Effect of Elements on Steel

8/11/2019 Effect of Elements on Steel

1/18

EFFECTS OF THE ELEMENTSON STEEL PROPERTIES:

A SUMMARY

Dick JaffreVP Raw MaterialT!I C"a#arral Steel$%% &ar' R(a'Mi'l(t"ia)* T! +,%,-Tel.: /012++320%4%Fa5: /012++320%4,'6affre7t5i.c(8

Ele8e)t 9 Steel Pr(#ertie Pa e 1 of 18R.T. Jaffre

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CHAPARRAL STEEL300 Ward Road Midlothian, Texas 76065-9651 972.775.8241 www.txi. o!
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/18

EFFECTS OF ELEMENTS ON STEEL PROPERTIES

I)tr(';cti()

T"i ;88ar< =a tl< i8#lifie c(8#le5 ;>6ect a>(;t w"ic" =(l;8e "a=e >ee) writte). It i "(#e'

t"at t"i ;88ar< 8a< #r(=e ; ef;l a a ?re8i)'er? (f 8etall;r ical i ;e . It i)"ere)ti8#lificati() 'e8a)' t"at it )(t >e relie' () a a (;rce '(c;8e)t f(r 'eci i()28aki) . A li8ite'>i>li( ra#"< i attac"e' f(r rea'er 'e iri) t( e5#l(re i) reater 'e#t" t"e ;>6ect (f t"e effect (fall( li)k t( a l( ar< (f teelter8 a)' c()ce#t .

I) t"i ;88ar< t"e f(ll(wi) 'efi)iti() are ; e':

PRIMARY ALLOYIN@ ELEMENTS: I) t"e #r(';cti() (f Car>() Steel * ele8e)t t"at are a''e' t(refi)e' 8(lte) teel i) t"e la'le (r (t"er refi)i) =e el B i) (r'er t( ac"ie=e 'e ire' 8etall;r ical#r(#ertie . T"e Pri8ar< All(< ra'e #ecificati() (r )(t* re i';al 8ale e)=ir()8e)tal c"aracteri tic .

T"e ?Tra8# Ele8e)t ? are #ri)ci#all* S)* S>* )* C'* a)' H .

Steel8aki) raw 8aterial * i)cl;'i) ite8 (f Ferr(; Scra#* 8a< c()tri>;te ?Re i';al Ele8e)t ? a)'Tra8# Ele8e)t t( a f;r)ace c"ar e i) tw( wa< :

E)'( e)(; l ta)ce t"at c()tai) t"e8 are al8( t )e=er re8(=a>le fr(8 t"e raw 8aterial>< 8ec"a)ical 8ea) .

E5( e)(; l ta)ce * (r c()tai)e' i) ite8 (r ;> ta)ce *t"at c(at* (r are attac"e' t(* (r (t"erwi e acc(8#a)< 8aterial t"at are #lace' i) a f;r)acec"ar e. U ;all< re8(=a>le fr(8 t"e raw 8aterial >< 8ec"a)ical 8ea) >;t )(t )ece arile ; ef;l* a)' w"at i reall< (i) () i a t; (f war* w"ereteel8aker a)' t"eir c; t(8er tr; le wit" tra'e2(ff a8() tre) t"* ';ctilit() Steel i t"e );8>er ()e e) i)eeri) 8aterial >eca; e (f it l(w relati=e c( t a)' a'a#ta>ilitricati) #ractice . A c; t(8er w"( "a tra'iti()alletwee) t"e teel c() ;8er a)' ;##lier t"at e5i ti)

#ecificati() )ee' )(t >e i)fle5i>le. I) (;r e5#erie)ce* i) 8( t ca e i)=(l=i) >ar #r(';cta##licati() * a ;ita>le "i "er re i';al Car>() Steel* ca)* i) fact* >e ;> tit;te'.

