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SULIT
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS
Peperiksaan Semester Pertama
Sidang Akademik 2013/2014
Januari 2014
EET414 – Rekabentuk Pencawang [Substation Design]
Masa : 3 jam
Please make sure that this question paper has TWENTY (20)
printed pages including this
front page before you start the examination. [Sila pastikan
kertas soalan ini mengandungi DUA PULUH (20) muka surat yang
bercetak termasuk muka
hadapan sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan ini.]
This question paper has SIX (6) questions. Answer any FIVE (5)
questions only. Each
question contributes 20 marks. [Kertas soalan ini mengandungi
ENAM (6) soalan. Jawab mana-mana LIMA (5) soalan sahaja. Markah
bagi
tiap-tiap soalan adalah 20 markah.]
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Question 1 [Soalan 1]
(a) Discuss FIVE (5) main functions of substation parts.
[Bincangkan lima (5) fungsi utama bahagian-bahagian pada
pencawang.]
(10 Marks / Markah)
(b) Two substation transformers identical in parallel are
supplied by a generator. Circuit breakers are installed at the
sides of the transformer and the generator as in Figure 1.
Parameters of generator and transformer are given in Table 1.
[Dua pengubah pencawang yang sama dan selari dibekal oleh satu
penjana. Pemutus litar dipasang
pada kedua-dua sisi pengubah dan penjana seperti dalam Rajah 1.
Parameter untuk penjana dan
pengubah diberikan dalam Jadual 1].
Table 1 [Jadual 1]
Generator : 25 MVA, 3-phase, 13.8 kV, 50 Hz, Xd” = 20%; Xd
’= 15% and X0 = 12%
Transformer : 10 MVA, 3-phase, 13.8/33 kV, X = 12%
G
T-1
T-2
CTCB-1
CB-2 CB-3
CB-4 CB-5
Bus-1 Bus-2
Figure 1 [Rajah 1]
Calculate the rated making current (kA) and breaking capacity
(MVA) at circuit
breaker (CB-4).
[Kirakan kadaran arus sambungan (kA) dan kapasiti memutus (MVA)
pada pemutus litar (CB- 4).]
(10 Marks / Markah)
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Question 2 [Soalan 2]
Design the rigid bus for single breaker bus arrangement air
insulated substation that covers
size of rigid bus and the maximum allowable span length, based
on the design requirements
in Table 2(a) and 2(b). Welded fitting are used and a 20%
allowance will be made for future
growth and overloading. Others data or information are given in
appendix. (Note: 1 inch =
25.4 mm). [Rekabentuk bas tegar untuk aturan bas satu pemutus
pencawang tebatan udara yang merangkumi bas saiz dan
panjang maksimum span yang dibenarkan berdasarkan keperluaan
rekabentuk dalam Jadual 2(a) dan 2(b).
Pemasangan dipateri digunakan dan 20% yang dibenarkan untuk
pertumbuhan masa depan dan terlebih beban.
Lain-lain data dan maklumat diberikan dalam apendik. (Nota: 1
inci = 25.4 mm)]
(20 Marks/ Markah)
Table 2(a) [Jadual 2(a)]
Load Parameters
Descriptions Value
Load Demand 400 MVA
Power Factor 0.85 (lagging)
Frequency 60 Hz
Nominal Voltage 161 kV
Bus Specifications
Descriptions Value
Conductor Type Aluminium Tubular Schedule 40 AC Ampacity
Conductivity 53%
Alloy & Temper 6061-T6
Emissivity 0.5
Rigid Bus Configuration Flat Three Phase
Aluminium Conductor Weight 26500 N/m3
Rigid Bus Height 7.6 m
Phase Spacing 3.48 m
No of Span Single Span
Bus End Condition Pinned-Fixed
The ratio of Conductor Deflection to Span Length 1:150
Fault Currents Parameters
Descriptions Value
Maximum Fault Current 25 kA
Fault Clearing Time 0.25 s (15 cycles)
X/R 30
Short Circuit Highest Force Bus B
Ice Parameters
Descriptions Value
Ice Weight 8820 N/m3
Maximum anticipated icing condition 6.4 mm
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Table 2(b) [Jadual 2(b)]
Wind Parameters
Descriptions Value
Constant, C 0.613
Maximum wind speed 38.89 m/s
High wind speed with ice 16.11m/s
Force coefficient 1.0
Importance factor 1.15
Gust Response Factor 0.85
Temperature Parameters
Descriptions Value
Operating Bus Temperature 80 °C
Maximum Ambient Temperature 40 °C
Temperature Rise 40 °C
Heat Balance Parameters
Descriptions Value
Direct-current resistance 29.35 μΩ/m
Skin-effect coefficient 1
Solar heat gain 47.2 W/m
Convective heat loss 98.92 W/m
Radiation heat loss 42.69 W/m
Structure Information’s
Descriptions Value
Exposure of conductor Exposure B
Structure material Steel
Structure type Tubular and wide flange
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Question 3 [Soalan 3]
The design data for ground grid model of a 132 kV substation is
given in Table 3. [Data rekabentuk untuk model grid pembumian satu
pencawang 132 kV diberikan seperti Jadual 3.]
