Effect of salinity on survival and growth of giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

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Aquaculture Reports 2 (2015) 26–33

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ffect of salinity on survival and growth of giant freshwater prawnacrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man)

.K. Chand a, R.K. Trivedi b, S.K. Dubey b,∗, S.K. Rout b, M.M. Beg a, U.K. Das b

Directorate of Research, Extension and Farms, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, IndiaDepartment of Aquatic Environment Management, Faculty of Fishery Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700094,

ndia

r t i c l e i n f o

rticle history:eceived 28 January 2015eceived in revised form 6 May 2015ccepted 13 May 2015

eywords:acrobrachium rosenbergii

alinity tolerancealine water inundationedian lethal salinity

ndian Sundarban

a b s t r a c t

Two independent experiments were performed to determine the effects of salinity on survival and growthof juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii, first one was to determine the median lethal salinity (MLS-5096 h)and second one was to assess the survival and growth at different sub-lethal salinities under field condi-tion. In MLS-5096 h study 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ppt salinities were used to initially find out the salinitytolerance range. Accordingly, a definitive salinity tolerance test was done in next phase to find out exactmedian lethal salinity by directly transferring the test species to 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 27 ppt salinityfor 96 h. The median lethal salinity of M. rosenbergii was estimated at 24.6 ppt. In the second experiment,survival and growth performances of the prawn were recorded at different sub-lethal salinities viz., 5,10, 15 and 20 ppt along with 0 ppt as control during 60 days culture period. The prawn exhibited low-est final average weight at 20 ppt salinity and significantly highest at 10 ppt salinity. Highest SGR andweight gain were obtained at 10 ppt followed by 5 ppt, 15 ppt and 0 ppt salinity but differences among

treatment were not significant (P > 0.05). Survival rate of prawn varied between 91% (at 0 ppt) and 78%(at 20 ppt). The prawn grew and survived satisfactorily at 0–15 ppt salinities, implying that the speciescan be cultured commercially at wide salinity range. M. rosenbergii can be considered as an ideal speciesto promote, in view of current and future climate variables as more and more coastal areas of India aregoing to be vulnerable to saline water inundation.

© 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

. Introduction

Salinity is one of the important environmental factors affect-ng survival, growth and distribution of many aquatic organismsKumlu and Jones, 1995; Kumlu et al., 1999, 2000). Although manyrustaceans exhibit some degree of euryhalinity (Pequeux, 1995),ptimal salinity levels for growth, survival and production compe-ence are often species–specific (Parado-Estepa et al., 1987; Rousend Kartamulia, 1992; Kumlu and Jones, 1995; Kumlu et al., 2001;omano and Zeng, 2006; Ye et al., 2009). A variety of aquatic crus-aceans have been reported to rear in inland saline water aroundhe world (Ferraris et al., 1987; Saoud et al., 2003; Rahman et al.,005). Thus, it is important to determine the optimum salinity level

or each commercial prawn species in culture systems where thealinity can be altered to suit the species.

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.:+91 33 24328749; fax: +91 33 24328749.E-mail address: [email protected] (S.K. Dubey).

ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2015.05.002352-5134/© 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC B

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

In tropics, fluctuations of salinity are very pronounced wherethe climate is characterized by wet and dry seasons (Suresh andLin, 1992). But in recent years, climate variability manifested by sealevel rise, increased incidence of coastal flood and tropical cyclones,which are responsible for salinity mediated water stress of fresh-water fisheries in various parts of the world (Cruz et al., 2007;Badjeck et al., 2010). In West Bengal, India, many areas in Sundar-ban delta (UNESCO declared World Heritage Site) are vulnerableto saline water inundation and subjected to environmental hazardduring extreme weather events like cyclones and storm surges. In2009, the severe tropical cyclone ‘Aila’ hit the Sundarban, inundat-ing extensive areas with brackish water. It brought huge changesin environmental parameters, especially in water salinity increasedfrom 13.64 ± 6.24 ppt to 17.08 ± 8.03 ppt with an increase of 25.2%(Mitra et al., 2011). Due to salinity intrusion in freshwater aqua-culture areas, many freshwater species were subjected to severe

salinity stress and some species perished due to their inability tocope up with such extreme conditions. Therefore, it is important todetermine the salinity tolerance of freshwater aquaculture species

Y-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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nd to ascertain whether some freshwater species can be culturedn brackish water areas.

The giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii has aide distribution throughout the Indo-Pacific region and most

avoured for farming in tropical and subtropical areas of the worldNew, 2002, 2005). Salinity plays a critical role on egg, embryo andarval development during life cycle of M. rosenbergii. In its naturaletting, gravid females migrate across saline gradients to estuar-ne downstream to hatch their eggs and larval development takeslace in brackish water (Ismael and New, 2000). This freshwateralaemonid prawn is popularly known as ‘scampi’ in Indian trade,

armed chiefly in small to medium-sized earthen ponds in Westengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala in India (Nair andalin, 2012). Global production of this prawn has increased from30,689 tons in 2000 to 203,211 tons in 2011 (FAO, 2013). The totalcampi production from India in 2010–2011 was about 8778 met-ic tons and West Bengal was the leading producer. In 2011–12,ndia exported 2723 metric tons M. rosenbergii with an increase of1.61% than the previous years (MPEDA, 2011).

Freshwater prawn M. rosenbergii has been studied in relation tohe effects of different environmental factors (Brown et al., 1991;hen and Kow, 1996; Manush et al., 2004). The effects of salin-

ty on the growth and survival of several penaeid species havelso been extensively studied (Dall et al., 1990). Salinities between5 ppt and 25 ppt are considered optimal for P. monodon cultureFerraris et al., 1986a; Chen et al., 1995). It was reported by New1995) that adult M. rosenbergii can tolerate salinity ranging from

ppt to 25 ppt. Huong et al. (2010) studied the effects of salinities15–25 ppt) on the osmoregulation, growth and moulting cycles of

. rosenbergii at Mekong delta. Yen and Bart (2008) studied neg-tive effect of elevated salinity on the reproduction and growthemale M. rosenbergii. But its lethal salinity level, growth and sur-ival rate at different sub-lethal salinities, etc. are still uncertain. Toddress these issues, the present study was undertaken to deter-ine median lethal salinity (MLS-5096 h), and to assess the survival

nd growth rates at different sub-lethal salinities.

. Material and methods

.1. Experimental species and acclimation

Juveniles of M. rosenbergii were obtained from the spawningf wild broodstock in a commercial hatchery located in Naihati,orth 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India and transported

n oxygenated polythene bag (pH 7.5, alkalinity 100 ppm as CaCO3,ardness 120 ppm as CaCO3) to the laboratory. Before experimen-ation, healthy and active juveniles (transparent body and activelywimming) were segregated into 500 L FRP (fibreglass reinforcedlastic) tanks filled with freshwater under constant aeration andcclimatized for three weeks at ambient temperature of 27–29.5 ◦C.bout 30% of water was renewed daily. Prawn were fed ad libitum

wice daily (9:00 h and 16:00 h) with commercial pelleted feed (35%rude protein). The leftover food and faecal matters were removedaily by siphoning.

.2. Salinity tolerance (MLS96 h) test

In the first phase, a non-renewal static toxicity bioassay wasone for salinity range finding as described by Peltier and Weber1985). Juveniles of M. rosenbergii (length: 6.98 ± 0.67 cm; weight:.05 ± 0.84 g) were directly transferred to 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and

0 ppt saline water. Desired salinities were achieved by mixingreshwater with brine water collected from salt pan (>100 pptalinity). The experimental system consisted of 10 L glass aquariatocked with ten juveniles/aquarium for 96 h with three replicates.