Of c(;r e* t"ere will alwa< e5i t a##licati() f(r w"ic" t"ere will >e )( ;> tit;te f(r L(w Re i';alteel #ri8aril< teel t( >e e=erel< c(l' w(rke' B.

I) "(rt* t"e =iew t"at "i "er re i';al teel are l(wer ;alit< (r i)feri(r i i)a##r(#riate. T"e c(rrecta##licati() a)' ; e (f "i "er re i';al teel ca) re ;lt i) ec()(8ic a)' ;#eri(r 8aterial .

ef(re #r(cee'i) t( t"e Ele8e)t2>


4/18

Ta>le 0 F(r c()=e)ie)ce ake* a)' ri ki) (=er2 i8#lificati()* Car>() a)' L(w All(< teel#r(';ct 8a< >e r(;#e' a)' cate (riKe' a f(ll(w G


Ta>le 0

Str;ct;ral 9 E) i)eeri) Steel C(88ercial 9 Drawi) ;alit;lar Pr(';ct

Pl; C(l' Draw) ar* R('* &ire*9 T;>;lar Pr(';ct

S * M * 9 S SteelI)cl;'e HSLA* D@ 9 API

;alit< Steel

C * D * DD * EDD Steel

I)cl;'e D@ 9 D@IF Steel

Mec"a)ical Stre) t"Pr(#ertie 0 B

D;ctilit< F(r8a>ilitle f(r "ar')e i) teel* ';e t( f(r8ati() (f Fe $C ;#()

c((li) t"r(; " t"e Tra) f(r8ati() Te8#erat;re* w"e) @a88a Ir() A; te)ite B'ec(8#( e i)t( Al#"a Ir() Ferrite B Q Fe $C Ir() Car>i'e B.

I)crea e te) ile tre) t" i) teel . D;ctilit< e)erall< 'ecrea e a C i)crea e * >;t i)8( t ca e t"i effect ca) >e (ff et wit" #r(#er "eat treat8e)t.

&el'a>ilit< 'ecrea e a C i)crea e . E5ce (5< e) ; a e 8a< >e re ;ire' t( re8(=ee5ce C take f;r)ace ti8e B. &"e) C a''e' t( a) (5i'iKi) la * ca; e la t( f(a8*like fr(t" () >eer. T"e i) ;lati) effect (f a ?f(a8< la ? re';ce "eat l( i) t"e f;r)ace*#r(l() electr('e life* a)' re';ce refract(r< wear.

Certai) a##licati() #ecif< a re ;ire' Car>() E ;i=ale)t c()te)t i) (r'er t( ac"ie=e'e ire' #r(#ertie . E5a8#le (f a Car>() E ;i=ale)t calc;lati():

Car>() E ;i=ale)t C Q %./- M) Q V Q N>M) Ma) a)e e B

T"e f(r8ati() i) teel 8icr( tr;ct;re (f Car>i'e c(8#(;)' * e #eciall< Ir() Car>i'e Fe$C B* i a ke< t( teel ;#eri(r 8etall;r ical #erf(r8a)ce. M) act a a Car>i'e

Sta>iliKer . Steel wit" M) c()te)t a l(w a %.$ 8a< i) ;re t"at Fe $C w() t 'e ra'e t(Fe Q @ra#"ite ;)'er 8a)< "eat treat c()'iti() a little a %.$ M) will (ff et t"ete)'e)c< (f Si t( #r(8(te ra#"itiKati()* e=e) w"e) Si c()te)t are a "i " a / .

