The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2011, 5, 25-29 25 1874-8368/11 2011 Bentham Open Open Access Effect of Marble Powder on the Properties of Self-Compacting Sand Concrete Bouziani Tayeb* 1,2 , Benmounah Abdelbaki 1 , Bederina Madani 2 and Lamara Mohamed 2 1 Laboratoire des Matériaux Minéraux et Composites LMMC, Université M’hamed Bougara de Boumerdes, 35000 Algeria, 2 Laboratoire de Recherche de Génie Civil LRGC, Université Amar Telidji de Laghouat, 03000 Algeria Abstract: Self-compacting sand concrete (SCSC) can be regarded as a flowing sand concrete, containing as principal ag- gregate natural sand, which can be cast without compaction or vibration. Due to the finesses of aggregates in SCSC, it re- quires a high amount of fine materials than other types of concretes. This paper studies the effect of marble powder con- tent (MP) on the properties of the sand concrete (SCSC) at fresh and hardened states. The properties of the fresh prepared mixes tested are the mini-slump flow, the V-funnel flow time and viscosity. At the hardened state, the parameter which has been determined is the 28-day compressive strength. The obtained test results show that the increase of MP content in SCSC, from 150 kg/m 3 to 350 kg/m 3 , improves the properties at fresh state by decreasing v-funnel flow time (from 5s to 1.5s) and increasing the mini-cone slump (from 28cm to 34cm). With the use of 250 kg/m 3 of MP we can reach the high- est initial viscosity while retaining good fluidity at high rotational speeds, compared to the MP contents of 150 kg/m 3 and 350 kg/m 3 . In other hand, the 28-days compressive strength decreases with an increase of MP content. Keywords: Self-compacting sand concrete, marble powder, fresh properties, viscosity, compressive strength. INTRODUCTION Recently, the consumption of aggregates in construction has rapidly increased because of the rapid economic devel- opment of countries. The sand concrete is a family of cement concretes which can be used to overcome the economic problems met in the use of coarse aggregates [1]. Moreover, many applications (In France particularly) of self-compacting sand concretes (SCSC) were attempted (concrete of repairs, soil grouting and deep foundations for building) in the pro- ject Sablocrete [2]. SCSC can be regarded as a special type of sand concrete, because the constituent materials used in SCSC are essentially the same as those of sand concrete. Normally, sand concrete consist of a mixture of sands, ce- ment, one or more admixtures, additions and water. The main difference between SCSC and the sand concrete is the actual proportioning of these materials. The self-compact- ability of SCSC may add considerable advantages, especially in filling complex shapes of formworks and coating. In order to achieve such behavior, the fresh concrete must show both high fluidity and sufficient viscosity at the same time [3]. To reach these contradictory properties, all components of SCSC must be carefully selected and proportioned. Due to the finesses of aggregates, SCSC requires a high water demand and a large amount of cement than other types of concretes. The increase in water content leads to detri- mental effects like the bleeding and the segregation as well as weak interfaces between granular materials [4, 5]. *Address correspondence to this author at the Laboratoire des Matériaux Minéraux et Composites LMMC, Université M’hamed Bougara de Boumerdes, 35000 Algeria; Tel: +213 24 81 64 08; Fax: +213 24 81 64 08; E-mails: [email protected], [email protected] Moreover, a high cement content may cause severe creep and drying shrinkage [6], and could categorize SCSC mixes as flowing mortars. Hence, SCSC mixes always contain a superplasticizer and often use a large quantity of fine materi- als. The superplasticizer is necessary for producing a highly fluid concrete mix, while the fine materials are required to maintain sufficient stability/cohesion of the mix, hence re- ducing the bleeding, the segregation and the settlement [7]. In SCSC design, the dosage of fine additions has an im- portant influence on the quality of fresh and hardened prop- erties. Bédérina et al. [8] show in a study on the reuse of local sand in sand concretes, the importance of limestone powder content on rheological and mechanical properties. By determining an optimized limestone powder content (in the range of 200 kg/m 3 ), the authors have realized more workable and more resistant dune sand concrete. Numerous other experimental works revealed that, the concretes containing fine powders, such as limestone pow- der, have more compact structure by pore-filling effect [9, 10]. In a recent study, Jiang and Mei [11] show that a large- volume of fine material is