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EFFECT OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS ON TOPICAL
DELIVERY OF PIROXICAM FROM EMULGEL FORMULATIONS
Sharma Geetanjali* and Bhatt D. C.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Guru Jambheshwar University of
Sciences and Technology, Hisar, 125001.
ABSTRACT
Synthetic and natural polymers play a vital part in pharmaceutical
research and development. Pharmaceutical applications of polymers
range from inert bulk excipients to sophisticated drug delivery
technologies. The polymers are being used in applications in which
they are expected to be pharmacologically inactive and aid in the
delivery of existing small molecule or macromolecule drugs. Polymers
provide a range of benefits in drug delivery applications that result in
improved drug delivery, including controlled release of drugs,
adjustable pharmacokinetic and bio-distribution profile, and improved
drug safety.
KEYWORDSa: Piroxicam, Macromolecule drugs, Pharmacokinetic
and bio-distribution profile.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, there has been great interest in the use of novel polymers with complex
functions as emulsifiers and thickeners because the gelling capacity of these compounds
allows the formulation of stable emulsions and creams by decreasing surface and interfacial
tension and at the same time increasing the viscosity of the aqueous phase. In fact, the
presence of a gelling agent in the water phase converts a classical emulsion into an Emulgel.
(Arora et al., 2015).
An important factor that influences the progress of potential new drug carriers is the
development of excipients which have properties that may enhance the bioavailability and
stability of the drug. Excipients are defined as inactive ingredients which are mixed with
WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
SJIF Impact Factor 7.421
Volume 7, Issue 3, 1205-1222 Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
Article Received on
20 Jan. 2018,
Revised on 10 Feb. 2018,
Accepted on 02 March 2018
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20183-11188
*Corresponding Author
Sharma Geetanjali
Department of
Pharmaceutical Sciences &
Research, Guru
Jambheshwar University of
Sciences & Technology,
Hisar, 125001.
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active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in order to create a drug product. Although these
substances are included in the inactive ingredients list put together by the FDA, they usually
have well defined functions in a drug product. (Kalpesh et al., 2014).
Polymeric excipients include macromolecular compounds of natural origin, e.g., sodium
alginate, gelatin, chitosan and cellulose derivatives; semisynthetic polymers, e.g., cellulose
derivatives; synthetic polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycols, poloxamers, polylactides,
polyamides, acrylic acid polymers, etc.; and fermentation products, e.g., xanthan gum. These
polymers are employed in drug dosage forms administered through every possible routes:
orally, parenterally, nasally, intravaginally, rectally, inhalationally, on the oral mucosa,
topically and in ophthalmic preparations. (Joseph et al., 2017).
Multifunctional polymers are macromolecular compounds which may have additional
properties such as sensitivity to stimuli, mucoadhesion, inhibition of enzymes, intestinal
epithelium penetration enhancement, efflux pump inhibition, increased buffer capacity,
sorptive properties, taste-masking ability, pharmacological activity and the ability to form
conjugates or interact with enzymes responsible for drug metabolism. In this article, a group
of these polymers which are employed in pharmaceutical technology will be evaluated.
(Arora et al., 2015).
Drug delivery across the skin (Baibhav et al., 2011)
The skin barrier properties reside in outermost layer, the stratum corneum. The stratum
corneum is effectively a 10-15 µm thick matrix of dehydrated dead keratinocytes
(corneocytes) embedded in a lipid matrix. There are two important layers in the skin: the
dermis and epidermis. The outermost layer, the epidermis, is approximately 100 to 150 µm
thick, has no blood flow and includes a layer within it known as the stratum corneum.
Beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains the system of capillaries that transport blood
throughout the body. If the drug is able to penetrate the stratum corneum, then it can enter the
blood stream by passive diffusion. There are two concepts in the design of transdermal
delivery, namely, the reservoir type and matrix type. Others are actually extensions of these
two concepts and both involve diffusion of drug molecule through the skin barrier.
