“THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GUAVA (Psidium guajava L) LEAVES IN LOWERING BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL OF THE WHITE MICE” A Research Proposal Presented to Rolando S. Delgado In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Research of The Grade 9 STE By RICA FE P. RIEGO
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“THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GUAVA (Psidium guajava L) LEAVES IN
LOWERING BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL OF THE WHITE MICE”
A Research Proposal
Presented to
Rolando S. Delgado
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Research of
The Grade 9 STE
By
RICA FE P. RIEGO
“THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GUAVA (Psidium guajava L) LEAVES IN
LOWERING BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL OF THE WHITE MICE”
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is defined as 'a metabolic disorder of
multiple aetiology characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia with
disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or
bot’. In simpler terms, diabetes is a condition where the body
does not produce enough insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by
the pancreas that helps glucose (the main source of fuel for the
body) move from the blood into the cells. In diabetics, the cells
cannot use the glucose and this causes the blood glucose level to
rise.(WHO October 2013)
There are three main types of diabetes – type 1 diabetes
(known also as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus); type 2
diabetes (known also as non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus);
and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Type 1 diabetes is predominantly a childhood disease and is
more common in developed countries. It is also known as 'juvenile
onset' diabetes. Management principally involves the injection of
insulin into the body, as the cells of the pancreas cannot
produce enough insulin. The onset of type 1 diabetes is rapid and
includes symptoms of increased thirst and hunger, excessive
urination, dramatic weight loss, and overwhelming tiredness.
There is also a range of minor symptoms.
Type 2 diabetes on the other-hand, is a 'late onset'
diabetes, and develops more commonly in people over 40 years of
age. It is primarily managed through diet and exercise.
Individuals with type 2 diabetes are not usually dependent on
insulin injections. This is because impaired insulin secretion
and cell resistance to insulin cause the condition – it is not
caused by insulin shortage. Type 2 diabetes is often the result
of an individual being overweight for many years. This leads to
cells becoming insulin-resistant, as a result of increased levels
of sugar being stored as fat and processed. The disease can go
undetected for a number of years, during which time mild symptoms
develop – these may become life-threatening.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is less common than the other
two forms. It is first diagnosed during pregnancy, and is primarily a
temporary intolerance to carbohydrate, which returns to normal after
the birth. More than 40% of women with GDM develop type 1 or type 2
diabetes in the following 10 years. As well as having a greater risk
of birth defects, babies of women with GDM are more likely to develop
obesity and impaired glucose intolerance and/or diabetes in later
life. Diabetic women who become pregnant are not included in this
category. (Christian Nordqvist in April 2010)
Other types of diabetes include those associated with
certain conditions or syndromes, such as malnutrition-related
diabetes mellitus, pancreatic disease, diseases of hormonal
aetiology, drug-induced or chemical-induced conditions,
abnormalities of insulin or its receptors, genetic, and
miscellaneous condition.
The duration of diabetes is associated with the progressive
development of all complications. Complications can become life-
threatening, in which case surgery may be necessary (for example,
kidney transplantation and lower limb amputations). People with
diabetes who develop complications of the disease are at
increased risk of premature death.(Rother KI April 2007)
Diabetes affects almost every system in the body – due to
the metabolic nature of the disease. As a result of the
development of complications, people with type 2 diabetes have
higher hospitalisation and health service use than the general
population – for treatment of infections, amputations, kidney
dialysis and transplants, laser therapy for retinopathy, and
other specialist care. Premature death is the most serious result
of diabetes, usually caused by one or more of the associated
complications. (Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2008.)
Obesity is one of the main causes of diabetes. Obesity can
cause elevated blood sugar level, reduce insulin B cell function,
and lead to type diabetes. Long-term excessive intakes of
sweets, high fat food, fine produces can induce diabetes.