critical to prepare self-compacting concrete made with fine sand. They indicate that the higher the amount of fine materials, the better the workability is. As found by Bhattacharya et al. [12], Self-compacting concretes mixtures with different fine materials and limestone powder fillers have shown consistent slump flow values, although they have shown to produce higher slump flow values com- pared to other mixtures. In general, the increase of powder materials content to cement leads to the modification of rheological properties of pastes and consequently influences the workability of the concrete mixtures. Ferraris and Gaidis [13] has concluded that the selection criteria of a fine materi- als addition to improve concrete workability is not in relation
Effect of Marble Powder on the Properties of Self-Compacting Sand Concrete
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Microsoft Word - Tayeb-TOCBTJ.docThe Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2011, 5, 25-29 25
1874-8368/11 2011 Bentham Open
Open Access
Effect of Marble Powder on the Properties of Self-Compacting Sand Concrete
Bouziani Tayeb* 1,2
2 and Lamara Mohamed
2
1 Laboratoire des Matériaux Minéraux et Composites LMMC, Université M’hamed Bougara de Boumerdes, 35000
Algeria, 2 Laboratoire de Recherche de Génie Civil LRGC, Université Amar Telidji de Laghouat, 03000 Algeria
Abstract: Self-compacting sand concrete (SCSC) can be regarded as a flowing sand concrete, containing as principal ag-
gregate natural sand, which can be cast without compaction or vibration. Due to the finesses of aggregates in SCSC, it re-
quires a high amount of fine materials than other types of concretes. This paper studies the effect of marble powder con-
tent (MP) on the properties of the sand concrete (SCSC) at fresh and hardened states. The properties of the fresh prepared
mixes tested are the mini-slump flow, the V-funnel flow time and viscosity. At the hardened state, the parameter which
has been determined is the 28-day compressive strength. The obtained test results show that the increase of MP content in
SCSC, from 150 kg/m 3 to 350 kg/m
3 , improves the properties at fresh state by decreasing v-funnel flow time (from 5s to
1.5s) and increasing the mini-cone slump (from 28cm to 34cm). With the use of 250 kg/m 3 of MP we can reach the high-
est initial viscosity while retaining good fluidity at high rotational speeds, compared to the MP contents of 150 kg/m 3 and
350 kg/m 3 . In other hand, the 28-days compressive strength decreases with an increase of MP content.
Keywords: Self-compacting sand concrete, marble powder, fresh properties, viscosity, compressive strength.
INTRODUCTION
Recently, the consumption of aggregates in construction has rapidly increased because of the rapid economic devel- opment of countries. The sand concrete is a family of cement concretes which can be used to overcome the economic problems met in the use of coarse aggregates [1]. Moreover, many applications (In France particularly) of self-compacting sand concretes (SCSC) were attempted (concrete of repairs, soil grouting and deep foundations for building) in the pro- ject Sablocrete [2]. SCSC can be regarded as a special type of sand concrete, because the constituent materials used in SCSC are essentially the same as those of sand concrete. Normally, sand concrete consist of a mixture of sands, ce- ment, one or more admixtures, additions and water. The main difference between SCSC and the sand concrete is the actual proportioning of these materials. The self-compact- ability of SCSC may add considerable advantages, especially in filling complex shapes of formworks and coating. In order to achieve such behavior, the fresh concrete must show both high fluidity and sufficient viscosity at the same time [3]. To reach these contradictory properties, all components of SCSC must be carefully selected and proportioned.
Due to the finesses of aggregates, SCSC requires a high water demand and a large amount of cement than other types of concretes. The increase in water content leads to detri- mental effects like the bleeding and the segregation as well as weak interfaces between granular materials [4, 5].
*Address correspondence to this author at the Laboratoire des Matériaux
Minéraux et Composites LMMC, Université M’hamed Bougara de
Boumerdes, 35000 Algeria; Tel: +213 24 81 64 08; Fax: +213 24 81 64 08;
E-mails: [email protected], [email protected]
superplasticizer and often use a large quantity of fine materi-
als. The superplasticizer is necessary for producing a highly
fluid concrete mix, while the fine materials are required to
maintain sufficient stability/cohesion of the mix, hence re- ducing the bleeding, the segregation and the settlement [7].
