Effectiveness of a Marine Protected Area Network To manage the West Hawai′i Aquarium Fishery William Walsh Hawai′i Division of Aquatic Resources Ivor Williams Hawai′i Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit & HDAR
Effectiveness of a Marine Protected Area Network To manage the West Hawai′i Aquarium Fishery
William Walsh Hawai′i Division of Aquatic ResourcesIvor Williams Hawai′i Cooperative Fisheries Research Unit & HDAR
West Hawai′i Coral ReefMonitoring
• Fixed Belt Transects
• Timed Free Swim Surveys
• Resource Fish Surveys
• Benthic Habitat Surveys
• Coral Disease Surveys
• Jetboots Surveys
Jetboots Surveys
Mazin Submersible Technology, Inc.
1983 2007 ∆
No. Permits 5 72 1440% ↑
Total Fish Catch 30,000 360,686 1203% ↑
Total Value $159,756 $1,140,425 714% ↑
% of State Fish Catch 27% 83% 293% ↑
Change in West Hawai`i Aquarium FisheryOver 24 Years
1983 2007 ∆
No. Permits 5 72 1440% ↑
Total Fish Catch 30,000 360,686 1203% ↑
Total Value $159,756 $1,140,425 714% ↑
% of State Fish Catch 27% 83% 293% ↑
Change in West Hawai`i Aquarium FisheryOver 24 Years
82%
5%2%3%8%
Big Island Aquarium CatchFiscal Year 2007
KoleAchilles
Yellow Tang
Chevron 110 Other spp.
West Hawai'i Yellow Tang Abundance
Year1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Den
sity
(# /
100m
2 )
0
10
20
30
40
MPAs
Survey Date vs Open: 11/16/2001
FRAs Established
West Hawai'i Yellow Tang Abundance
Year1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Den
sity
(# /
100m
2 )
0
10
20
30
40
MPAs FRAs
FRAs Established
West Hawai'i Yellow Tang Abundance
Year1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Den
sity
(# /
100m
2 )
0
10
20
30
40
MPAs FRAs Open
FRAs Established
Species FRAs ρ Coast
Zebrasoma flavescens +90% 0.01* +19%Ctenochaetus strigosus +23% 0.02* +18%Acanthurus achilles -74% 0.15 -30%Naso lituratus -10% 0.65 -8%Ctenochaetus hawaiiensis +45% 0.23 +10%
Change in Abundance of Top 5 Aquarium Species1999/00 to 2006/07
Excluding YOY
‐
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
No. per 100
m2
Year
Centropyge potteri (Potters Angel) Abundance
MPAs
FRAs
Open
Age at First Reproduction:
4-7 years
Life Span: at least 40 years!J. Claisse UHM
Yellow Tang Recruit & Juvenile Habitat
• Mid-depth - 30-60ft • Finger coral
Recruits ~3-4 cm
Prime Target Size ~5-10cm
Yellow Tang Adult Habitat• Shallow - 10-20ft • Boundary between Pavement – upper coral zone
Y-Tang Move to Adult Habitats at ~ 4-7 yr oldMaximum Lifespan >40 yrsNot Targeted As Adults
$0
$200,000
$400,000
$600,000
$800,000
$1,000,000
$1,200,000
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
Adj
uste
d Va
lue
Num
ber C
augh
t
Fiscal Year
Number and Value of Yellow TangsCaught in West Hawai′i
Value
Number
FRAs established
Density (#/100 m2)
0 5
Stud
y si
te
Lapakahi
Kamilo
Waiakailio
Puako
Anaehoomalu
Keawaiki
Kaupulehu
Makalawena
Wawaloli Beach
Wawaloli
Honokohau
Papawai
S. Oneo Bay
N. Keauhou
Kualanui Pt.
Red Hill
Keopuka
Kealakekua
Ke'ei
Kalahiki
Auau
Omakaa
Manuka
1999
FRAOpen
Control 0 5 0 5 0 10 20 30 40
20002001 2002
Zebrasoma flavescens YOY
0 10 20
2003
0 10 20
2004
0 10 20
2005
0 5 0 10 20 30
2006 2007
1.9:14.9:1
Jetboots Surveys
18 min / survey600 - 1000 m by 5m~500 -1500 fish / survey
Distance to Boundary (m)-6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000
Num
ber A
dult
YT's
/100
m2
0
10
20
30
40
FRA
OpenMPA
Within MPA Outside MPA
Spillover of Adults into Boundary Areas
Distance to Boundary (m)-6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000
Num
ber A
dult
YT's
/100
m2
0
10
20
30
40
FRA
OpenMPA
Within MPA Outside MPA
Compared to open areas, adult densities were:48% ▲ in FRAs41% ▲ in Boundary Areas
Influence of Habitat Structural ComplexitySpillover of Adults into Boundary Areas
•
Increases in Catch and Effort Since FRAs established
•
Increasing impacts of fishing on target size classes
•
Reserves boost adult stocks
•
Duration of protection is short relative to y-tang lifespan
Conclusion: West Hawai′i reserves sustain adult stocks over large part of coastline and act as a bulwark against overexploitation
West Hawai′i MPA Network Impacts on Sustainability of Stocks and of AQ Fishery
DAR West Hawai′i
William WalshPh.D. University of Hawai′i Mānoa
Ivor WilliamsPh.D. University of Newcastle Upon Tyne
Brent CarmanB.S. Humboldt State University
Steve Cotton B.S. University of Hawai′i Hilo
Laura LivnatB.S. Washington State University
Kosta StamoulisB.S. University of Hawai′i Hilo
Kara OsadaB.S. University of Hawai′i Hilo