Reports 2 (2015) 26–33 27

The pH and dissolved oxygen of the tanks ranged from 7.2 ppmto 7.6 ppm and 5.8 ppm to 7.6 ppm respectively. As 100% mor-tality was observed only at 30 ppt, a definitive salinity tolerancetest was conducted in the second phase to determine the medianlethal salinity concentration. Median lethal salinity (MLS96h) isdefined as the salinity at which survival of test species falls to50% in 96 h following direct transfer from freshwater to varioustest salinities (Watanabe et al., 1990). The test species (length:7.71 ± 0.61 cm; weight: 4.50 ± 0.81 g) were directly subjected to 21,22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 27 ppt salinities and observed for 96 h. As perAPHA (2012), standard photoperiod of 16 h light: 8 h dark was fol-lowed. Each aquarium was covered with a fine meshed nylon netto prevent jumping out the test juveniles. The pH and dissolvedoxygen of the aquaria were ranged from 7.0 ppm to 7.8 ppm and5.5 ppm to 6.75 ppm respectively. Survival was recorded at 24, 48,72 and 96 h of exposure to each salinity level. Lack of response tomechanical stimuli was the criteria to determine death of juveniles.Dead juveniles were removed during each observation. MLS96 h wascalculated by Probit method by pooling the mortality data fromreplicates within treatments and considered significantly differentwhen the corresponding 95% confidence intervals did not overlap(Finney, 1971). The entire experiment was carried out in Mohanpurcampus (Nadia district of West Bengal) of the University in India.

2.3. Field trials on survival and growth at different salinities

The field trial was conducted in 5 earthen ponds (0.02 haeach) located at Jharkhali fish farm complex (N 22◦01.219′ andE 088◦41.075′), a fringe area of Sundarban mangrove eco-region,West Bengal, India. Four different sub lethal salinities, viz., 5, 10, 15and 20 ppt were chosen to assess the effects of salinity on survivaland growth. Simultaneously freshwater (0 ppt salinity) was usedas control. The different salinity gradients were created in experi-mental earthen pond by pumping saline water from the nearby tidalcreek connected to river Herobhanga (average salinity 28–30 ppt).Three numbers of fine nylon net happa (12 × 8 × 4 ft) were placed ineach earthen pond with support of bamboo frame. Fourty acclima-tised M. rosenbergii were randomly sampled, stocked in each happaand allowed to grow for 60 days under ideal farm management. Awater depth of 1.2 m was maintained throughout the experimentin each pond. Six numbers of hide outs (PVC pipes of 2′′ diameterand 1′ long) were placed in each happa to act as shelter and avoidcannibalism. Prawn were fed twice a day (9:00 h and 16:00 h) adlibitum with commercial pelleted feed (Charoen Pokphand Group,Samut Sakron, Thailand; 32% crude protein, 4% lipid and 6% fibre).

Prawns were blot dried using a tissue paper and the body weightwas measured fortnightly; while mortality (if any) was noted daily.The growth performances were calculated in terms of specificgrowth rate (SGR; %/day), body weight gain (BWG %), average dailygrowth (ADG; g/day) (Brown, 1957; Hopkins, 1992) by using thefollowing formulae:

SGR(

%/day)

= (LnWf − LnWf )t

× 100

Where Ln represents the natural log of individual wet weight (g);Wf is the final wet weight, Wi the initial wet weight, t is the durationin day.

BWG(%) = (Wf − Wi)Wi

× 100

Where Wf is the final wet weight and Wi the initial wet weight

ADG(g/day) = (Wf − Wi)t

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28 B.K. Chand et al. / Aquaculture

Table 1Salinity tolerance with confidence interval for Macrobrachium rosenbergii estimatedusing probit.