In SCSC design, the dosage of fine additions has an im-
portant influence on the quality of fresh and hardened prop-
erties. Bédérina et al. [8] show in a study on the reuse of
local sand in sand concretes, the importance of limestone
powder content on rheological and mechanical properties.
By determining an optimized limestone powder content (in
the range of 200 kg/m 3 ), the authors have realized more
workable and more resistant dune sand concrete.
Numerous other experimental works revealed that, the concretes containing fine powders, such as limestone pow- der, have more compact structure by pore-filling effect [9, 10]. In a recent study, Jiang and Mei [11] show that a large- volume of fine material is critical to prepare self-compacting concrete made with fine sand. They indicate that the higher the amount of fine materials, the better the workability is. As found by Bhattacharya et al. [12], Self-compacting concretes mixtures with different fine materials and limestone powder fillers have shown consistent slump flow values, although they have shown to produce higher slump flow values com- pared to other mixtures. In general, the increase of powder materials content to cement leads to the modification of rheological properties of pastes and consequently influences the workability of the concrete mixtures. Ferraris and Gaidis [13] has concluded that the selection criteria of a fine materi- als addition to improve concrete workability is not in relation
26 The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2011, Volume 5 Tayeb et al.
with their physical or chemical characteristics and can only be determined using the properly designed tests.
In this experimental work, the effect of marble powder
(MP) on the properties of fresh and hardened SCSC prepared
with natural river sand was studied. For this, three SCSC
mixes were prepared in which the binder was composed of
cement and MP with different dosages of MP (150, 250 and 350 kg/m
3 ).
In this study, ordinary Portland cement (CEM I 42.5) and
marble limestone-type powder (MP) derived from marble
production sites were used (obtained by sifting to a sieve
opening of 80μm). The main component in MP is CaCO3
(more than 90%). The specific density and the Blaine area of
MP are respectively of 2.7 and 2160. The chemical and
physical properties of cement are given in the Table 1. The
particle size distribution obtained thorough sieve analysis
method and physical properties of the natural river sand are
presented in Table 2. A polycarboxylate-type third genera-
tion high range water reducing superplasticizer (SP) con-
forming to the NF EN 934-2 [14] standard was used. The
solid content, pH and specific gravity are respectively 30%, 6 and 1.07.
Mixture Proportions
mixtures having constant water to powder ratio (W/P) of
0.44, constant SP dosage of 1.5%, constant cement content
of 350 kg/m 3 and constant sand dosage of 1500 kg/m
3 were
prepared. The dosages of MP studied were 150, 250 and 350
kg/m 3 . The mix proportions of the SCSC prepared as de-
scribed above are summarized in Table 3.
Testing Procedures
all the SCSC mixtures are prepared with a constant mixing
process. The mixing sequence consists in homogenizing the
binder and sand for a minute using standard mixer described
by NF EN 196-1 standard [15]. Then, half of the mixing wa-
ter is added and mixed for a minute. Next, SP with the re-
maining water is added and the mixing is continued three
more minutes. In first, the properties of the fresh SCSC are
investigated by using mini-slump, V-funnel and viscosity
tests. The mini-slump cone and V-funnel tests (Fig. (1)) were used in conformity with EFNARC [16].
The viscosity was measured using a programmable DV- II+ rotational viscometer equipped with the RV 4 mobile geometry (Fig. (2)). The viscosity measurements were con-
Table 1. Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of
Cement
Table 2. Sieve Analysis and Physical Properties of Natural
River Sand
5 99.5
4 97.09
2.5 83.56
1.25 63.27
0.63 34.85
0.315 13.65
0.16 2.44
0.08 0.84
(%)
Mix 1 1.5 0.44 350 150 500 7.5 220
Mix 2 1.5 0.44 350 250 600 9 264
Mix 3 1.5 0.44 350 350 700 10.5 308
Effect of Marble Powder on the Properties of Self-Compacting The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2011, Volume 5 27
ducted at different rotational speeds. The SCSC was pre- pared and placed on the pot of the viscometer. Pre-mixing was performed by increasing the rotational speed from 0 to 60 rpm in 120 s. When the highest rotational speed was reached, the viscometer was stopped. After this initial prepa- ration, a full cycle of increasing rotational speed occurring by 8 steps from 0.3 rpm to 60 rpm and back to reset with another 8 steps was performed. The average of viscosity val- ues determined at upwards and downwards of each rotational speed steps were recorded. This procedure was performed at 0 min and repeated at 20 min [17].