Table 3 [Jadual 3]
Parameters Values
Fault current occur 2800 A
Clearing time 0.5 sec
Available grounding area 70 x 70 m2
Soil resistivity 500 Ω-m
Crush rock resistivity at surface 3000 Ω-m
The thickness of the crushed rock surfacing 100 mm
Conductor spacing in parallel 5 m
Depth of grid conductor 50 cm
Diameter conductor grid 17 mm
Body resistance and weight body are respectively 1000 Ω and 70
kg
Constant of Km and Ks 0.625 and 0.44
(a) Based on the data above, evaluate and justify the design of
the grid grounding system to fulfill the requirements of IEEE
80-2000 standard. [Berdasarkan data di atas, nilai dan tentusahkan
rekabentuk sistem grid pembumian bagi memenuhi
syarat piawaian IEEE 80-2000.]
(13 Marks / Markah)
(b) What will happen on mesh voltage and step voltage if the
grounding grid system is inserted with ground rod? The number of
ground rod and length of rod used are 30
pieces and 10 m, respectively. Give your justification on the
design in term of safety. [Apa akan berlaku pada voltan jejaring
dan voltan langkah, jika sistem grid pembumian disisipkan
dengan rod pembumian? Bilangan dan panjang rod pembumian yang
digunakan adalah 30 batang
dan 10m. Berikan justifikasi anda pada rekabentuk daripada segi
keselamatan.]
(7 Marks / Markah)
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Question 4 [Soalan 4]
Two identical parallel generators are connected to a 33 kV
substation transformer.
Each of generator and the transformer sides are connected to
circuit breakers (CBs) as
in Figure 4(a). The parameters of generator and transformer are
given in Table 4a. An
over current relay (OCR) connected to a current transformer (CT)
is used for the
transformer protection. [Dua penjana yang sama dan selari
dihubungkan kepada satu pengubah pencawang 33 kV. Setiap
sisi penjana dan pengubah disambungkan kepada pemutus litar
seperti dalam Rajah 4(a). Parameter
penjana dan pengubah diberikan dalam Jadual 4(a). Sebuah geganti
arus lebih (OCR) disambungkan
ke pengubah arus (CT) yang digunakan untuk perlindungan
pengubah.]
Table 4(a) [Jadual 4(a)]
Generator : 15 MVA, 13.8 kV, 50 Hz, Xd” = 0.12 pu; Xd
’= 0.10 p.u and X0 = 0.8 p.u
Transformer : 20 MVA, 3-phase, 13.8/33 kV, X = 7%
GCB-1
GCB-2
CB-4CB-3T
Bus-1 Bus-2
OCR
Figure 4(a) [Rajah 4(a)]
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(a) Evaluate whether the current transformers (CTs) chosen will
saturate if the current transformers have rating class C200, 5P20
and burden Zb = 0.7 Ω for fault occur at
bus-2. (Your choice should be based on in appendix). [Nilaikan
sama ada pengubah arus (CT) yang dipilih akan menepu jika pengubah
arus mempunyai
kadaran kelas C200, 5P20 dan beban Zb = 0.7 Ω untuk gangguan
terjadi pada bus-2.(Pilihan anda patut berdasarkan Rajah 4b dalam
apendik.).]
(10 Marks/ Markah)
(b) The characteristic of over current relay used are as
follows: [Ciri-ciri geganti arus lebih yang digunakan adalah
seperti berikut:]
Available current taps: 0.5 to 12.5 A with a steps 0.5.
Available time dial setting TD: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ……1.0 (with a
steps 0.1)
The IEEE Standard relay operation characteristic of time current
curve by the folowing equation (1)
[Tap arus tersedia: 0.5 ke 12.5 A dengan langkah 0.5]
[Pengesetan dail masa tersedia TD: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ….1.0 dengan
langkah 0.1]
[Ciri-ciri operasi geganti piawai IEEE lengkung arus-masa
mengikut persamaan (1)]
where constant A, B and P are tabulated in Table 4(b). [di mana
pemalar A,B and P dijadualkan dalam Jadual 4(b).]