Modulation of formulation excipients and addition of chemical enhancers, such as fatty acids,
surfactants, esters and alcohols that exert their action via a temporary alteration of barrier
properties of the stratum corneum by various mechanisms, including enhancing solubility,
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partitioning into the stratum corneum, fluidizing the crystalline structure of the stratum
corneum and causing dissolution of stratum corneum to enhance drug flux. However, due to
low permeability coefficients of macromolecules, the enhancement effects required to ensure
delivery of pharmacologically effective concentrations are likely to be beyond the capability
of chemical enhancers tolerated by the skin. Therefore, several new active transport
technologies have been developed for the transdermal delivery of drugs. (Bhatt et al., 2013).
There are three primary mechanisms of topical drug absorption; transcellular, intercellular
and follicular. Most of the drugs pass through the tortuous path around corneocytes and
through the lipid bilayer to viable layers of the skin. The next most common route of delivery
is via the pilosebaceous route. The barrier resides in the outermost layer of the epidermis, the
stratum corneum, as evidenced by approximately equal rates of penetration of chemicals
through isolated stratum corneum or whole skin. Creams and gels that are rubbed into the
skin have been used for years to deliver pain medication and infection fighting drugs to an
affected site of the body. These include, among others, gels and creams for vaginal yeast
infections, topical creams for skin infections and creams to soothe arthritis pain. New
technologies now allow other drugs to be absorbed through the skin (transdermal). These can
be used to treat not just the affected areas but the whole body (systemic). (Rele et al., 2010).
Literature Review
Jain et al., 2010 developed ketoconazole emulgel for topical drug delivery. Emulgel
formulations of ketoconazole were prepared using 2 types of gelling agents: Carbopol 934
and Carbopol 940.
Kullar et al., 2012 prepared Mefenamic acid emugel for topical delivery. Emulgel of
mefenamic acid was prepared by using Carbapol 940 as a gelling agent. Mentha oil and clove
oil were used as penetration enhancers.
Khunt et al., 2012 formulated Piroxicam emulgel using different combinations of oil,
emulsifiers, co-surfactant and carbomer (Carbopol 940 and Carbopol 934).
Rao et al., 2013 developed Metronidazole emulgel. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were
developed for various microemulsion formulations composed of Capmul 908-P, Acconon
MC8-2 EP, and propylene glycol.
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Hosny et al., 2013 prepared & pharmacodynamically evaluated ketoprofen emulgel using
Hydroxypropyl celluloses (HPC) and hydroxylpropylmethyl celluloses (HPMC).
Shingala et al., 2012 developed and evaluated topical emulgel of lornoxicam using different
polymer bases like Carbopol 934, Carbopol 940 and HPMC K4M.
Deveda et al., 2010 prepared a gellified emulsion for sustain delivery of itraconazole for
topical fungal disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Piroxicam was obtained as a gift sample from Mesha Pharma Lab Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. All
the chemicals used in experimental work were of analytical grade and used as supplied. The
materials and equipments used in experimental work are listed below in Table 1.0 and Table
1.1 respectively.
Methods of Preparation
Preparation of emulgel by using different natural and synthetic polymers
The gel phase was prepared by dissolving the required amount of polymer in 5ml of distilled
water. The oil phase was prepared by mixing 1.5ml of Span-20 with 5ml of Liquid Paraffin.
The aqueous phase was prepared by dissolving 1ml of Tween-20 in 5ml of purified water.
Propyl Paraben (0.03gm) was dissolved in 5ml of Propylene glycol and 500mg of Piroxicam
was dissolved in 3ml of Ethanol, separately. These two solutions were mixed. The above
solution was mixed with the aqueous phase and 0.25ml of Clove oil was added in oil phase.
The oil and aqueous phases were heated separately at 70 -80 up to complete mixing. To
prepare emulsion, the oil phase was added in to aqueous phase with smooth mixing. The pH
of emulsion was adjusted by adding 3 ml of Triethanolamine. This emulsion was
incorporated in to gel phase in 1:1 ratio. It was stirred continuously to prepare an Emulgel.
Different batches were prepared by using various polymers (Carbopol 934, HPMC, Xanthan
Gum). The batch specifications for Carbopol 934, HPMC and Xanthan gum based Emulgel
formulations are discussed below in Table 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 respectively.