The tests of compressive strength of hardened SCSC were also measured. Specimens were casted in moulds made of stainless steels having as dimensions 40 x 40 x 160 mm. The specimens were demoulded one day after casting and were placed in a water bath with a constant temperature. The tests were carried out at 28 days.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The effect of MP content on evolution in the mini-slump flow and the V-funnel time flow are respectively illustrated
in Figs. (3) and (4). It's clear that the mini-slump flow values increase with an increase in MP content (Fig. (3)). The V- funnel flow time decreased with an increase in MP content, as seen in Fig. (4). In other words, the flowability of the SCSC mixes increases with an increase in MP content.
The results of viscosity measurement show that the be-
haviour of all the studied mixtures is similar and can be best
fitted with the power law model ( μ = a.
b ), in which μ is the
viscosity, is the rotational speed of mobile, a and b are the
model coefficients. The coefficient a is also called the con-
sistency index, which characterizes the initial viscosity and
the coefficient b is called the flow index. In this work, the
coefficients a and b are used to characterize the viscosity of
the SCSC. The viscosity variation of all SCSC mixtures as a
function of rotational speed is represented in full-log scale
curves (Figs. (5) and (6)). It can be observed that at a low
rotational speed, a viscous behaviour is marked, whereas at
high rotational speed a flowable behaviour is dominant. It
can also be observed a viscous behaviour of mixtures with
time (at T = 20 min). It should be noted that these results are
in agreement with recent studies [17-19].
Fig. (1). Dimensions in (cm) of mini-slump cone and V-funnel tests
used.
Fig. (2). Programmable DV-II+ viscometer.
Fig. (3). Effect of MP on the mini-slump flow of SCSC.
Fig. (4). Effect of MP on the V-funnel flow time of SCSC.
28 The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2011, Volume 5 Tayeb et al.
Using the viscosity model coefficients, the initial viscos- ity can be characterized by the consistency index (a), and the needed energy necessary to attain a flowable consistency can be characterized by the flow index (b) (which represents the slope of line). In other words, the higher a is, the larger the initial viscosity will be and the higher b is, the lower the needed energy necessary to attain a flowable consistency will be.
As represented in Figs. (5) and (6), the highest values of a, is obtained in the case of 250 kg/m3 of MP. It can also be observed that for high rotational speeds (up to 30 rpm) the mixtures containing 350 and 250 kg/m
3 of MP show more
flowable consistency than the mixture made with 150 kg/m3. We can also see that the lowest values of b are obtained in the case of 250 kg/m
3 of MP. This behaviour allows to mix-
ture to have a good fluidity during the flow and to develop certain viscosity when flow ceases. The effect of MP content on the SCSC mixes is similar after 20 min with a more vis- cous behaviour. The compressive strength results of hard- ened SCSC are given in Fig. (7). From these results, it can be seen that, at 28-day age, the compressive strength decreases with an increase in MP content from 150 kg/m
3 to 350
kg/m 3 . The detrimental effect of adding MP on the strength
of the SCSC was actually due to the increase in wa- ter/cement ratio as MP content increased.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study:
1- The increase of MP dosage in SCSC increases both of the mini-slump flow and the V-funnel flow time.
2- By using the consistency index (a) and the flow index (b) of the viscosity model of the best fitted curves, the initial viscosity and the needed energy necessary to attain a flow- able consistency can be characterized. In other words, the higher a is, the larger the initial viscosity is, and the higher b is, the lower the needed energy necessary to attain a flowable consistency is.
3- With 250 kg/m 3 of MP, SCSC have the highest values
of a and the lowest values of b. This dosage is suitable for SCSC, because it allows to the mixture to have good fluidity during the flow (up to 30 rpm) while presenting a sufficient viscosity at the end of the flow which allows to avoid the segregation.
4- Despite the positive effect of MP on the fluidity of SCSC, their addition must be controlled according to the mechanical strength question. The addition of MP to SCSC requires an increase in water/cement ratio, which leads to a decrease in compressive strength at 28 days.
