahmad Iqbal, Hyat, S., Azam, Z.M., Samiullah. 2003. Response

of Sugarcane to treated Wastewater of Oil Refinery. J. Environ. Biol. 141-146.

Bazai, Z.A., Achakzai, A.K.K. 2006. Effect of Wastewater from Quetta City on the

Germination and Seedling Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Journal of

Applied Sciences 6 (2). 380-382.

DA-BAR. 2005.Package of Technology of Different Vegetable Crops. Technology

Generation and Dissemination for the Growth and Development of Vegetable

Industry TGDDVI-DARFU IV-A. 31.

De, R., Kar, R.K. 1995. Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Mungbean (Vigna

radiata) under water stress induced by PEG-6000. Seed Science and Technology

(Vol. 23). 301-308.

Department of Agriculture Administrative Order #26 s 2007. Guidelines on the

Procedures and Technical Requirements For the Issuance of a Certification

Allowing the Safe Re-Use of Wastewater for Purposes of Irrigation and Other

Agricultural Uses Pursuant to Section 22.c of RA 9275 Otherwise Known As the

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004.

Garg, V.K., Kaushik, P. 2007. Influence of Textile Mill Wastewater Irrigation on the

Growth of Sorghum Cultivars. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research

6(2). 1-12.

Gulfraz, M., Mussaddeq, Y., Khanum, R., Ahmad, T. 2003. Metal Concentration in

Wheat Crops (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with Industrial effluents. J. Biol.

Sci. 335-339.

Jain, N. Bhatia A., R. Kaushik, S. Kumar, H.C. Joshi and H. Pathak. 2005. Impact of

Post Methanation Distellery Effluent Irrigation on Groundwater Quality.

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 110:243 – 255.

Joshi, H.C., Pathak H, Chaudhary A. Joshi, T.P., Phogat, V.K. and Kalra, N. 2000.

Changes in soil properties with distillery effluent irrigation. J. Environ. Res. 6 (4)

152 – 162.

Malik, S., Bokhari, T.Z., Dasti, A.A., Abidi, Z. 2003. Effect of Wastewater Effluents

From Tannery on the Growth of Some Crop Plants. Asian Journal of Plant

Sciences. 623-626.

37

Nagda, G.K., Diwan, A.M., Ghole, V.S. 2006. Seed Germination Bioassays to assess

toxicity of Molasses Fermentation Based Bulk Drug Industry Effluent. Electronic

Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry 5(6). 1598-1603.

Pathak H, Joshi H. Chaudhary A. Chaudhary R., Kalra, N. and Dwevedi, M.K. 1999.

Soil amendment with distillery effluent for wheat and rice cultivation. Water Air

Soil Pollute 113. 133 – 140.

Sison, M.L.Q., F.G. Torres, F.R. P. Nayve, Jr., V. P. Migo and W. L Fernandez. 2003.

Recycling Distillery Effluent As Liquid Fertilizer For Sugarcane. Unpublished

Project Terminal Report. UPLB/BIOTECH.

Websites:

Corn Germination and Emergence. 2008.

http://www.extension.org/pages/Corn_Germination_&_Emergence

DENR-CAR. How to Grow Upland Food Crops. 1991.

http://www.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph/cin/AFIN/how%20to%20grow%20upland%20foo

d%20crops.htm

Lal, G. and Shanmugasundaram, S. Mungbean Sprout Production. 2000.

http://www.avrdc.org/LC/mungbean/sprouts/sprouts.html

Nielsen, R.L. Germination Events in Corn. 2008.

http://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/news/timeless/GerminationEvents.html

Oil and Fat Technology Lecture. 2006.

http://food.ege.edu.tr/sunumlar/OIL%20AND%20FAT%20TECHNOLOGY%20

LECTURES%20I.ppt.)

Punchihewa P.G. and Arancon, R.N. Chapter XV Coconut: Post-harvest Operations.

2001

http://www.fao.org/inpho/content/compend/text/ch15.htm#P501_7729

Rich, Morris. Plants for Future Use. 2000.