Table 4(b) [Jadual 4(b)]
A B P
Moderately inverse
0.0515 0.114 0.02
Very inverse
19.61 0.491 2.0
Extremely inverse
28.2 0.122 2.0
Calculate the operating time of relay if the time-dial setting
is 0.6, and the
characteristic used is “Very inverse”. What will happen on the
operating time of the
relay if time-dial setting selected is 0.8. [Kirakan masa
operasi geganti jika masa-dial penetapan ialah 0.6 dan ciri-ciri
geganti yang digunakan
adalah “Very inverse”. Apa yang akan berlaku pada masa operasi
geganti jika masa-dial penetapan
ialah 0.8.]
(10 Marks / Markah)
)1.........(1
)(
B
M
ATDst
P
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Question 5 [Soalan 5]
(a) Based on the data in Table 5(a) and 5(b), a substation needs
a 30 V dc power supply and charger used to feed the load,
determine: [Berdasarkan data dalam Jadual 5(a) dan 5(b), sebuah
pencawang memerlukan satu sumber bekalan
arus terus 30 V and pengecas digunakan untuk menyuap ke beban,
tentukan:]
Table 5(a) [Jadual 5(a)]
No DC Load Quantity Power consumption Duration
1. Switchgear closing 9 600 W 1 minute
2. Switchgear tripping 9 6 W 1 minute
3. Indicator lamp 27 5 W 8 hours
4. Relay 9 200 W 8 hours
5. Transformer temperature
controller
2 200 W 8 hours
6. Digital power meter 2 200 W 8 hours
Table 5(b) [Jadual 5(b)]
No Description Value
1. Ambient temperature 25 oC
2. Design margin 0.85
3. Ageing factor 0.8
(i) the number of cell is required if the nominal voltage is 1.2
V/cell and select the type of battery used. [bilangan sel yang
diperlukan jika voltan namaan ialah 1.2 V/cell dan pilih jenis bagi
bateri
digunakan.] (8 Marks/ Markah)
(ii) the ampere capacity of the changer with 8 hours recharge.
[kapasiti ampere bagi pengecas dengan 8 jam mengecas semula.]
(2 Marks/ Markah)
(Note: The information of nickel cadmium battery in appendix)
[(Nota: Maklumat bagi bateri nikel Kadmium dalam apendik)]
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(b) A squared-shaped distribution substation service area as
shown in Figure 5. The substation is served by three-phase four
wire 2.4/4.16 kV grounded wye connected
primary feeders.
(Kawasan perkhidmatan pencawang pembahagian berbentuk empat segi
tepat seperti
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 5. Pencawang tersebut dibekal melalui
penyuap primer
tiga-fasa empat dawai 2.4/4.16 kV sambungan “wye” yang
dibumikan.)
Figure 5 [Rajah 5]
The feeders mains are made of #2 AWG cooper conductors or #1/0
ACSR with
maximum current capacity 230 A. The three-phase open-wire
overhead lines have a
geometric mean spacing of 37 inch between phase conductors. A
lagging load power
factor of 0.9 and a 1000 kVA/mi2 uniformly distributed load
density.
[Penyuap utama adalah #2 AWG pengalir kuprum atau #1/0 ACSR yang
mempunyai kapasiti arus
sebanyak 230 A. Talian atas pengalir tiga-fasa litar taktebat
ini mempunyai jarak purata geometri 37
inci diantara pengalir fasa. Faktor kuasa beban mengekor adalah
0.9 dan kepadatan beban seragam
teragih adalah 1000 kVA/mi2.]
By considering thermally loaded per feeder, calculate the
following:- [Dengan mempertimbangkan beban termal setiap penyuap
kirakan berikut:-]
(i) Maximum load per feeder, substation size, and substation
spacing. [Beban maksimum setiap penyuap, saiz pencawang dan jarak
pencawang.]
(4 Marks/ Markah)
(ii) Total percent voltage drop from the feed point the end of
the main. (Given K = 0.007%VD/(kVA.mi)) [Keseluruhan peratus
kejatuhan voltan dari titik pembekal hingga ke hujung. (Diberi
K=
0.007%VD/(kVA.batu))]
(3 Marks/ Markah)
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(iii) Consider voltage-drop limited feeders which have 3%
voltage drop and find substation spacing, maximum load per feeder
and substation size. [Pertimbangkan pembekal dihadkan kejatuhan
voltan sebanyak 3% kejatuhan voltan, kirakan
saiz pencawang, beban maksimum per penyuap dan saiz
pencawang.]
(3 Marks/ Markah)
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Question 6 [Soalan 6]
(a) Explain the current transformer polarity test with the aid
of a diagram [Terangkan ujian kekutuban pengubah arus dengan
bantuan gambarajah.]
(10 Marks/ Markah)
(b) Return stroke current magnitude and strike distance (length
of the last stepped leader) are interrelated. A number of equations
have been proposed in IEEE standards for
determining the striking distance. Describe the principle ones
prescribed in the
relevant IEEE standards. Identify the one equation accepted by
researchers and justify
the reason why the equation is favoured. [Magnitud arus sambar
kembali dan jarak pukulan adalah berkaitan. Beberapa formula
telah
dicadangkan dalam piawaian IEEE untuk menentukan jarak pukulan.