&"e) S i #re e)t i) teel* M) 8a< "el# #re=e)t H(t S"(rt)e teari) ';ri) "(tr(lli) (r f(r i) B. I) t"e a> e)ce (f M)* S 8a< c(8>i)e wit" Fe t( f(r8 FeS* w"ic"a##ear i) t"e teel 8icr( tr;ct;re a l(w 8elti) #(i)t* >rittle i)cl; i() t"at weake) t"e

teel. &"e) M) i #re e)t i) teel t"at c()tai) S* M)S i f(r8e' i) tea' FeS. M)Sa##ear i) (li'ifie' teel a ra)'(8l< 'i tri>;te' l(>;le w"ic" are (ft e)(; " t('ef(r8 ';ri) "(t w(rki) * a)' 8a< f(r8 el() ate' tri) er w"ic" are fre ;e)tl< )(t"ar8f;l. If t"e M):S rati( i reater t"a) 4:0* "(t "(rt)e ';e t( FeS f(r8ati() will

e)erall< )(t (cc;r. I) a''iti()* M) 8a< >e ; e' t( i8#r(=e "ar'e)a>lilt< ?t"r(; " "ar'e)i) ?B* t(; ")e 9

te) ile tre) t"* >;t 8a< 'ecrea e ';ctilit< 9 wel'a>ilit;r)e' t( f(r8 Si% / .

T"e (5i'ati() (f Si i e5(t"er8ic* a)' w"ile t"e >;r)i) (f Si re#re e)t a at" B i )(tc(8#r(8i e'* a)' t( )(t "(rte) f;r)ace refract(r< life. I) "(rt* e5ce i=e SiO / 8a;t )(t e5ce#ti()all< tr() 'e(5i'iKer. After t"e refi)i) te# i) t"ef;r)ace i c(8#lete* >;t >ef(re c()ti);(; ca ti) 8a< >e i)* e5ce O / 8; t >ere8(=e'* w"ic" i acc(8#li "e' >< a''i) 'e(5i'iKer t( t"e 8(lte) teel. Ele8e)t ; e'f(r 'e(5i'ati() #;r#( e i)cl;'e #ri8aril< Si a)' Al* >;t 8a< al ( i)cl;'e Ca a)' Ti. Si it"e #ri8ar< 'e(5i'iKer ; e' i) t"e #r(';cti() (f c()ti);(; l< ca t >illet f(r >ar a)'

tr;ct;ral a##licati() . Si i )(t a rai) refi)er.



8/18

Si ca) i8#r(=e teel te) ile tre) t"* >;t 8a< a'=er el< affect 8ac"i)a>ilit< ';e t(f(r8ati() (f ilicate i)cl; i() B.

Si i t"e #ri)ci#al all(iliti'e (r ;lfi'e i)

teel. T"; t"e C; c()te)t (f 8(lte) teel ca) ()l< >e l(were' ec()(8icall< >< 'il;ti(). Ca) ca; e "(t "(rt)e teari) ';ri) "(t w(rki) * i)cl;'i) f(r i) * at ee8i) l< l(w

c()ce)trati() * i.e. (=er %./ C; B. E=e) if "(t "(rt)e '(e )(t (cc;r* C; ca) re ;lt i)#((r ;rface ;alite (8ew"at (ff et >< Ni. &"e) #re e)t i) (li' (l;ti()* C; ? tiffe) ? Ferrite a)' 'ecrea e ';ctilite ; e' t( i)crea e at8( #"eric c(rr( i() re i ta)ce. Ca) i)"i>it aci' (l;ti() #ickli) >< i)crea i) cale a'"e i().

Ni Nickel B I8#r(=e "ar'e)a>ilitilit< t( ac"ie=e tre) t" 9 t(; ")e le=el at l(wer car>() c()te)t . I8#r(=e wel'a>ilite l(were' >i)ati() wit" e=e) =er< l(w P* S)* A (r S> c()te)t *C"r(8i;8 a)' Ni2Cr all(< teel are #artic;larl< ; ce#ti>le t( ?te8#er e8>rittle8e)t?

l( (f ';ctilit< w"e) te8#eri) (r l(w c((li) i) t"e ra) e +%%200%% FB. &"e) Cr 1 * c(rr( i() re i ta)ce reatl< i8#r(=e Re #() i>le f(r c(rr( i() re i ta)ce

i) Stai)le Steel B. N(t rea'il< (5i'iKe' fr(8 >at" re ;ire "i " te8#erat;re * i)crea e' "eat ti8e a)' la

=(l;8e.