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Fig. (5). Effect of MP content on viscosity of SCSC at T=0 min.
Fig. (6). Effect of MP content on viscosity of SCSC at T=20 min.
Fig. (7). Effect of MP on 28-days compressive strength of SCSC.
Effect of Marble Powder on the Properties of Self-Compacting The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2011, Volume 5 29
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Received: October 06, 2010 Revised: January 23, 2011 Accepted: January 24, 2011
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1874-8368/11 2011 Bentham Open
Open Access
Effect of Marble Powder on the Properties of Self-Compacting Sand Concrete
Bouziani Tayeb* 1,2
2 and Lamara Mohamed
2
1 Laboratoire des Matériaux Minéraux et Composites LMMC, Université M’hamed Bougara de Boumerdes, 35000
Algeria, 2 Laboratoire de Recherche de Génie Civil LRGC, Université Amar Telidji de Laghouat, 03000 Algeria
Abstract: Self-compacting sand concrete (SCSC) can be regarded as a flowing sand concrete, containing as principal ag-
gregate natural sand, which can be cast without compaction or vibration. Due to the finesses of aggregates in SCSC, it re-
quires a high amount of fine materials than other types of concretes. This paper studies the effect of marble powder con-
tent (MP) on the properties of the sand concrete (SCSC) at fresh and hardened states. The properties of the fresh prepared
mixes tested are the mini-slump flow, the V-funnel flow time and viscosity. At the hardened state, the parameter which
has been determined is the 28-day compressive strength. The obtained test results show that the increase of MP content in
SCSC, from 150 kg/m 3 to 350 kg/m
3 , improves the properties at fresh state by decreasing v-funnel flow time (from 5s to
1.5s) and increasing the mini-cone slump (from 28cm to 34cm). With the use of 250 kg/m 3 of MP we can reach the high-
est initial viscosity while retaining good fluidity at high rotational speeds, compared to the MP contents of 150 kg/m 3 and
350 kg/m 3 . In other hand, the 28-days compressive strength decreases with an increase of MP content.
Keywords: Self-compacting sand concrete, marble powder, fresh properties, viscosity, compressive strength.
INTRODUCTION
Recently, the consumption of aggregates in construction has rapidly increased because of the rapid economic devel- opment of countries. The sand concrete is a family of cement concretes which can be used to overcome the economic problems met in the use of coarse aggregates [1]. Moreover, many applications (In France particularly) of self-compacting sand concretes (SCSC) were attempted (concrete of repairs, soil grouting and deep foundations for building) in the pro- ject Sablocrete [2]. SCSC can be regarded as a special type of sand concrete, because the constituent materials used in SCSC are essentially the same as those of sand concrete. Normally, sand concrete consist of a mixture of sands, ce- ment, one or more admixtures, additions and water. The main difference between SCSC and the sand concrete is the actual proportioning of these materials. The self-compact- ability of SCSC may add considerable advantages, especially in filling complex shapes of formworks and coating. In order to achieve such behavior, the fresh concrete must show both high fluidity and sufficient viscosity at the same time [3]. To reach these contradictory properties, all components of SCSC must be carefully selected and proportioned.
Due to the finesses of aggregates, SCSC requires a high water demand and a large amount of cement than other types of concretes. The increase in water content leads to detri- mental effects like the bleeding and the segregation as well as weak interfaces between granular materials [4, 5].
*Address correspondence to this author at the Laboratoire des Matériaux
Minéraux et Composites LMMC, Université M’hamed Bougara de
Boumerdes, 35000 Algeria; Tel: +213 24 81 64 08; Fax: +213 24 81 64 08;
E-mails: [email protected], [email protected]
superplasticizer and often use a large quantity of fine materi-
als. The superplasticizer is necessary for producing a highly
fluid concrete mix, while the fine materials are required to
maintain sufficient stability/cohesion of the mix, hence re- ducing the bleeding, the segregation and the settlement [7].
In SCSC design, the dosage of fine additions has an im-
portant influence on the quality of fresh and hardened prop-
erties. Bédérina et al. [8] show in a study on the reuse of
local sand in sand concretes, the importance of limestone
powder content on rheological and mechanical properties.
By determining an optimized limestone powder content (in
the range of 200 kg/m 3 ), the authors have realized more
workable and more resistant dune sand concrete.