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Zea+mays

Vegetables in a Tropical Country. 2002.

http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/vegetables3.htm

APPENDICES

39

Appendix A Measuring the pH of the three treatments

Treatment 1 (Tap Water) Treatment 2 (100% Coco Gum

Wastewater)

Treatment 3 (50% Coco Gum

Wastewater + 50% Tap Water)

40

Appendix B Analysis Result of Coco Gum Wastewater

41

Appendix C Tap Water Treatment - Day 5

Pechay Seeds Mungbean Seeds

Corn Seeds

42

Appendix D 100% Coco Gum Treatment - Day 5

Pechay Seeds Mungbean Seeds

Corn Seeds

43

Appendix E 50% Coco Gum + 50% Tap Water Treatment - Day 5

Mungbean Seeds Pechay Seeds

Corn Seeds

44

Appendix F Germination Performance of Corn Seeds Applied with Tap Water (Day 1-Day 5)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

Day 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Day 2 18 19 11 10 2 15 17 16 12

Day 3 37 34 24 20 28 28 27 23 21

Day 4 46 39 41 33 32 33 35 23 21

Day 5 46 39 41 35 34 35 38 23 21

45

Appendix G Germination Performance of Pechay Seeds Applied with Tap Water (Day 1-Day 5)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

Day 1 23 32 17 21 25 43 45 29 23

Day 2 48 48 49 50 50 49 50 50 50

Day 3 48 48 49 50 50 49 50 50 50

Day 4 48 48 49 49

Day 5 48 48 49 49

46

Appendix H Germination Performance of Mungbeans Applied with Tap Water (Day 1-Day 5)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

Day 1 49 50 47 46 45 48 49 48 48

Day 2 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Day 3

Day 4

Day 5

47

Appendix I Germination Performance of Corn Seeds Applied with 100% Coco Gum (Day 1-Day 5)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

Day 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Day 2 1 0 3 1 1 1 2 2 3

Day 3 3 3 3 2 4 4 3 2 3

Day 4 3 5 3 2 5 4 4 3 4

Day 5 3 5 3 2 5 4 5 3 4

48

Appendix J Germination Performance of Pechay Seeds Applied with 100% Coco Gum (Day 1-Day 5)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

Day 1 2 1 2 0 0 0 2 4 0

Day 2 2 1 2 0 1 0 2 4 1

Day 3 2 1 2 0 1 0 2 4 2

Day 4 2 2 2 0 1 0 2 4 2

Day 5 2 2 2 0 1 0 2 4 2

49

Appendix K Germination Performance of Mungbean Seeds Applied with 100% Coco Gum (Day 1-Day 5)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

Day 1 0 8 1 2 1 4 3 3 1

Day 2 9 12 18 6 10 7 9 9 7

Day 3 20 26 26 15 28 15 18 20 17

Day 4 26 28 32 19 36 16 18 24 18

Day 5 30 32 35 22 38 16 18 26 20

50

Appendix L Germination Performance of Corn Seeds Applied with 50% Coco Gum + 50% Tap Water (Day 1-Day 5)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

Day 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Day 2 18 28 33 27 10 24 32 25 28

Day 3 18 37 38 32 20 24 32 33 40

Day 4 24 38 41 33 20 28 37 33 41

Day 5 24 38 41 33 20 30 37 33 41

51

Appendix M Germination Performance of Pechay Seeds Applied with 50% Coco Gum + 50% Tap Water (Day 1-Day 5)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

Day 1 4 1 2 0 2 3 1 3 2

Day 2 4 1 3 1 2 4 1 6 4

Day 3 7 1 6 3 2 4 1 8 5

Day 4 33 1 27 17 7 19 4 8 19

Day 5 33 1 29 19 7 19 4 8 19

52

Appendix N Germination Performance of Mungbean Seeds Applied with 50% Coco Gum + 50% Tap Water (Day 1-Day 5)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3

Day 1 21 13 10 10 12 14 11 15 9

Day 2 49 47 44 45 47 46 46 44 46

Day 3 49 50 50 50 50 49 50 50 49

Day 4 50 50 50

Day 5

53

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Angel Mae N. Cabaylo

Nickname: Anghel

Birth Date: June 20, 1988

Birth Place: Davao City

Civil Status: Single

Citizenship: Filipino

Address: 38 Saint Anthony Street, Matina

Teacher’s Village, Matina Aplaya,

Davao City

Father’s Name: Alfredo B. Cabaylo

Mother’s Name: Adela N. Cabaylo

Email Address: [email protected]

Educational Attainment

Elementary: Don Manuel Gutierrez Sr. Elementary School

Secondary: Daniel R. Aguinaldo National High School

Tertiary: University of Southeastern Philippines

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Biology

Affiliations: Association of Biology Students

Alliance of Davao Biology Majors

Friends of Philippine Eagle

College Vice-Governor of College of Arts and Sciences S.Y 2007-2008

Philippine National Red Cross – Davao City Chapter