Probability Salinity (ppt) Confidence interval (95%)

Lower bound 95% Upper bound 95%

0.20 21.76 0.74 24.110.30 22.93 6.82 24.800.40 23.82 11.44 25.350.50 24.60 15.49 25.880.60 25.37 19.32 26.490.70 26.17 23.00 27.450.80 27.09 25.76 30.05

Wt

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0.90 28.35 27.17 35.970.95 29.38 27.89 41.250.99 31.31 29.07 51.27

here Wf is the final wet weight, Wi the initial wet weight and t ishe duration in day.

urvival(%) = Number of species survived at end of experimentNumber of species stocked

×100

.4. Water quality

Salinity of each treatment was controlled daily and other wateruality parameters were monitored fortnightly. Temperature, pH,issolved oxygen and salinity were determined directly by digi-al water analysis instrument (HANNA, HI 9828, Germany); whilemmonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO2-N) waseasured using HACH spectrophotometer (DR 2800, Germany).

lkalinity and hardness were measured titrimetrically as per APHA2012).

.5. Data analysis

Final survival and growth performance data of M. rosenbergiit each treatment were analysed by one-way analysis of varianceANOVA) after confirmation of normality and homogeneity of vari-nce. Log or arcsine transformation of data was performed beforehe analysis whenever variances were not homogeneous. TukeyHSD) mean separation test were used to determine the differencesmong the means. Significant differences are stated at P < 0.05 levelnless otherwise noted (Zar, 1999). All statistical analyses wereerformed using statistical software SPSS 10.0 for Windows (SPSS

nc. Chicago, IL USA). Graphs and plots were generated using sta-istical software Medcalc® version 12.7.0 (MedCalc Software bvba,stend, Belgium).

. Results

.1. Salinity tolerance (MLS96 h) test

100% mortalities were recorded within 24 h upon exposureo 27–30 ppt. In 25–26 ppt, survival rates after 96 h were 17–6%,espectively. In contrast, at 21–22 ppt salinity treatments, survivalates after 96 h were 83–79%, respectively. The Median lethal salin-ty (MLS96 h) and confidence limits computed using Probit for M.osenbergii juvenile is presented in Table 1. The 96 h Median Lethalalinity of M. rosenbergii was 24.6 ppt with confidence intervalsat 95%) of 15.5–25.9 ppt. The statistical confidence of point esti-

ate values other than 50% can be used to characterize toxicitylethal salinity). The precision of the MLS96 h test results for a typicaligmoid cumulative distribution dose response curve and time (h)ependent survivorship curve for M. rosenbergii in varied salinities

Reports 2 (2015) 26–33

has been demonstrated in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively. The mortalityrate was positively correlated with the salinity concentration withcorrelation coefficient (r) of 0.97.

3.2. Survival and growth at different sub-lethal salinities

The initial average body mass of the prawn were not signifi-cantly different (P > 0.05) at the commencement of the experiment.Significant differences in monthly average body mass wereobserved in different salinity treatment (Fig. 3). At the end of 60days culture period, prawn exhibited the lowest average growth(25.63 g) at 20 ppt and the highest average growth (34.97 g) at10 ppt. The highest weight gain was obtained in prawn culturedin 10 ppt (23.53 g) followed by 5–15 ppt, but did not differ signifi-cantly to each other (P > 0.05). The lowest weight gain was obtainedin 20 ppt (13.58 g) which differed significantly (P < 0.05) from othertreatments. This growth trend was also true for daily weight gains(Table 2). The specific growth rates (SGR) of prawn were also high-est when cultured in 10 ppt (1.86%/day) followed by 5 ppt, 15 pptsalinities and in freshwater (0 ppt) but differences among treat-ments were not significant (P > 0.05). Significantly lower SGR wasobtained in 20 ppt salinity treatment (1.26%/day) (P < 0.05). Thisgrowth trend was also similar in case of the percentage bodyweight gain (BWG %). The SGR in first month (30 days) and sec-ond month (60 days) differed significantly (P < 0.05). In case of 30days SGR, highest growth rate were obtained in freshwater (0 ppt)followed by 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppt salinities. In contrast, this trendwas just reverse in 60 days SGR. In 60 days SGR, highest growthrate was obtained in 15 ppt followed by 10 ppt but differencesamong them were not significant (P > 0.05) (Fig. 4). The survivalrate of M. rosenbergii after 60 days trial period was significantly high(P < 0.05) in freshwater (0 ppt) and decreased as salinity increased.The differences in survival rate between 0 ppt and 5 ppt as well asbetween 5 ppt and 10 ppt were not significant (P > 0.05) (Table 2).The physico-chemical parameters of pond water measured duringtrial period were depicted in Table 3.