9/18

?He5a=ale)t? Cr i) >a "(; e '; t c()tri>;te t( cla ificati() (f >a "(; e '; t a"aKar'(; wa te.

M( M(l'e);8 B A tr() Car>i'e f(r8er. M( "a a "i " effect () "ar'e)a>ilit< i)"i>iti) f(r8ati() (f certai) 8icr( tr;ct;re

e. .* Pearlite B. Ca) i8#r(=e "i " te8#erat;re c(rr( i() re i ta)ce. Ca) i8#r(=e t(; ")e 9 fati ;e #r(#ertie . N(t rea'il< (5i'iKa>le re8(=a>le B fr(8 li ;i' teel. Ca) i)"i>it aci' (l;ti() #ickli) . E5#e) i=e.

V Va)a'i;8 B

A) effecti=e rai) refi)er i.e.* re trict A; te)itic rai) r(wt" B. Str() car>i'e a)' )itri'e f(r8er i8#r(=e a>ra i() re i ta)ce B. I8#r(=e i'e f(r8er. I8#r(=e ilit< ;##re i) Ferrite #reci#itati() ';ri) tra) f(r8ati()fr(8 A; te)ite ';ri) "eat treat8e)t.

Effecti=e i) =er< 8all a8(;)t le t"a) .%%$ B. Hi "l< reacti=e wit" O5< e) a)' Nitr( e) 'iffic;lt t( ; e i) EAF CC #ractice = . OF

>illet teel #r(';cti() ';e t( e)erall< "i "er O5< e) a)' Nitr( e) le=el i) EAF li ;i'teel .



10/18

C( C(>alt B Like C;* a Ferrite ? tiffe)er? >< 8ea) (f (li' (l;ti() tre) t"e)i) B* a) effect t"at

#er i t at "i " te8#ert;re i.e.* i)crea e "(t "ar')e B. Like Ni* ca))(t re8(=e C( fr(8 8(lte) teel.

Ca) fi)' ra'i(acti=e C( i (t(#e i) certai) cra#. If ra'i(acti=e C( 8elte' i)t( >at"* teel8aker "a I@ PRO LEMS. VERY E!PENSIVE

& T;) te) B F(r8 e5tre8el< "ar'* ta>le car>i'e . U e' al8( t e5cl; i=el< i) Hi " S#ee' a)' (t"er

t((l teel re ;iri) wear re i ta)ce a)' "i " "(t "ar')e B. VERY E!PENSIVE U e' i) t"e 8a);fact;re (f Hi " S#ee' T((l Steel * >;t (t"erwi e

al8( t )e=er ; e' ';e t( e5tre8el< "i " c( t.

Tra8# Ele8e)t

S S;lf;r B A a) a''iti() t( 8(lte) teel* S;lf;r ()l< ; ef;l r(le i t( i8#r(=e 8ac"i)a>ilit< i)

#r(';ct a##licati() w"ere te) ile tre) t" a)' (t"er #r(#ertie are )(t a critical. &"e)a''e' t( i8#r(=e 8ac"i)a>ilitilite a) i8#;rite re8(=e'>ef(re t"e "eat i >l(cke' * (r t"e >at" et t(( "(t. N(te: T( ?>l(ck? 8ea) t( a'' a'e(5i'a)t t"at t(# t"e Car>() (il * i.e.* t"e #r(ce (f 'ecar>;riKi) t"e >at" t"r(; "t"e f(r8ati() (f CO a B. A >l(cki) a e)t Al* FeSi* SiM) B w(;l' re';ce P / O - * a)'ca; e t"e P t( re=ert t( >at". Si8ilarlat". E5ce P c()tai)e' i) t"e f;r)ace c"ar e a'' "eat ti8e*i)crea e Li8e c() ;8#ti()* la =(l;8e* a)' e)er < c() ;8#ti()* a)' l(wer f;r)ace


11/18

S) Ti) B U e' t( c(at teel )(t a) all(ilit< i) (li' teel. N(t (5i'iKa>le. I) 8(lte) teel* S) c()te)t ca) >e l(were' ()l< >< 'il;ti().

