Effect of supplemental sericea lespedeza pellets on internal parasite infection and nutritional status of grazing goats Article Published Version Open access Hamilton, T., Terrill, T., Kommuru, D. S., Rivers, A., Mosjidis, J., Miller, J., Drake, C., Mueller-Harvey, I. and Burke, J. (2017) Effect of supplemental sericea lespedeza pellets on internal parasite infection and nutritional status of grazing goats. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7 (5). pp. 334-344. ISSN 2161-6256 doi: https://doi.org/10.17265/2161- 6256/2017.05.005 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75831/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . Identification Number/DOI: https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.05.005 <https://doi.org/10.17265/2161-6256/2017.05.005> Publisher: David Publishing Company All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement .
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Effect of supplemental sericea lespedeza pellets on internal parasite infection and nutritional status of grazing goats Article
Published Version
Open access
Hamilton, T., Terrill, T., Kommuru, D. S., Rivers, A., Mosjidis, J., Miller, J., Drake, C., MuellerHarvey, I. and Burke, J. (2017) Effect of supplemental sericea lespedeza pellets on internal parasite infection and nutritional status of grazing goats. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A, 7 (5). pp. 334344. ISSN 21616256 doi: https://doi.org/10.17265/21616256/2017.05.005 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75831/
It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing .
All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement .
intake, CP levels were very similar between available
feed in each pasture (13.2% vs. 14.0% for control and
treatment goats, respectively). Fiber levels (NDF and
ADF) were very similar for both control and treatment
diets (Table 1). The SL pellets also had a very high
level of total CT (13.7 g CT/100 g pellets), consisting
of nearly pure PD-type tannins (99.2%) with a mean
degree of polymerization of 30 (i.e., an average
molecular weight of 9,183 Daltons).
3.2 H. contortus Larvae in Copro-cultures
Less than half of the larvae which were recovered
from copro-cultures prepared from bulk fecal samples
collected on day 49 of the trial were H. contortus (35%
and 40% for bucks supplemented with SL pellets and
control pellets, respectively). Remaining larvae were a
combination of Trichostrongulus colubriformis,
Teladorsagia circumcincta and Cooperia spp..
3.3 GIN Eggs
There was a period effect (P < 0.001), but no
treatment (P = 0.318) or treatment × period (P = 0.217)
effects on GIN eggs in feces of yearling bucks fed
supplemental SL pellets on pasture (Fig. 1). From day
14 through day 63, average FEC of the goats fed
supplemental SL pellets were 47.1% lower than FEC
of the control pellet-supplemented animals, but these
differences were not significant. The FEC of control
animals averaged 50% lower than previous levels
from days 70 to 95, and FEC of both the treatment and
control bucks increased once SL pellet
supplementation ended on day 98 (Fig. 1).
3.4 Eimeria spp. Oocysts
Feeding SL leaf meal pellets reduced coccidial
oocyst excretion in the goats, with significant
treatment (P < 0.05), period (P < 0.001) and treatment
× period (P < 0.01) effects. The Eimeria spp.
oocysts of feces from SL pellet-supplemented bucks
were lower (P < 0.05) than in goats given control
pellets on days 39-49 and on days 70-84 (Fig. 2).
There were no differences in FOC between treatment
groups from days 98 to 137.
Effect of Supplemental Sericea Lespedeza Pellets on Internal Parasite Infection and Nutritional Status of Grazing Goats
338
Fig. 1 Least squares means (± standard error) of fecal egg counts of yearling Spanish bucks fed supplemental SL leaf meal pellets or control pellets on grass pasture.
Fig. 2 Least squares means (± standard error) of fecal oocyst counts of yearling Spanish bucks fed supplemental SL leaf meal pellets or control pellets on grass pasture.
