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Effec%ve tax rates in Ethiopia ICTDWIDER Workshop Giulia Mascagni (IDS/ICTD) and Andualem Mengistu (EDRI) Addis Ababa, 9th February 2016
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Effective Tax Rates in Ethiopia by Giulia Mascagni

Apr 11, 2017

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Page 1: Effective Tax Rates in Ethiopia by Giulia Mascagni

Effec%ve  tax  rates  in  Ethiopia  

ICTD-­‐WIDER  Workshop  Giulia  Mascagni  (IDS/ICTD)  and  Andualem  Mengistu  (EDRI)  

Addis  Ababa,  9th  February  2016  

Page 2: Effective Tax Rates in Ethiopia by Giulia Mascagni

Background  •  Low  but  increasing  tax  to  GDP  ra%o  in  Ethiopia  •  Corporate  taxa%on:  20%  of  total  tax  revenue  –  35%  trade  taxes,  35%  direct,  30%  indirect  

•  Rela%vely  small  manufacturing  sector  (5%)  •  Investment  promo%on:  fiscal  incen%ves  (CIT)  –  Foregone  revenue  VS  increase  compe%%veness  –  Incen%ves  for  investment  and  export  +  others  

•  Growth  and  Transforma%on  Plan  2  (2015-­‐2020)  –  Stronger  focus  on  industrialisa%on  and  manufacturing  

Page 3: Effective Tax Rates in Ethiopia by Giulia Mascagni

Objec%ves  and  data  •  ETR:  Tax  as  a  ra%o  of  income,  a  measure  of  tax  burden  on  

firms  •  Objec)ve:  quan%fy  the  tax  burden  and  analyse  cross-­‐firm  

differences  •  Mo)va)on:  Increase  revenue  +  promote  industrial  

development    •  Two  main  hypotheses:  

–  HP1:  Large  firms  may  face  a  lower  tax  burden    •  Technical  and  poli%cal  reasons  

–  HP2:  Smaller  firms  are  less  payment  compliant  –  Plus:  sectoral  differences  in  ETR,  losses,  nil-­‐filers  

•  Data:  administra%ve  data  from  corporate  tax  returns  (CIT)  2012/13  and  2013/14  –  Poten%al  +  limita%on  (informal  sector)  

Page 4: Effective Tax Rates in Ethiopia by Giulia Mascagni

ETR  methodology  •  Microeconomic  VS.  Macroeconomic  data  •  Backward  looking  VS.  Forward  looking  •  Average  VS.  Marginal  ETR  •  4  ETR  measures:       Tax  minimising  strategies  

and  use  of  tax  benefits  (HP1):    •  ETR1a  vs.ETR2a  •  ETR1b  vs.ETR2b        Payment  compliance  (HP2):  •  ETR1a  vs.ETR1b  •  ETR2a  vs.ETR2b      

Page 5: Effective Tax Rates in Ethiopia by Giulia Mascagni

HP1:  Do  large  firms  pay  less?  •  Small  firms  face  the  highest  tax  burden  

–  Technical  capacity,  access  to  accountants,  compliance  costs  –  Bracket  creep:  small  firms  here  

•  Large  firms  pay  less,  but  s%ll  more  than  medium-­‐sized  firms  –  Visibility,  enforcement  pressure  (90%  revenue  from  top  decile)  

•  Medium  sized  firms  benefit  from  the  lowest  tax  burden  •  Regression  results  confirm  this  result  (sector,  loca%on,  etc)  

1015

2025

0 2 4 6 8 10Deciles of size

ETR 2a ETR 2b

Page 6: Effective Tax Rates in Ethiopia by Giulia Mascagni

How  does  that  happen?  •  Reverse  U  shape  in  the  expenditure  to  turnover  ra%o  •  Small  firms:  compliance  costs  •  Expenses  are  less  verifiable  by  the  tax  authority    

–  “Other  expenses”  about  20%  of  the  total  –  Data  quality  and  availability  –  Harder  to  cross-­‐check  across  tax  types  

•  Other  possible  explana%ons:  lower  investment?  .1

.2.3

.4Ex

pend

iture

to tu

rnov

er ra

tio

0 2 4 6 8 10Deciles of size

Page 7: Effective Tax Rates in Ethiopia by Giulia Mascagni

HP2:  Are  small  firms  less  payment  compliant?  

•  (Slightly)  higher  payment  non-­‐compliance  for  small  firms  •  Possible  explana%ons:  

–  Less  use  of  withholding  procedures  for  small  firms  (from  data)  –  Less  enforcement  pressure:  low  revenue  poten%al  here  

•  Result  weaker  than  previous  27

.528

28.5

2929

.530

0 2 4 6 8 10Deciles of size

ETR 1a ETR 1b

Page 8: Effective Tax Rates in Ethiopia by Giulia Mascagni

Other  ‘descrip%ve’  results  •  High  reliance  on  large  taxpayers  in  the  capital  

–  Top  decile  generates  90%  of  total  CIT  revenue  –  About  90%  of  the  sample  in  Addis  Ababa  (tax  centre)  

•  Large  propor%on  of  firms  repor%ng  losses  or  ‘nil-­‐filers’  (40%)  –  Registry  issue?    –  Higher  propor%on  in  agriculture  and  amongst  smaller  firms  

•  Rela%vely  higher  tax  burden  in  the  manufacturing  sector  à  structural  transforma%on  &  industrial  dev.?    

•  Expected  nega%ve  coefficients  on  fixed  assets  and  leverage  (regression)  

Page 9: Effective Tax Rates in Ethiopia by Giulia Mascagni

Conclusions:  main  results    •  Star%ng  point,  more  research  to  be  done  •  Small  firms:  

–  Compliance  costs,  technical  constraints,  accoun%ng  requirements  (thresholds)  

–  Less  payment  compliant  à  but  s%ll  this  does  not  compensate    

•  Large  firms:    –  Visibility,  enforcement  pressure  on  top  taxpayers  (capacity)  

•  Different  result  than  other  studies    –  Gauthier  and  Reinikka:  higher  tax  burden  on  medium  firms  

•  Others:    –  Higher  burden  in  manufacturing  sector,  losses  and  ‘nil-­‐filers’  

Page 10: Effective Tax Rates in Ethiopia by Giulia Mascagni

Conclusions:  going  forward  •  Use  of  administra%ve  data  –  Ethiopia  is  a  pioneer,  with  Rwanda  and  South  Africa    – Data  quality,  feasibility,  further  data  development  –  Sensi%sa%on  on  the  value  of  policy  relevant  research  

•  Involvement  of  policymakers  and  prac%%oners    –  Poten%al  follow-­‐on  ac%vi%es:  expenses,  withholding,  registry  

–  ‘Hands-­‐on’  mutual  capacity  building  –  Support  to  evidence-­‐based  policy      

•  Linking  research  to  prac)ce    

Page 11: Effective Tax Rates in Ethiopia by Giulia Mascagni

Thank  you