4. Discussion

Juveniles or sub-adults of M. rosenbergii occur naturally in estu-arine areas of West Bengal are thus adapted to an environmentin which salinity levels vary constantly. Results of this study alsoindicated that the median lethal salinity value of M. rosenbergiiis very high (24.6 ppt) and it supports that the species exhibitsa wide tolerance to abrupt changes in salinity. Ling (1977) dis-covered that larvae of M. rosenbergii required brackish water forsurvival, growth etc. The M. rosenbergii is exposed to a wide rangeof salinities (0–18 ppt) during it course of life cycle (Limpadanaiand Tansakul, 1980; Cheng et al., 2003). In an earlier study, Sandiferet al. (1975) showed that tolerance of post-larval M. rosenbergii togradual and rapid increases in salinity was around 25 ppt and mor-tality increased rapidly at levels ≥30 ppt in both cases. Goodwin andHanson (1975) also stated that larvae and adults of M. rosenbergiiare euryhaline to a considerable degree and tolerated salinities upto 21 ppt.

Water quality parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxy-gen, alkalinity, ammonia-nitrogen, and nitrate-nitrogen duringgrowth trial period were found within acceptable range for fresh-water prawn rearing (Correia et al., 2000; New, 2002; Mallasenet al., 2003) Table 3. Though survival of M. rosenbergii was higherin freshwater (0 ppt) in the study, the highest growth was achieved

in 10 ppt. Salinity beyond 15 ppt was not suitable for growth of M.rosenbergii which is agrees well with previous study of Huong et al.(2010). New (2002) suggested that M. rosenbergii can be culturedin brackish water (up to a salinity of 10 ppt), although better pro-

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B.K. Chand et al. / Aquaculture Reports 2 (2015) 26–33 29

e resp

daptg(d

Fig. 1. Sigmoid cumulative distribution dos

uction, individual size and survival of the stock were observedt a salinity of 5 ppt (Nair and Salin, 2005). In contrary to theresent investigation, Singh (1980) demonstrated that freshwa-

er prawns were able to grow in salinity up to 17 ppt with highestrowth achieved at salinity between 0 ppt and 2 ppt. Yen and Bart2008) reported maximum growth of M. rosenbergii at 0 ppt andecreased as salinity increased and halted growth was documented

Fig. 2. Survival rate (%) of juvenile Macrobrachium ros

onse curve for Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

at 18 ppt, however this study was done with high stocking density.Goodwin and Hanson (1975) indicated that juvenile of M. rosen-bergii grew more rapidly in slight brackish water (<5 ppt) when

compared to more brackish water up to 15 ppt. Specific growthrates showed a steady decline with the relative increase in totalbiomass as the prawns become larger and older (Fig. 4). Notewor-thy observation in this trial is that after 30 days, SGR raised at

enbergii in different salinities at 96 h exposure.

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30 B.K. Chand et al. / Aquaculture Reports 2 (2015) 26–33

Fig. 3. Monthly average body weight (g) of Macrobrachium rosenbergii cultured in different salinities for 60 days. The results are expressed as mean ± SD of three replicates

Table 2Initial weight (g), final weight (g), weight gain (g), average daily growth (g/day), specific growth rate (%/day), body weight gain (%) and survival (%) of Macrobrachiumrosenbergii reared in different salinities for 60 days.