U#() (li'ificati()* e re ate (;t at rai) >(;)'arie a)' () ;rface * a)' ca) re ;lt i)"(t "(rt)e teari) ';ri) "(t w(rki) B a)' ;rface 'efect . I) l(w Car>() teel * ca) ca; e e8>rittle8e)t (f rai) >(;)'arie ';ri) a))eali) . Decrea e t"e (li' (l;>ilit< (f C; i) teel t"e effect (f .%0 S) i a>(;t a8e a .0%

C;. T"i etwee) C; a)' S) i)crea e t"e ri k (f "(t "(rt)e teari) ';ri)"(t w(rki) B* a ri k t"at i f;rt"er a8#lifie' a t"e Car>() c()te)t i)crea e .

Ver< ;)'e ira>le c()ta8i)a)t* >eca; e a'=er el< affect 8a)< teel #r(#ertie .

P> Lea' B Ver< li8ite' (l;>ilit< i) teel. At teel8aki) te8#erat;re * P> a)' P>O i) c(ati)

;> ta)ce () teel cra# ; ;all< =a#(riKe Metallic P> i (5i'iKe' t( P>O a)' (t"er P>

c(8#(;)' * ()ce e5#( e' t( air B. P>O a)' t"e (t"er P> c(8#(;)' are carrie' awa< i)t"e f;r)ace e5"a; t a)' a##ear i) >a "(; e '; t. P> i a 8a6(r rea () w"< >a "(; e'; t i cla ifie' a a "aKar'(; wa te B.

H(we=er* if 8etallic P> i #re e)t i) a f;r)ace c"ar e i) ;fficie)t ;a)titat" a)' #e)etrate t"erefract(r< >rick f;r)ace li)i) * t"ere>< re';ci) >rick life. If ;fficie)t >rick 'a8a e(cc;r * 8(lte) teel ca) >reak t"r(; " t"e f;r)ace li)i) a)' #ill (;t. I) a''iti() t(#( i>le 'a) er t( e8#l( ta)ce ; e' t( c(at teel#r(';ct f(r at8( #"eric c(rr( i() #r(tecti()* P> ()l< ; ef;l r(le i) teel8aki) i t(i8#r(=e 8ac"i)a>ilit< i) #r(';ct a##licati() w"ere te) ile tre) t" a)' (t"er #r(#ertieare )(t a critical. &"e) ; e'* P> i a''e' i) c(8>i)ati() wit" S 9 P t( t"e i) (t (rc()ti);(; ca ter 8(l' #(;ri) trea8. T"e P> a##ear i) t"e (li'ifie' teel ai)cl; i() t"at act a c"i# >reaker ';ri) 8ac"i)i) . U)le a''e' f(r 8ac"i)a>ilit i c() i'ere' t( >e a) i8#;rit TO IMPROVE MACHINA ILITYAND FOR ANY OTHER STEELMA IN@ PURPOSE OR APPLICATION IS RAPIDLYDISAPPEARIN@ &ORLD2&IDE DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS.

) i)c B Virt;all< i) (l;>le i) teel. Lar el< =a#(riKe at teel8aki) te8#erat;re * f(r8i) )O*

w"ic" i carrie' awa< i) t"e f;r)ace e5"a; t a)' a##ear i) >a "(; e '; t. H(we=er* if

e)(; " ) i #re e)t i) a f;r)ace c"ar e* )(t all 8a< >e =a#(riKe' a)' (8e 8a< ?taal() ? wit" t"e #(;re' (;t 8(lte) teel. O)ce c()ti);(; ca ti) >e i) * ) ca) e#aratefr(8 t"e teel a)' >ec(8e 'e#( ite' () t"e i)teri(r ;rface (f t"e c()ti);(; ca ti)8(l' * t"ere>< a'=er el< affecti) t"e "eat tra) fer c"aracteri tic (f t"e 8(l' . If t"e rate(f "eat e5tracti() i ;fficie)tl< affecte'* t"e ki) (f a (li'ife =er< e5#e) i=e* a)' 8a< i)cl;'e "a=i)t( re8(=e a)' rec()'iti() t"e c()ti);(; ca ti) 8(l' * if #( i>le.