Characterization and evaluation of prepared formulation of emulgel
Compatibility study: The drug and polymer interactions were studied by Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectroscopy by Potassium bromide (KBr) disc method. In this method, a small
amount of drug was mixed with the spectroscopic grade of KBr and triturated for uniform
mixing. A thin and transparent pellet was prepared by applying 2000 psi pressure. The
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prepared pellet was exposed to the IR beam and spectrum were recorded at the scanning
range of 400-4000 cm-1
by using FTIR Spectrophotometer.
Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis
DSC thermogram of Emulgel formulations was recorded using Differential Scanning
Calorimeter (Q600 SDT, TA Systems, USA) to confirm the authenticity of drug. About 4 to
5mg of samples were crimped in a standard aluminium pan and heated in a temperature range
of 20 to 400 at the heating rate of 10 per minute in nitrogen atmosphere (flow rate, 100
ml/min).
Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis
The morphology of emulgel formulation was determined by scanning electron microscopy.
SEM gives a three-dimensional image of the globules. The samples were examined at
suitable accelerating voltage at different magnifications. A good analysis of surface
morphology of disperse phase in the formulation was obtained through SEM.
Physical Appearance
The emulgel formulations were studied for their physical parameters such as colour,
homogeneity, consistency and phase separation.
Determination of pH
pH of emulgel was measured by using Digital pH meter. 1gm of emulgel was dissolved in
25ml of distilled water. Then the electrode was dipped into the formulation and constant
readings were noted. The measurements of pH of each formulation were performed in
triplicate and average values were calculated.
Viscosity Measurement
The viscosity of different emulgel formulations was determined at 250C using a Brookfield
Viscometer using Spindle No. 6 at 20 rpm.
Drug Content Determination
The Emulgel (1gm) was diluted with 20ml of methanol and volume was made upto 100ml
using Phosphate Buffer Solution pH 7.4. Further dilutions were made with the same to
prepare 10µg/ml solutions. The solution was filtered and absorbance was measured at 355nm.
Spreadability (Pednekar et al., 2015)
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Spreadability was measured in terms of diameter of emulgel circle produced when emulgel is
placed between two glass plates. A weighed quantity (350mg) of emulgel was taken on one
glass plate and another glass plate was dropped from a distance of 5cm. the diameter of the
circle of spreaded emulgel was measured.
Swelling Index (Ranga et al., 2012)
1 gm of emulgel was taken on porous aluminium foil and then placed separately in a 50 ml
beaker containing 10 ml 0.1N NaOH. Then samples were removed from beakers at different
time intervals and put it on dry place for 10-15 min. After that it was reweighed.
Swelling Index (SW) % =[(Wt – Wo)/ Wo] × 100
Wt = Weight of swollen emulgel after time t.
WO = Original weight of emulgel at time zero.
Extrudability Study (Pednekar et al., 2015)
The prepared emulgel was filled in clean, lacquered aluminium collapsible tubes with a 5mm
opening nasal tip. Extrudability was determined by measuring the amount of emulgel
extruded through the tip on applying a constant load of 1 kg over the tube.
Extrudability = Applied weight to extrude emulgel from tube (in gm) / Area (in cm2).
Accelerated Stability Study: The prepared emulgels were packed in aluminum collapsible
tubes (5 g) and subjected to stability studies at 5 °C, 25 °C/60% RH, 30 °C/65% RH, and
40 °C/75% RH for a period of 2 months. Samples were withdrawn after 15 days and
evaluated for physical appearance, pH, drug content.
In-vitro Drug Release Study (Kapadiya et al., 2016)
The In-vitro drug release from the formulations were studied by using USP-II dissolution
apparatus (Paddle type). The Emulgel formulations containing drug were taken in dialysis
bag (pore size 2.4nm). Dialysis bags were attached with paddle and placed into flask
containing 900ml phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) maintained at a temperature of 37±0.5 . 5ml of
samples were withdrawn and replaced with same volume of fresh dissolution medium. These
samples were subjected to estimation of the drug content by measuring absorbance at 355nm
using UV-Visible Double Beam Spectrophotometer against blank.