Prolonged mental stress and high-stress conditions will induce
diabetes. Medication will gradually cause diabetes. Pregnancy can
cause diabetes because placenta can produce insulin enzyme, which
accelerates the degradation of insulin. Stress state if the
glucose does not return to normal level after this stress,
patient is highly likely to suffer from diabetes. Autoimmune
decline Virus may destroy pancreatic B cells, destroying the
pancreatic function, and thus suffer from the diabetes. Many
things affect your risk for type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and
stroke.
The symptoms of diabetes mainly include increased water
drinking and eating, frequent urination, weight loss, etc, with
complications of kidney disease and stomach disease, etc. Knowing
the main symptoms of diabetes, having early diagnosis and
treatment can improve patient’s recovery rate. Medications for
diabetes are expensive. Because of this, poor people who are
diabetic most often die from this disease. For this reason
several researchers conducted on plants that could help reduce
the level of blood sugar in the body. Common to this plants is
that their acrid taste and this leads the researchers to conclude
that plants (leaves, fruits, flowers) with acrid taste can help
cure diabetes.
One of the most gregarious of fruit trees, the
guava, (Psidium guajava L)., of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), is
almost universally known by its common English name or its
equivalent in other languages. In Spanish, the tree is guayabo,
or guayavo, the fruit guayaba or guyava. The French call
it goyave or goyavier; the Dutch,guyaba, goeajaaba; the
Surinamese, guave or goejaba; Portuguese, goiaba or goaibeira. Ha
waiians call it guava or kuawa. In Guam it is abas. In Malaya, it
is generally known either as guava or jambu batu, but has also
numerous dialectal names as it does in India, tropical Africa and
the Philippines where the corruption, bayabas, is often applied.
Various tribal names–pichi, posh, enandi, etc.–are employed among
the Indians of Mexico and Central and South America. A small tree
to 33 ft (10 in) high, with spreading branches, the guava is easy
to recognize because of its smooth, thin, copper-colored bark
that flakes off, showing the greenish layer beneath; and also
because of the attractive, "bony" aspect of its trunk which may
in time attain a diameter of 10 in (25 cm). Young twigs are
quadrangular and downy. The leaves, aromatic when crushed, are
evergreen, opposite, short-petiole, oval or oblong-elliptic,
somewhat irregular in outline; 2 3/4 to 6 in (7-15 cm) long, I 'A
to 2 in (3-5 cm) wide, leathery, with conspicuous parallel veins,
and more or less downy on the underside. Faintly fragrant, the
white flowers, borne singly or in small clusters in the leaf
axils, are 1 in (2.5 cm) wide, with 4 or 5 white petals which are
quickly shed, and a prominent tuft of perhaps 250 white stamens
tipped with pale-yellow anthers.
Guava is a tropical fruit produced by the guava tree. Large
quantities of the guava fruit are produced in Brazil, Colombia,
Venezuela, and Mexico. The fruit is commonly eaten fresh or made
into beverages, jams, and other foods. The fruit, leaves, and
juice are also used as medicine. (United States Department of
Agriculture Retrieved 2011-02-05)
Many problems in this society really needed a treatment.
Each Disease has a treatment. But the problem was, not all the
people could afford those treatment. That is why many people use
herbal plants as a medicine. Since guava is abundant anywhere in
the Philippines, it could be an affordable, environmentally-
friendly and safe cure for diabetes.
Statement of The Problem
This study aims to find out if guava (Psidium guajava L.)
leaves extract can be used in lowering blood sugar level.
Specific Question
1. What is the amount of guava leaves extract which could lower
the blood sugar level of the white mice after 2 weeks of
intervention?
2. What is the decrease in the amount of blood sugar level of
white mice after 2 weeks of intervention?
3. What is its mortality rate of blood sugar level after the
intervention with the use of guava (Psidium guajava
L.)leaves extract?
Hypothesis
There is no significant difference in decrease in the amount
of blood sugar level of the white mice.
Significance of the Study
With this study,, people who may benefit are obese