) 8a< #r(';ce (r c()tri>;te t( H(t S"(rt)e e' e 9 ;rface teari) ';ri) "(tw(rki) B.

) i t"e #ri)ci#al c() tit;e)t i) c(ati) 'e#( ite' >< @al=a)iKi) #r(ce e .Ele8e)t 9 Steel Pr(#ertie Pa e 11 of 18R.T. Jaffre


12/18

S> A)ti8()< B N(t a) all( i all( i) teel (r teel e8i i() i a) i)'icat(r t"at Lea' t(ra e >atterie (rc(8#()e)t t"ere(f are fi)'i) t"eir wa< i)t( t"e f;r)ace c"ar e. Al ( ; e' i) (l'er a)' e8i2c()';ct(r . A wit" P> a)' Cr* c()ti>;te t( cla ificati() (f >a "(; e '; t a "aKar'(; wa te.

C' Ca'8i;8 B N(t a) all(e c(ate' >< electr(#lati) C' () teel ;rface

t( #r(=i'e c(rr( i() #r(tecti(). Al ( ; e' f(r #re2#lati) t( >e f(ll(we' >< Ni #lati) .Ca) (cc;r i) al=a)iKe' c(ati) .

U e' i) Ni2C' >atterie U e' i) #ai)t #i 8e)t .

A wit" P> a)' Cr* c()ti>;te t( cla ificati() (f >a "(; e '; t a "aKar'(; wa te.

H Merc;r< B N(t ; ef;l i) Ferr(; 8etall;r ec(8e ai )ifica)t e)=ir()8e)tal c()cer) >eca; e it acc;8;late i) li=i) ti ;e. T"e #ri)ci#al(;rce (f H i) a) EAF f;r)ace c"ar e are electrical witc"e i) a;t(8(ti=e* a##lia)ce a)'

(t"er 8a);fact;ri) e ;i#8e)t t"at "a >ee) cra##e'.



13/18

T"e a>(=e 'i c; i() are ;88ariKe' i) =er< c()'e) e' ter8 i) Ta>le 1 >el(w:



14/18

Ta>le - >el(w ;88ariKe t"e e5te)t t( w"ic" Pri8ar< a)' Sec()'ar< all(e #racticall< re8(=e' (r c()tr(lle' i) a ic V . Aci' B EAF

teel8aki) #ractice:

A tate' earlier* t"e la>el Tra8# Ele8e)t "a >ee) a##lie' t( certai) ele8e)t t"ater=e )( ; ef;l #;r#( e i) t"e f;r)ace c"ar e. Tra8# Ele8e)t 8a< re#(rt t( t"e


Ta>le -

REMOVIN@ CONTROLLIN@ ALLOYIN@ ELEMENTS

A''e' t( E)"a)ce: Har'e)a>ilitat"* if #re e)t i) ;fficie)t a8(;)t * al8( t alwa< "a=ea'=er e effect () teel #r(#ertie * ea e a)' c( t (f teel #r(';cti()* a)' (r "a=e;)'e ira>le e)=ir()8e)tal c"aracteri tic .