Egg
s pe
r g
of f
eces
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Ooc
ysts
per
g o
f fe
ces
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Effect of Supplemental Sericea Lespedeza Pellets on Internal Parasite Infection and Nutritional Status of Grazing Goats
reduced (P < 0.05) serum Se and Zn concentrations,
but had no effect on serum Mo, Co, Cu or Fe levels
compared with bucks given supplemental non-CT
(control) pellets (Table 3). Once SL pellet feeding was
discontinued, all treatment differences in serum
micronutrient levels disappeared, as both treatment
and control groups had similar concentrations of Se,
Mo, Zn, Co, Cu and Fe at the end of the trial (Table 3).
3.8 Liver/Enzyme Analysis
There was no significant effect of supplemental
pellet feeding treatment on ALT, AST activity and CK
serum concentrations in the bucks (Table 4).
Fig. 3 Least squares means (± standard error) of blood PCV of yearling Spanish bucks fed supplemental SL leaf meal pellets or control pellets on grass pasture.
Effect of Supplemental Sericea Lespedeza Pellets on Internal Parasite Infection and Nutritional Status of Grazing Goats
Fig. 5 Least squares means (± standard error) of body weights of yearling Spanish bucks fed supplemental SL leaf meal pellets or control pellets on grass pastures.
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
FA
MA
CH
A s
core
s
Bod
y w
eigh
ts (
g)
Effect of Supplemental Sericea Lespedeza Pellets on Internal Parasite Infection and Nutritional Status of Grazing Goats
341
Table 2 Least squares means (± standard error) of average daily gain (g) of yearling Spanish goats fed SL leaf meal pellets or control pellets on grass pasture.
Treatment Gain per day (g)
Days 0 to 9 Days 50 to 98 Days 0 to 140
SL pellet 123.0 ± 17.5 37.8 ± 9.3 86.9 ± 11.1
Control pellet 76.6 ± 16.7 56.8 ± 8.9 72.6 ± 10.6
Table 3 Effect of SL leaf meal pellet or control pellet supplementation on serum micronutrient status of yearling bucks grazing grass pastures.
Micronutrient
Days following initiation of feeding
Day 0 Day 98 Day 137
SL Control SL Control SL Control
Se (ng/mL) 54.00 44.00 40.00a 58.00b 45.00 48.00
Co (ng/mL) 2.93 2.61 1.75 1.87 1.63 1.27
Cu (µg/mL) 0.88 0.81 0.64 0.63 0.69 0.65
Zn (µg/mL) 2.54 3.01 1.38a 3.37b 1.01 1.32
Fe (µg/dL) - - 96.00 95.00 80.00 93.00
Mo (ng/mL) 1.4 2.40 1.01 1.33 2.33 2.48
Means with different superscripts in a row was significantly different at P < 0.05.
Table 4 Effect of SL leaf meal or control pellet supplementation on liver/blood enzymes of yearling bucks grazing grass pastures.
statistically significant until days 35 to 39 of pellet
supplementation. Similar results (delayed effects on
anemia scores) of feeding SL hay [18] or pellets [10] to
goats in confinement have been reported previously.
The lack of a treatment effect on FEC in the bucks in
the current trial may have been related to the level of
SL intake or the H. contortus infection levels in these
animals. In previous reports, in which SL hay, leaf
meal or pellets were fed to goats in confinement [7, 10,
28, 29] or as supplemental pellets on pasture [27] at
37.5% of the diet or higher, significant reductions in
nematode FEC have been reported. However, Terrill et
al. [28] reported no effect of SL hay on FEC of goats
when fed at 18.8% of the diet. Although total intake
was not measured in the current investigation, pellets
were initially fed at 1.5% of body weight, which was
estimated to be approximately 35% of the goats’ daily
Effect of Supplemental Sericea Lespedeza Pellets on Internal Parasite Infection and Nutritional Status of Grazing Goats
342
intake. In addition, as SL is more effective against H.
contortus than other GIN species [7], the positive
anti-parasitic effects of SL have been reported to be
reduced or delayed, when H. contortus is not the
predominant infection, as often occurs in cooler
months in Georgia [28].
