Effect of temperature on ti o2 nanoparticle stabilized sds co2 foam

NAME: WAN MOHD SHAHARIZUAN B. MAT LATIF

SUPERVISOR: IR. DR. MOHD ZAIDI B. JAAFAR

831107115535 / MY131031

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MALAYSIA

“The effects of temperature on

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)

nanoparticles stabilized Sodium

Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) CO2 foam”

OUTLINES:

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5. CONCLUSIONS

6. RECOMMENDATIONS

7. REFERENCES

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 CO2 GAS FLOODING PROBLEMS:

- Early breakthrough of CO2 and viscous fingering.

- Unfavorable mobility ratio and poor sweep efficiency.

- Gravity override.

>>>Improve by WAG or CO2 foam flooding.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.2. PROBLEM OF FOAM FLOODING:

- Instable in high temperature.

- Foam drainage by gravity, capillary forces and shear stress.

- Inter bubble gas diffusion (due to non-uniform size).

- Lost of surfactant due to adsorption and retention.

1.3. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY:

- To study the effect of SDS and TiO2 concentration on

surface tension.

- To study the effect of elevated temperature on CO2 foam

stability.

- To determine the optimum concentration of TiO2

nanoparticles and to compare between the CMC values of

SDS (without nanoparticle).

1.4. SCOPE OF STUDY:

- Foam generated in cylindrical Perspex (5.3 cm x 58.4 cm).

- CO2 gas flow rate used was 20 ml/min.

- Achieved foam quality was 70% (wet foam).

- Brine salinity was 10,000 ppm.

- Foam stability method used was half-life determination.

- Did not include the effect of different salinity, different

type of surfactant, different type of nanoparticle, different

gas flow rate, effect of divalent ions and the oil recovery

experiment.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW:

Year Researcher Title Parameter Result

2012 Yu et al. Generation of

Nanoparticle-

Stabilized

Supercritical

CO2-foams.

(CMTC 150849)

1. CD 1045.

2. CaCO3

nanoparticle

with 0.5 wt%

3. Up to 60oC.

1. CO2 foam stability decreased with elevated

temperature.

2. At 60oC, no foam observed.

3. IFT between CO2 and water increased with elevated

temperature.

2013

Hendraningr

at et al.

Effect of Some

Parameters

Influencing

EOR Process

using Silica

Nanoparticles:

(SPE 165955)

1. SiO2 with

0.05 wt%.

2. Up to 80oC.

1. Temperature influenced the oil recovery with Nano-

EOR.

2. However, the mechanism due to temperature is rather

complicated and not clearly understood yet.

3. It might be decreasing IFT/ intensity of Brownian

movement increase/ reduction of oil viscosity and the

particle size.

Year Researcher Title Parameter Result

2014 Sun et al. Utilization of

Surfactant-Stabilized

Foam for EOR by

Adding Nanoparticles.

1. SDS.

2. SiO2 with 1

wt%.

3. Up to 80oC.

1. Half-life decreased with elevated

temperature.

2. Half-life at 60oC and 80oC is 37 and 29

minutes.

3. SDS-SiO2 displaced more oil compared to

SDS only and water flooding.

2014 Hendraningr

at and

Torsaeter

Unlocking the potential

of metal oxides

Nanoparticle to EOR .

(OTC-24696-MS)

1. Al2O3, SiO2 and

TiO2

nanoparticles.

2. Temperature up

to 80oC.

1. Oil recovery experiment.

2. TiO2 has highest oil recovery, followed by

SiO2 and Al2O3.

2014 Mo et al. Study Nanoparticle

Stabilized CO2

Foam for Oil Recovery

at Different Pressure,

Temperature and Rock

Samples

(SPE 169110-MS)

1. SiO2

nanoparticles with

0.5 wt%

concentration.

2. Temperature up

to 60oC.

1. Oil recovery increased from 25 oC to 45oC,

due to viscosity reduction.

2. However, only slightly increased in oil

recovery from 45oC to 60oC, due to foam

stability decreased.

SUMMARY OF LITERATURE VIEW:

1. Oil recovery increased with foam stability.

2. Foam stability decreased with elevated temperature.

3. Nanoparticles increased the foam stability.

4. However, only one paper had studied the effect of

nanoparticles in increasing the foam stability at elevated

temperature (SiO2 by Sun et al., 2014).

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

1. Measured the surface tension to determine the CMC of SDS

(from 9 selected concentration; 0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1,

0.2, 0.23, 0.5 and 1 wt%).

2. SDS-CO2 foam stability test (at four selected concentrations;

0.025, 0.5, 0.23 and 0.5 wt%.

3. Tested at four temperatures; 25oC, 40oC, 60oC and 80oC.

4. TiO2-SDS-CO2 foam stability test at five selected TiO2

concentrations; 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 wt%.

MAIN EQUIPMENTS USED:

START END

Flow meter

Magnetic Stirrer Heater Tension meter

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS:

0

10

20

30

40

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Su

rfac

e te

nsi

on

/mN

/m

SDS concentration/wt %

SDS concentration vs. Surface Tension

SDS only

SDS+0.1 wt%

TiO2

At below CMC, the surfactant molecules are loosely integrated into the water structure with a monolayer

forming at the interface.