Numerous other experimental works revealed that, the concretes containing fine powders, such as limestone pow- der, have more compact structure by pore-filling effect [9, 10]. In a recent study, Jiang and Mei [11] show that a large- volume of fine material is critical to prepare self-compacting concrete made with fine sand. They indicate that the higher the amount of fine materials, the better the workability is. As found by Bhattacharya et al. [12], Self-compacting concretes mixtures with different fine materials and limestone powder fillers have shown consistent slump flow values, although they have shown to produce higher slump flow values com- pared to other mixtures. In general, the increase of powder materials content to cement leads to the modification of rheological properties of pastes and consequently influences the workability of the concrete mixtures. Ferraris and Gaidis [13] has concluded that the selection criteria of a fine materi- als addition to improve concrete workability is not in relation
26 The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2011, Volume 5 Tayeb et al.
with their physical or chemical characteristics and can only be determined using the properly designed tests.
In this experimental work, the effect of marble powder
(MP) on the properties of fresh and hardened SCSC prepared
with natural river sand was studied. For this, three SCSC
mixes were prepared in which the binder was composed of
cement and MP with different dosages of MP (150, 250 and 350 kg/m
3 ).
In this study, ordinary Portland cement (CEM I 42.5) and
marble limestone-type powder (MP) derived from marble
production sites were used (obtained by sifting to a sieve
opening of 80μm). The main component in MP is CaCO3
(more than 90%). The specific density and the Blaine area of
MP are respectively of 2.7 and 2160. The chemical and
physical properties of cement are given in the Table 1. The
particle size distribution obtained thorough sieve analysis
method and physical properties of the natural river sand are
presented in Table 2. A polycarboxylate-type third genera-
tion high range water reducing superplasticizer (SP) con-
forming to the NF EN 934-2 [14] standard was used. The
solid content, pH and specific gravity are respectively 30%, 6 and 1.07.
Mixture Proportions
mixtures having constant water to powder ratio (W/P) of
0.44, constant SP dosage of 1.5%, constant cement content
of 350 kg/m 3 and constant sand dosage of 1500 kg/m
3 were
prepared. The dosages of MP studied were 150, 250 and 350
kg/m 3 . The mix proportions of the SCSC prepared as de-
scribed above are summarized in Table 3.
Testing Procedures
all the SCSC mixtures are prepared with a constant mixing
process. The mixing sequence consists in homogenizing the
binder and sand for a minute using standard mixer described
by NF EN 196-1 standard [15]. Then, half of the mixing wa-
ter is added and mixed for a minute. Next, SP with the re-
maining water is added and the mixing is continued three
more minutes. In first, the properties of the fresh SCSC are
investigated by using mini-slump, V-funnel and viscosity
tests. The mini-slump cone and V-funnel tests (Fig. (1)) were used in conformity with EFNARC [16].
The viscosity was measured using a programmable DV- II+ rotational viscometer equipped with the RV 4 mobile geometry (Fig. (2)). The viscosity measurements were con-
Table 1. Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of
Cement
Table 2. Sieve Analysis and Physical Properties of Natural
River Sand
5 99.5
4 97.09
2.5 83.56
1.25 63.27
0.63 34.85
0.315 13.65
0.16 2.44
0.08 0.84
(%)
Mix 1 1.5 0.44 350 150 500 7.5 220
Mix 2 1.5 0.44 350 250 600 9 264
Mix 3 1.5 0.44 350 350 700 10.5 308
Effect of Marble Powder on the Properties of Self-Compacting The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2011, Volume 5 27
ducted at different rotational speeds. The SCSC was pre- pared and placed on the pot of the viscometer. Pre-mixing was performed by increasing the rotational speed from 0 to 60 rpm in 120 s. When the highest rotational speed was reached, the viscometer was stopped. After this initial prepa- ration, a full cycle of increasing rotational speed occurring by 8 steps from 0.3 rpm to 60 rpm and back to reset with another 8 steps was performed. The average of viscosity val- ues determined at upwards and downwards of each rotational speed steps were recorded. This procedure was performed at 0 min and repeated at 20 min [17].