Drug Release Kinetics (Kapadiya et al., 2016)
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The data obtained from above drug release study were fitted to various kinetic equations such
as zero order, first order, Higuchi model and Korsmeyer- Peppas model.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Compatibility of drug with selected polymers
The polymers as well as other excipients used in formulation were found to be compatible
with drug. FT-IR study showed that there was no major change in the position of peak
obtained in the drug alone and in a mixture of drug with excipients, indicating that there was
no interaction between drug and excipients as in figures 1.0, 2.0, 3.0.
Differential scanning calorimeteric study
The melting point of emulgel was found to be in the range of 180-200 . The various
thermograms are shown in figure 3.0(a,b).
Scanning electron microscopic analysis
The morphological characterization of prepared emulgel showed gellified network like
structure and uniform distribution as observed in the SEM photograph shown in figures 4.0,
5.0, 6.0, 7.0.
Characterization of prepared emulgel of piroxicam
Physical Appearance: The physical parameters of emulgel formulations of Piroxicam was
determined by visual inspection. The formulations were found to be homogeneous, off white
to yellowish and of uniform consistency.
pH determination
The pH of different formulations of Emulgel was measured by using Digital pH meter. the
readings were noted in triplicate and the average pH was found to be in the range 6.9-7.4.
Spreadability
The spreadability of Emulgel formulations was calculated by using following formula
S = M × L/T
Where, M = Weight tied to upper slide (gm) L = length of glass slide (cm)
T = time taken to separate the slides (sec)
The results are shown in Table 1.5 and Figure 8.0.
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Viscosity measurement: The viscosity of the different emulgel formulations was determined
at 25°C using a Brookfield viscometer with spindle no 6 at 20 rpm by Brookfield viscometer.
The results are shown in Table 1.6 and Figure 9.0.
Swelling index
The percentage swelling index of emulgel formulations was calculated by using following
formula.
Swelling Index (SW) % =[(Wt – Wo)/ Wo] × 100
Wt = Weight of swollen emulgel after time t.
WO = Original weight of emulgel at time zero.
The results are shown in Table 1.7 and Figure 10.0
Accelerated stability studies
All the prepared emulgel formulations were found to be stable upon storage for 2 months, no
change was observed in their physical appearance, pH, rheological properties and drug
content. The emulgel formulations were found with pH 7.2±0.5 after 2 months and the drug
content was observed through UV visible spectrophotometric determination. The drug
content was found to be in the range 78 - 92.06%.
Extrudability measurement: The Extrudability was measured by application of force to the
aluminium collapsible tube containing emulgel. The area of ribbon of emulgel was measured
and Extrudability was measured by formula.
Extrudability = Applied weight to extrude emulgel from tube (in gm) / Area (in cm2)
The results are shown in Table 1.8.
In-vitro drug release studies: The percent drug release of Piroxicam from emulgels in 8
hours is shown in Table 1.9 and figure 11.0. The percent cumulative drug release was found
to be in the range 80.98% to 92.74%. The higher drug release from emulgels was attributed to
the presence of permeation enhancers in the formulations.
Kinetics of in-vitro drug release
To analyze the mechanism of drug release from the emulgel formulations, in vitro drug
release data of all formulations were subjected to the kinetic analysis. The dissolution profiles
of batches were fitted to various models such as zero order, first order, Higuchi and
Korsemeyer and Peppas models. The model for best fit was predicted from the value of R2.
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The value which was closer to 1 was selected as the best fit model for the drug release. The
R2 values of all models are shown in Table 1.9. It was observed that the formulation obeyed
zero order kinetics and Higuchi’s model as shown in Figures 12.0, 13.0.
Table. 1.0: List of materials used.