Ta>le , >el(w ;88ariKe t"e e5te)t t( w"ic" t"e TRAMP ele8e)t 8a< >e #racticallle8 * e. .* teari) * #((r ;rface ;alitle >< t"e la w"e)? a ic? V . ?Aci'? B 8elti) f;r)ace #ractice i e8#l(ack t( refi)e' 8(lte) teel

Air E8i i() C()cer)

S(8eti8e a''e' >ack t(8(lte) teel >ef(re ca ti) i)

(r'er t( i8#r(=e 8ac"i)a>ilitle8

Ri k E ;i#8e)t Da8a e C()ta8i)ati()

Ele8e)t t"at er=e )(; ef;l #;r#( e i) t"ef;r)ace c"ar e

Air E8i i() C()cer): O)ce e8itte' fr(8 t"e f;r)ace at8( #"ere* will (5i'iKe a)' 8a< rea##ear i) c(8#(;)' f(r8i) Stack E8i i() 9 a "(; e D; t

If e)(; " (f eit"er i #re e)t i) f;r)ace c"ar e i) 8etallic f(r8* ri k Ma);fact;ri) ;alit< #r(>le8 * PLUS 'a8a et( F;r)ace Li)i) * CC M(l'

O)ce #re e)t i) 8(lte) teel* ca) t >e re8(=e'. ?Dil;ti() i t"e ()l< (l;ti()? e t c()tr(l 8et"(': C()tr(la8(;)t i) F;r)ace C"ar e

&"e) #re e)t i) c(ati) () cra# ite8 * ; ;all< a ifie at teel8aki) te8#erat;re a)' i e8itte' fr(8 t"e f;r)aceat8( #"ere. e t c()tr(l 8et"(': C()tr(l a8(;)t i) F;r)ace C"ar e


16/18

F(r t"e Scra# Pr(ce i) I)'; tra e' la w"e) a ic V . Aci' B f;r)ace #ractice i e8#l( (lete (il 9 a #i#e9 t;>i) .

Scra# c()ta8i)ate' wit" "i " S l;>rica)t . D( )(t a ;8e t"at l;>rica)t will i8#l< >;r);# a)' ( (;t t"e tack S 9 P 8a< >e c()tai)e' i) t"e l;>rica)t i) t"e f(r8 (f c"e8icalc(8#(;)' t"at* ()ce 8elte'* 8a< re#(rt t( t"e 8(lte) teel* la * (r >(t".

R;))er* La'le* T;)'i " 9 Sk;ll cra# ari i) fr(8 la t F;r)ace (#erati() * a)' (cca i()all() (;rce t( a f;r)ace c"ar e e. .* c(ke B. If ir() cra# i i)cl;'e' wit"teel cra# i) (t"er t"a) )(8i)al a8(;)t * t(tal c"ar e Car>() 8a< e5cee' e5#ectati() * t"ere> all( (lete (il #i#e wit" Lea' fille' 6(i)t At T!I C"a#arral Steel* 8a)< (f t"e 8( t e=erei) ta)ce (f lea' c()ta8i)ati() "a=e >ee) attri>;te' t( (il #i#e wit" lea'2fille' 6(i)t B

Lea' c(;)terwei "t fr(8 cra##e' cra)e f(rklift B &"eel wei "t Lea' t(ra e >atterie N()2Ferr(; cra# 8etal ite8 wit" ferr(; attac"8e)t t"at fi)' t"eir wa< i)t( ferr(;

"i#8e)t ';e t( 8a )et "a)'li) .



17/18

>B C; C(##er B: It i clear t"at 8a)< teel #r(';ct #r(';ce' t('a< c()tai) C(##er at "i "erle=el t"a) i) t"e #a t #r(';cer (f tr;ct;ral #r(';ct "a=e )(t ()l< lear)e' t( li=e wit"

"i "er C(##er le=el * >;t )(w take a'=a)ta e (f re i';al C; 'e ira>le effect i)crea etre) t"* etc. B. Str;ct;ral teel #r(';ct re>ar* >ea8 * a) le * c"a))el * flat * M r(;)' *

etc. B #r(';ce' t('a< r(;ti)el< c()tai) %.$- t( %.-% C;. Care 8; t >e take) t( a ;re t"at"i "er C; cra# teel are "i##e' t( teel8aker w"( ca) t(lerate t"e8.