In the region of the CMC, the surfactant water structure is saturated with monomers and surfactant molecules

begin to build their own structure called micelles in the bulk solution. The monolayer at the interface also

reaches saturation.

The number of monomers adsorbed at the surface remains the same but the micelles will increase as the

concentration increases above the CMC.

(Liu et al., 2005).

Due to adsorption of SDS by the TiO2 nanoparticle, the concentration of SDS decreased, thus increased the

surface tension.

Where,

Qb = Foam quality, %

Vg = Volume of gas, ml = 20 ml/min x 3 min = 60 ml

VL = Volume of liquid, ml = range from 20 ml to 30 ml

DETERMINATION OF FOAM QUALITY:

Qb = Vg ×100%

Vg+VL

When VL = 20 ml, When VL = 30 ml,

Qb = 60 x 100% = 75% Qb = 60 x 100% = 67%

80 90

Thus, foam quality within range of 67~75% (wet foam).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

25 40 60 80

Hal

f li

fe /

min

Temperature/oC

Temperature vs. Half life

Half life 0.025 wt%

Half life 0.05 wt%

Half life CMC 0.23 wt%

Half life 0.5 wt%

y = -2.002ln(x) + 32.926

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

20 40 60 80

Su

rfac

e te

nsi

on/m

N/m

Temperature/oC

0.025 wt%

0.05 wt%

CMC 0.23

wt%

CMC + 0.1

wt% TiO2

Temperature vs. SDS Surface

As the temperature raised, the kinetic energy of molecules increased, resulted in a decreased in attractive forces between the molecules which in turn reduced the surface tension of the surfactant solutions (Sharma and Shah, 1985).

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

CMC

SDS

+ 0.1

wt%

TiO2

+ 0.2

wt%

TiO2

+ 0.3

wt%

TiO2

+ 0.4

wt%

TiO2

+ 0.5

wt%

TiO2

Foam

hal

f li

fe/m

in

25 degree C

40 degree C

60 degree C

80 degree C

Concentration of TiO2 vs. Foam Half-life

EXPLANATION: 1. Foam stability increased with TiO2 concentration until reached

0.3 wt% (optimum).

2. As the particle concentration is low, there are not enough

particles to attach completely at the interface around the CO2

bubbles and when the particle concentration increase, more

particles could be adsorb at the CO2 bubbles interface, which

stabilize the produced CO2 foam.

3. However, when the TiO2 nanoparticle was further increased up

to 0.5 wt%, the half-life of the generated CO2 foam suddenly

decreased.

4. It is believe that particle concentration occur in the highly

concentrate nanoparticle dispersions, which inhibit the CO2

foam generations (Yu et al., 2012).

Based on the above table, the ratio of half-life foam stability at optimum concentration of TiO2 (which was 0.3 wt%) over CMC value only (without nanoparticle) obtained at 25oC, 40oC, 60oC and 80oC were 1.67, 1.67, 1.68 and 1.40 only respectively, while the average was 1.60.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Objectives Conclusions

i. To study the effect of SDS and TiO2

concentration on surface tension

The surface tension was decreased with SDS concentration.

The determined CMC was 0.23 wt%.

It was obvious that the presence of only 0.1 wt% of TiO2 decreased the surface

tension rather than increased.

The surface tension was decreased with elevated temperature.

ii. To study the effect of elevated

temperature on CO2 foam stability.

The foam stability was decreased with elevated temperature.

However, the foam stability test of CMC and above CMC at elevated

temperature showed slightly increased only, which indicated that the

determination of CMC was very important for the optimum concentration of

SDS.

iii. To determine the optimum

concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles

and to compare between the CMC

values of SDS (without nanoparticle).

.

TiO2 increased the foam stability at all tested concentrations and temperatures.

The optimum concentration of TiO2 obtained was 0.3 wt% (3000 ppm). In

addition, the concentration of TiO2 that above 0.3 wt% showed decreased in

the half-life foam stability test.

The ratio between the optimum concentrations of TiO2 and CMC value

(without nanoparticle) obtained was 1.60 only

6. RECOMMENDATIONS:

i. To use smaller gas flow rate, such as 1 ml/min and longer

stirrer period.

ii. To conduct the experiment with constant temperature during

the experiment, especially at the high temperature as 80oC and

above.

iii. To compare with other surfactants, such as AOS or Triton X-

100 and other nanoparticles, such as SiO2 and Al2O3.

iv. To study the effect of nanoparticles towards wettability.

v. To compare between CO2 foam, WAG and FAWAG in the oil

recovery experiment on the elevated temperature.

7. REFERENCES:

Yu, J. J., An, C., Mo, D., Liu, N. and Lee, R. (2012). Study of

Adsorption and Transportation Behavior of Nanoparticles in

Three Different Porous Media. Society of Petroleum Engineers

(SPE): Richardson, TX; paper SPE 153337.

Sun, Q., Li, Z., Li, S., Jiang, L., Wang, J. and Wang. P. (2014).

Utilization of Surfactant-Stabilized Foam for Enhanced Oil

Recovery by Adding Nanoparticles. Energy Fuels (28): 2384-

2394.

Hendraningrat, L. and Torsaeter, O. (2014). Unlocking the Potential of

Metal Oxides Nanoparticles to Enhance the Oil Recovery.

Paper OTC-24696-MS presented at the Offshore Technology

Cconference Asia. March 25-28. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,