S. No. Materials Source
1 Piroxicam Mesha Pharma Lab Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
2 Carbopol-934 High Purity Laboratory Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.
3 Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose Thomas Baker Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai
4 Xanthan Gum Thomas Baker Pvt. Ltd. Mumbai
5 Liquid Paraffin High Purity Laboratory Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.
6 Tween-20 High Purity Laboratory Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.
7 Span-20 High Purity Laboratory Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.
8 Propylene Glycol Central Drug House, Delhi, India
9 Ethanol S.D.Fine-Chem Ltd., Mumbai
10 Propyl Paraben High Purity Laboratory Chemicals Pvt. Ltd.
11 Clove Oil Central Drug House, Delhi, India
12 Triethanolamine S.D.Fine-Chem Ltd., Mumbai
Table. 1.1: List of equipments used.
S. No. Equipments Source
1 UV-Visible Double beam
Spectrophotometer Systronics 2203
Systronics (India) Ltd.
2 Centrifuge Remi Motors Ltd., Mumbai, India
3 FTIR Spectrophotometer Perkin-
Elmer BX 2
Perkin-Elmer Life and Analytical
Sciences, USA
4 Scanning electron microscope
5 Hot air oven Narang Scientific Works, New Delhi
6 Weighing balance HR 2000 A & D Pvt. Ltd. Japan
7 Dissolution Apparatus KI 350(7) Khera Instruments Pvt. Ltd., Delhi
8 pH meter pH 600 Pocket sized pH meter, Mauritius
9 Viscometer Brookfield viscometer
Table. 1.2: Batch Specifications for Carbopol-934 based emulgel formulations.
Batch F1 F2 F3
Drug (mg) 500 500 500
Carbopol-934(mg) 1000 1500 2000
Liquid paraffin(mg) 5.0 5.0 5.0
Tween 20(mg) 0.6 0.8 1.0
Span 20(mg) 1.0 1.2 1.5
Propylene glycol (mg) 5.0 5.0 5.0
Ethanol (ml) 3.0 3.0 3.0
Propyl paraben (mg) 0.03 0.03 0.03
Clove oil (mg) 0.25 0.25 0.25
Triethanolamine (mg) 3.0 3.0 3.0
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Table. 1.3: Batch Specifications for HPMC based emulgel formulations.
Batch F4 F5 F6
Drug (mg) 500 500 500
HPMC (mg) 1000 1500 2000
Liquid paraffin(mg) 5.0 5.0 5.0
Tween 20(mg) 0.6 0.8 1.0
Span 20(mg) 1.0 1.2 1.5
Propylene glycol (mg) 5.0 5.0 5.0
Ethanol (ml) 3.0 3.0 3.0
Propyl paraben (mg) 0.03 0.03 0.03
Clove oil (mg) 0.25 0.25 0.25
Table. 1.4: Batch Specifications for Xanthan Gum based emulgel formulations.
Batch F7 F8 F9
Drug (mg) 500 500 500
Xanthan Gum (mg) 1000 1500 2000
Liquid paraffin(mg) 5.0 5.0 5.0
Tween 20(mg) 0.6 0.8 1.0
Span 20(mg) 1.0 1.2 1.5
Propylene glycol (mg) 5.0 5.0 5.0
Ethanol (ml) 3.0 3.0 3.0
Propyl paraben (mg) 0.03 0.03 0.03
Clove oil (mg) 0.25 0.25 0.25
Table. 1.5: Spreadability of different formulations.
Formulations Spreadability (gm.cm/sec)
F1 20.16
F2 21.32
F3 19.98
F4 21.60
F5 20.62
F6 19.08
F7 19.65
F8 18.34
F9 18.88
Table. 1.6: Viscosity of Emulgel formulations.
Formulations Viscosity (cps)
F1 18482
F2 17341
F3 16456
F4 18120
F5 26450
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F6 27650
F7 22456
F8 21789
F9 23780
Table. 1.7: Swelling Index values of the prepared Emulgels.
Formulations Swelling Index (SW%)
F1 44.67%
F2 35.55%
F3 38.30%
F4 36.50%
F5 40.12%
F6 42.29%
F7 44.56%
F8 37.22%
F9 39.54%
Table. 1.8: Extrudability of emulgel formulations.