Si)ce e)'( e)(; C; le=el are "i "er i) 8a)< ra'e (f teel* it >ec(8e e=e) 8(rei8#(rta)t t"at e5( e)(; C; (;rce >e re8(=e' fr(8 cra# t( t"e reate t e5te)t #( i>le*>eca; e t"ere i ()l< ( 8;c" r((8 f(r C; e=e) i) tr;ct;ral teel >ef(re t"e ri k (f C;a'=er e effect (;twei " t"e #( i>le >e)efit . E5( e)(; C; (;rce i)cl;'e:

C(##er w(;)' 8(t(r C(##er wire C(##er (r >ra >; "i) (r (t"er c(8#()e)t attac"e' t( ferr(; ite8 N()2Ferr(; cra# 8etal ite8 wit" ferr(; attac"8e)t t"at fi)' t"eir wa< i)t( ferr(;

"i#8e)t ';e t( 8a )et "a)'li) .

cB S) Ti) B: A 'i c; e' earlier* S) i ()e (f t"e w(r t c()ta8i)a)t i) teel8aki) *>eca; e =er< 8all a8(;)t a little a %.%0 * (r a>(;t t"ree (;)ce #er t() B ca) #r(8(te"(t "(rt)e * #((r ;rface ;alite re8(=e' . F(rt;)atelear i) 8i)'G Dil;ti() i t"eS(l;ti() .

(tt(8 Li)e: EEP NON2FERROUS SCRAP METAL OUT OF FERROUS SCRAP WWW

C()cl; i()

Pre'icta>ilit< i) teel8aki) raw 8aterial i a =al;e. T"ere are =er< few ferr(; cra# ite8 t"atca))(t >e ; e' ;cce f;llear i) 8i)' a)' act () t"e e< I ;e'i c; e' a>(=e i)crea e t"eir =al;e t( t"eir c() ;8er * w"( take )(tice (r "(;l' B w"e) #r(>le8are a> e)t a well a w"e) t"e< (cc;r. &e ;re tr< t( a)ee) writte) . Rea'er are a ke' t( #lea e ; e t"i ;88ar< )(ta a (;rce '(c;8e)t f(r 'eci i() 8aki) * >;t a a ?re8i)'er?* i.e.* a tarti) #(i)t* t(war'i)crea i) ;)'er ta)'i) (f i8#(rta)t 8etall;r ical i ;e .



18/18

REFERENCES

0. ?Electric F;r)ace Steel8aki) ?* C"arle R. Tali "erB* Metal Park* O"i( 03,, LCCCN ,-2/3$%1

1. ?Ferr(all(< 9 All(ert Ha) () A8erica) S(ciet< f(r MetalP;>li "erB* Metal Park* O"i( 03,- LCCCN ,-2/+1-4

,. ?M('er) Steel 9 T"eir Pr(#ertie ? Si5t" E'iti()B* et"le"e8 Steel C(8#a)< P;>li "erB*et"le"e8* Pa. 03,,

+. A @l( ar< (f Steel B Ter8 a)' C()ce#t * AISI* www. teel.(r lear)i) l( ar< l( arl< i)c(rrect i)ter#retati() a)' c()cl; i()#re e)te' i) t"i ;88ar< are e)tirel< 8< re #() i>ilite ( ki)' at( c(88;)icate c(rrecti() a)' ; e te' i8#r(=e8e)t t(G '6affre7t5i.c(8

Dick JaffreFebruary 10, 2003

Ele8e)t 9 Steel Pr(#ertie Pa e 18 of 18R T Jaffre
http://www.steel.org/learning/glossary/glossary.htmmailto:[email protected]://www.steel.org/learning/glossary/glossary.htmmailto:[email protected]

Effect of Elements on Steel

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