Variables Salinity (ppt)

0 (control) 5 10 15 20

Initial weight 11.22 ± 1.39 11.30 ± 0.75 11.43 ± 1.25 11.30 ± 0.81 12.05 ± 0.95Final weight 30.86 ± 2.38b 32.55 ± 1.12ab 34.97 ± 1.11a 32.47 ± 0.89ab 25.63 ± 0.84c

Weight gain 19.64 ± 1.25b 21.25 ± 0.38ab 23.53 ± 1.10a 21.16 ± 0.27b 13.58 ± 0.88c

Average daily growth 0.32 ± 0.02b 0.35 ± 0.006ab 0.39 ± 0.01a 0.35 ± 0.004b 0.22 ± 0.01c

Specific growth rate 1.70 ± 0.19ac 1.80 ± 0.16a 1.86 ± 0.16a 1.76 ± 0.07ac 1.26 ± 0.11b

Body weight gain 177.63 ± 31.56ac 188.54 ± 9.78a 208.03 ± 30.57a 187.80 ± 13.66ac 113.46 ± 15.23b

D row w

htp

cabpPiw(

TW

Survival 90.66 ± 2.08a 88.33 ± 1.52ab

ata are presented as Mean ± SD 0f three replicates. Different superscripts in same

igher salinity levels (Fig. 4) revealing that prawn were acclima-ising and recovering stress in higher salinity as the culture periodrogressed.

The osmoregulatory process is an important adaptation of manyrustaceans to overcome changes in salinity, especially in estuarinend coastal environments (Pequeux, 1995). In this study, M. rosen-ergii hyperosmoregulated when salinity was above its iso-osmoticoint and hypoosmoregulated when salinity was below this point.

revious studies indicated that M. rosenbergii is an osmoregulator

n freshwater up to salinities at the iso-osmotic point (14–15 ppt),hereas it is an osmoconformer at higher salinities (15–28 ppt)

Stern et al., 1987; Funge-Smith et al., 1995; Cheng et al., 2003). This

able 3ater quality parameters analysed in different salinity treatments during 60 days growt

Parameters Salinity (ppt)

0 ppt (Control) 5 ppt

Temperature (◦C) 31.44 ± 2.87 32.02 ± 3.17

pH 7.86 ± 0.46 8.47 ± 0.47

Dissolved oxygen (ppm) 6.02 ± 0.89 6.02 ± 1.16

NH3-N (ppm) 0.17 ± 0.10 0.19 ± 0.09

NO2-N (ppm) 0.08 ± 0.05 0.09 ± 0.04

Alkalinity (ppm) 30.25 ± 6.54 79.30 ± 11.05

86.66 ± 1.52b 81.00 ± 1.00c 78.00 ± 2.64c

ere significantly different (P < 0.05).

adaptation is just reverse for typical penaeid shrimp and most crus-taceans that inhabit estuarine or marine areas (Mantel and Farmer,1983; Lemaire et al., 2002). Malecha (1983) also explained thatalthough freshwater prawn tolerate higher than their iso-osmoticpoint (18 ppt), optimum growth conditions are at fresh or slightlybrackish water (0–4 ppt). Changes in relative concentrations ofvarious ions in media, up to 15 ppt, seem to have no significantinfluence on the haemolymph composition in M. rosenbergii that

managed to survive and grow in them (Stern et al., 1987; Huonget al., 2010). Although haemolymph composition and osmolalitywere not measured in the study, it is well established that exter-nal osmolality affects crustacean haemolymph osmolality and ionic

h trial of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Values are presented as Mean ± SD.

10 ppt 15 ppt 20 ppt

31.48 ± 3.28 31.26 ± 3.30 31.20 ± 3.318.13 ± 0.45 8.24 ± 0.48 8.24 ± 0.486.50 ± 1.45 6.41 ± 1.10 6.41 ± 1.100.22 ± 0.05 0.22 ± 0.01 0.26 ± 0.080.10 ± 0.05 0.11 ± 0.07 0.15 ± 0.08

89.50 ± 13.50 97.45 ± 14.0 118.25 ± 12.50

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B.K. Chand et al. / Aquaculture Reports 2 (2015) 26–33 31

F ulturer

c2

as(greaoewsgmfeomt1LrapetRse

2rrpb

ig. 4. Monthly average specific growth rate (%/day) of Macrobrachium rosenbergii ceplicates. Different superscripts indicate significantly differences (P < 0.05).

omposition (Dall and Smith, 1981; Cheng and Liao, 1986; Lin et al.,000).