Formulations Extrudability (gm/cm2)
F1 15.1
F2 20.0
F3 21
F4 25
F5 30
F6 40
F7 34
F8 36
F9 29
Table 1.9: R2 values from all models of kinetic drug release
R2
values
Zero order
kinetics
First order
kinetics
Higuchi’s
model
Korsmeyer-
Peppas model
0.970 0.806 0.997 0.955
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4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400.0
-0.02
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.10
cm-1
%T
2000.00
1846.15
1734.26
1062.93
928.67
816.78
690.90
620.97
553.842549.013535.01
3871.14
Fig. 1.0: FTIR spectrum of Piroxicam with Carbopol 934.
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400.0
-0.30
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.54
cm-1
%T
3336.81
1526.32
829.65
772.76
731.54
618.16
556.31
2929.97
1630.76 1434.96
1348.25
1295.10
1183.211152.44
1034.96
937.06
875.52
690.90 528.67
455.94
Fig. 2.0: FTIR spectrum of Piroxicam with HPMC.
4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400.0
-0.30
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.37
cm-1
%T
3333.17
1344.52 774.69
458.74
523.07
562.23
618.18
688.11
732.86
830.76
875.52
937.06
1040.55
1149.65
1213.98
1309.09
1432.16
1630.76
1918.88
1843.35
2767.50
3103.64
Fig. 3.0: FTIR spectrum of drug with Xanthan Gum.
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0 50 100 150 200 250
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
Heat flo
w (
W/g
)
Temperature (°C)
0 50 100 150 200 250
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
Heat flow
(W
/g)
Temperature (°C)
3.0 (a) 3.0(b)
Fig. 3.0 (a,b): DSC thermogram of carbopol 934 and HPMC based emulgels respectively
Fig. 4.0: Scanning Electron Micrograph of Carbopol 934 based emulgel.
Fig. 5.0: Scanning electron micrograph of HPMC based emulgel.
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Fig. 6.0: Internal micrograph of emulgel.
Fig. 7.0: Scanning electron micrograph of xanthan gum based Emulgel.
Fig. 8.0: Spreadability coefficient of emulgel formulations.
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Fig. 9.0: Viscosity of emulgel formulations.
Fig. 10.0: Swelling Index of emulgel formulations.
Fig. 11.0: Comparative release profiles of different polymers based emulgels of
Piroxicam in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4).
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Fig. 12.0: Drug release by zero order kinetics.
Fig. 13.0: Drug release through Higuchi’s model.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The emulgels are relatively recent formulations for the topical drug delivery of hydrophobic
drugs as well as for the combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Piroxicam is a
hydrophobic drug which belongs to BCS-II class. Piroxicam works by reducing hormones
that cause inflammation and pain in body. It is used to reduce the pain, inflammation and
stiffness caused by rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
The study revolved around the formulation of Emulgels containing Piroxicam for topical
delivery of the drug. Emulgels were formulated to enhance the permeation of poorly water
soluble drug. A set of 9 different Emulgel formulation batches were prepared (with
permeation enhancers). These Emulgel formulations were then evaluated for their
appearance, pH, Viscosity, Spreadability, Extrudability, Drug Content, Swelling Index and
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In-vitro Drug Release profiles. The pH of all emulgel formulations was found in range of 6.8
to 7.4. The values of Extrudability, Swelling index, Viscosity and Spreadability coefficient of
emulgel were found to be satisfactory. The drug release data revealed that formulation F5
(Carbopol-934 based emulgel) exhibited 92.74% drug release after 8 hrs. The Emulgel
formulations best fitted Zero order kinetics and Higuchi’s model. Stability studies were
performed on the selected formulations for a period of 2 months wherein no significant
variations were observed in the parameters measured. It could be concluded on the basis of
results of evaluation that formulation containing the highest concentration of emulsifiers
(4%), Clove oil as permeation enhancer and Carbopol 934 as the gelling agent had
cumulative drug release of 92.74% after 8 hrs. Thus Emulgels exhibited a good potential for
topical delivery of Drugs. The usefulness of Emulgel can be further explored with long term
pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies.
REFERENCES
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2. Baibhav Joshi, Singh Gurpreet, Rana A.C., Saini Seema, Singla Vikas, “Emulgel: A
Comprehensive Review on the Recent Advances in Topical drug delivery”. International
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