The tests of compressive strength of hardened SCSC were also measured. Specimens were casted in moulds made of stainless steels having as dimensions 40 x 40 x 160 mm. The specimens were demoulded one day after casting and were placed in a water bath with a constant temperature. The tests were carried out at 28 days.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The effect of MP content on evolution in the mini-slump flow and the V-funnel time flow are respectively illustrated
in Figs. (3) and (4). It's clear that the mini-slump flow values increase with an increase in MP content (Fig. (3)). The V- funnel flow time decreased with an increase in MP content, as seen in Fig. (4). In other words, the flowability of the SCSC mixes increases with an increase in MP content.
The results of viscosity measurement show that the be-
haviour of all the studied mixtures is similar and can be best
fitted with the power law model ( μ = a.
b ), in which μ is the
viscosity, is the rotational speed of mobile, a and b are the
model coefficients. The coefficient a is also called the con-
sistency index, which characterizes the initial viscosity and
the coefficient b is called the flow index. In this work, the
coefficients a and b are used to characterize the viscosity of
the SCSC. The viscosity variation of all SCSC mixtures as a
function of rotational speed is represented in full-log scale
curves (Figs. (5) and (6)). It can be observed that at a low
rotational speed, a viscous behaviour is marked, whereas at
high rotational speed a flowable behaviour is dominant. It
can also be observed a viscous behaviour of mixtures with
time (at T = 20 min). It should be noted that these results are
in agreement with recent studies [17-19].
Fig. (1). Dimensions in (cm) of mini-slump cone and V-funnel tests
used.
Fig. (2). Programmable DV-II+ viscometer.
Fig. (3). Effect of MP on the mini-slump flow of SCSC.
Fig. (4). Effect of MP on the V-funnel flow time of SCSC.
28 The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2011, Volume 5 Tayeb et al.
Using the viscosity model coefficients, the initial viscos- ity can be characterized by the consistency index (a), and the needed energy necessary to attain a flowable consistency can be characterized by the flow index (b) (which represents the slope of line). In other words, the higher a is, the larger the initial viscosity will be and the higher b is, the lower the needed energy necessary to attain a flowable consistency will be.
As represented in Figs. (5) and (6), the highest values of a, is obtained in the case of 250 kg/m3 of MP. It can also be observed that for high rotational speeds (up to 30 rpm) the mixtures containing 350 and 250 kg/m
3 of MP show more
flowable consistency than the mixture made with 150 kg/m3. We can also see that the lowest values of b are obtained in the case of 250 kg/m
3 of MP. This behaviour allows to mix-
ture to have a good fluidity during the flow and to develop certain viscosity when flow ceases. The effect of MP content on the SCSC mixes is similar after 20 min with a more vis- cous behaviour. The compressive strength results of hard- ened SCSC are given in Fig. (7). From these results, it can be seen that, at 28-day age, the compressive strength decreases with an increase in MP content from 150 kg/m
3 to 350
kg/m 3 . The detrimental effect of adding MP on the strength
of the SCSC was actually due to the increase in wa- ter/cement ratio as MP content increased.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study:
1- The increase of MP dosage in SCSC increases both of the mini-slump flow and the V-funnel flow time.
2- By using the consistency index (a) and the flow index (b) of the viscosity model of the best fitted curves, the initial viscosity and the needed energy necessary to attain a flow- able consistency can be characterized. In other words, the higher a is, the larger the initial viscosity is, and the higher b is, the lower the needed energy necessary to attain a flowable consistency is.
3- With 250 kg/m 3 of MP, SCSC have the highest values
of a and the lowest values of b. This dosage is suitable for SCSC, because it allows to the mixture to have good fluidity during the flow (up to 30 rpm) while presenting a sufficient viscosity at the end of the flow which allows to avoid the segregation.
4- Despite the positive effect of MP on the fluidity of SCSC, their addition must be controlled according to the mechanical strength question. The addition of MP to SCSC requires an increase in water/cement ratio, which leads to a decrease in compressive strength at 28 days.
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Fig. (7). Effect of MP on 28-days compressive strength of SCSC.
Effect of Marble Powder on the Properties of Self-Compacting The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, 2011, Volume 5 29
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Received: October 06, 2010 Revised: January 23, 2011 Accepted: January 24, 2011
© Tayeb et al.; Licensee Bentham Open.
This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/-
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