According to Woo and Kelly (1995), in freshwater conditionquatic species spend a certain amount of energy to compensate thealt lost through passive diffusion, providing mild brackish water≤10 ppt) reduces energy expenditure and consequently promotesrowth. It is well known that hyper-osmoregulation in crustaceansequires energy in the form of protein (Rosas et al., 1999; Setiartot al., 2004; Silvia et al., 2004) and or lipids (Lemos et al., 2001; Sangnd Fotedar, 2004). In addition to the physiological stress, growthf M. rosenbergii can be affected in higher salinities due to increasednergy expenditure, protein sparing and depletion of lipid reserves,hich in turn affect biomass when compared to those reared in low

alinities. The respiratory metabolism in Macrobrachium showed aeneral tendency towards low oxygen consumption rates at inter-ediate salinities as discussed by Moreira et al. (1983). Moreover,

reshwater prawn reared in higher salinities need more time andnergy to complete their moulting process resulting in a reductionf feeding activity. Although the present study did not analyze theoulting period, it may have influenced the lower food consump-

ion leading poorer growth in higher salinity (Staples and Heales,991; Chien, 1992; Jayalakshmy and Natarajan, 1996). In prawn,emos et al. (2001) and Sang and Fotedar (2004) have demonstratededuced growth at high salinities to appetite and reduced foodssimilation respectively. In fish also, rearing near their iso-osmoticoint has an energy saving effect (Boeuf and Payan, 2001). Fishxposed to increased salinity are likely to face a conflict betweenhe mechanisms of salt uptake and nutrient uptake in the gut.eductions in growth due to decreased food intake in increasingalinity have been reported in several cultured fish species (Ferrarist al., 1986b; Boeck et al., 2000; Imsland et al., 2001).

Increasing inland salinity due to human activity (Williams,001) and climatic variability has major economic, social and envi-

onmental consequences, threatening the viability of numerousural communities (Beresford et al., 2001). This picture is quiterominent in coastal areas of West Bengal, especially in Sundar-an eco-region (Chand et al., 2012a). River embankment failure

d in different salinities for 60 days. The results are expressed as mean ± SD of three

due to sea level rise and subsequent erosion coupled with fre-quent extreme weather events is a serious and emergent problemin Indian Sundarban region over the past two decades. As a resultsmany areas are inundated by brackish water and converting fresh-water to oligohaline zone (Chand et al., 2012b). In this changedscenario, M. rosenbergii has wider potentiality for culture in manybrackish water areas of Indian Sundarban delta as well as othertropical deltas and can be used as a climate change adaptationstrategy for aquaculture.

The results of the present experiments indicated that salinityplays a significant role in the culture of M. rosenbergii and thespecies showed satisfactory growth and survival at wide salinityrange (0–15 ppt). In view of the current and future climate vari-ables, more and more coastal areas of India and other tropicaldeltaic regions are going to be vulnerable to brackish water inun-dation. Under such scenario, M. rosenbergii can be considered asan ideal species to promote. Noteworthy this conclusion has sig-nificant implications for M. rosenbergii aquaculture, as it can beutilized in farm site selection and salinity maintenance to maximizecommercial productivity in coastal inundation prone area.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch (ICAR), New Delhi for the financial assistance throughthe NICRA (National Initiatives on Climate Resilient Agriculture)project entitled “Development of Climate Resilient AquacultureStrategies for Sagar and Basanti Blocks of Indian Sundarban”. We aregrateful to the Deputy Project Director, Sundarban DevelopmentBoard, Govt. of West Bengal, Kolkata for sharing field laboratoryfacilities. Additional thanks goes to Mr. Sudan Roy for field assis-tance.

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