The treatment differences in FOC occurred due to a
rapid rise in these values in the control goats after day
28 of the trial, while the FOC of SL-supplemented
animals remained low (Fig. 2). These differences
disappeared over the last 2-3 weeks of the SL pellet
supplementation period and after SL pellet
supplementation was discontinued (Fig. 2). This
appears to be due to a reduction in FOC values in the
control animals rather than any change in these values
in the SL pellet-supplemented bucks. A similar
short-term advantage of feeding SL pellets on FOC in
goats has been reported previously in animals given SL
leaf meal or commercial pellets as their sole diet [13].
The treatment differences in the current investigation
occurred, despite SL pellets being a much lower
component of the diet. This suggests that lower levels
of dietary SL may have a greater effect on coccidia than
GIN in goats.
In addition to short-term positive anti-parasitic
effects of supplementing grazing bucks with SL leaf
meal pellets, there was also a positive initial effect on
animal performance, with a trend toward higher (P =
0.07) weight gain per day over days 0 to 49, compared
with animals supplemented with a non-CT control
goat pellet (Table 2). Gujja et al. [27] reported
increased weight gains in goats supplemented with a
95% SL leaf meal pellet on pasture compared with a
commercial pellet, while there was no benefit to
feeding a 75% SL pellet. The treatment pellets used in
the current study consisted of 90% SL leaf meal. Any
differences in animal performance in this study are
more likely due to CT intake than CP intake between
SL-treatment than control goats. Although intake was
not measured in this investigation, CP intake was
likely similar between the groups, as lower pasture CP
in the control group would have been offset by higher
CP in the pellet portion of the diet (Table 1). Weight
gain per day slowed considerably for both treatment
groups for the second seven weeks of SL pellet
supplementation (days 50 to 98) and after SL pellet
feeding was discontinued (days 99 to 137) (Table 2).
This may have been due to slowed growth rate of the
bucks, due to increased maturity (16-19 months old)
or reduced pasture availability that required
supplementing with Bermuda grass hay.
Slowing of growth rate of goats and sheep from
long-term feeding of SL pellets has been reported by
other authors [21, 22] and been suggested to be related
to negative effects on micronutrient status in the
animal, particularly Mo, Se and Zn [19, 23]. This did
not appear to be the case in the current study for
serum Mo, but serum concentrations of Se and Zn
were reduced by day 98 (Table 3). However, this did
not appear to have any negative effect on animal
performance (gain per day).
There were also no treatment effects on enzymes
related to liver function (ALT and AST) and muscle
turnover (CK) in the bucks (Table 4), suggesting that
there was no muscle or liver damage due to long-term
feeding of SL pellets in this study. Acharya et al. [19]
reported elevated AST levels in lambs fed an
SL-based diet compared with an alfalfa-based control
diet and suggested that SL feeding may relieve heat
stress in animals. This could not be confirmed in the
current investigation, which occurred during cooler
months, but this may be an important consideration
for future studies with SL.
5. Conclusions
Feeding supplemental SL pellets on pasture had a
variable effect on both parasite infection and
nutritional status of yearling goats. There were
short-term improvements (approximately nine weeks)
in animal performance and infection status in goats
fed supplemental SL pellets, whereas long-term
feeding resulted in similar animal performance as
Effect of Supplemental Sericea Lespedeza Pellets on Internal Parasite Infection and Nutritional Status of Grazing Goats
343
goats given supplemental non-CT (control) pellets.
Parasite/nutrition effects in this study do not appear
to be related to micronutrient status or concentration
of enzymes related to liver function and muscle
turnover in the goats. Short-term feeding of
supplemental SL pellets on pasture may improve
performance and parasitic infection status of goats,
and should be a viable option for farmers during the
parasite season. Additional research is needed to
determine the long-term effects of SL feeding on
nutrition-parasite interactions in livestock.
Acknowledgments
This material is based upon work supported by the
National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, under award numbers
2011-33610-30836 and 2010-51300-21641.
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