Huraikan prinsipal utama yang
telah ditentukan dalam piawaian IEEE. Kenalpasti satu formula
yang diterima pakai oleh penyelidik
dan beri justifikasi sebab ianya dipilih.]
(6 Marks/ Markah)
(c) A 275/132 kV substation is protected by two shielding wires
and has a basic insulation level (BIL) of 350 kV. Calculate the
allowable stroke current, Is in kA and
the strike distance, Sm in meters (m) if the surge impedance of
the conductor is 300 Ω. [Sebuah pencawang 275/132 kV dilindungi
oleh dua dawai pelindung dan mempunyai aras penebatan
asas (BIL) sebanyk 350 kV. Kira arus pukulan yang dibenarkan, Is
dalam kA dan jarak pukulan (Sm)
dalam meter (m) sekiranya galangan luruan pengalir tersebut
adalah 300 Ω.]
(4 Marks/ Markah)
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http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/how-lightning-really-works-video
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APPENDIX 1
[Apendik 1]
Aluminium Tubular Bus – Schedule 40 ac ampacity (53%
conductivity)
SPS
size
OD Wall
thickness
Emissivity = 0.20, with sun
temperature rise above 40 oC ambient
Emissivity = 0.20, without sun
temperature rise above 40 oC ambient
(in) (in) (in) 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
1.0 1.315 0.133 591 688 770 840 903 1011 1102 638 728 804 871
931 1035 1123
1.5 1.900 0.145 837 978 1097 1199 1290 1447 1580 914 1043 1153
1250 1336 1486 1614
2.0 2.375 0.154 1035 1213 1362 1490 1605 1802 1969 1139 1300
1438 1558 1666 1854 2015
2.5 2.875 0.203 1377 1618 1818 1992 2147 2413 2640 1527 1743
1928 2090 2235 2488 2705
3.0 3.500 0.216 1666 1962 2208 2422 2612 2940 3220 1861 2126
2351 2550 2728 3038 3305
3.5 4.000 0.226 1897 2239 2523 2770 2989 3367 3690 2132 2435
2695 2923 3127 3484 3792
4.0 4.500 0.237 2134 2523 2847 3127 3376 3807 4175 2412 2755
3049 3307 3539 3945 4295
5.0 5.563 0.258 2636 3127 3536 3890 4204 4748 5213 3010 3439
3807 4131 4422 4933 5374
6.0 6.625 0.280 3153 3752 4250 4681 5063 5726 6294 3633 4152
4597 4990 5343 5963 6500
8.0 8.625 0.322 4142 4954 5629 6213 6731 7631 8404 4843 5538
6135 6662 7138 7975 8703
SPS
size
OD Wall
thickness
Emissivity = 0.50, with sun
temperature rise above 40 oC ambient
Emissivity = 0.50, with sun
temperature rise above 40 oC ambient
(in) (in) (in) 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
1.0 1.315 0.133 572 690 788 872 948 1078 1190 686 785 870 945
1013 1133 1238
1.5 1.900 0.145 805 981 1127 1252 1363 1556 1723 992 1136 1260
1370 1469 1645 1800
2.0 2.375 0.154 991 1217 1402 1561 1703 1949 2161 1244 1425 1581
1720 1845 2068 2264
2.5 2.875 0.203 1314 1623 1876 2094 2287 2623 2914 1677 1921
2132 2320 2490 2793 3060
3.0 3.500 0.216 1582 1969 2284 2555 2795 3214 3576 2056 2357
2617 2848 3059 3434 3766
3.5 4.000 0.226 1796 2248 2614 2929 3208 3694 4116 2366 2712
3012 3280 3523 3957 4342
4.0 4.500 0.237 2015 2534 2954 3315 3635 4192 4675 2686 3080
3421 3726 4004 4500 4940
5.0 5.563 0.258 2474 3142 3680 4141 4550 5262 5880 3375 3872
4304 4690 5041 5671 6232
6.0 6.625 0.280 2943 3771 4435 5003 5506 6382 7144 4098 4703
5230 5701 6131 6902 7591
8.0 8.625 0.322 3830 4982 5899 6681 7373 8581 9633 5515 6334
7048 7688 8274 9328 10274
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APPENDIX 2
[Apendik 2]
Properties of common bus materials
Metal Alloy &
Temper
ASTM
Reference
Standard
Minimum
Tensile
Strength
MPa
Minimum
yield
Strength
MPa
Minimum
Conductivity at
20oC in % of
IACS
Modulus of
Elasticity
(GPa)
Copper tube
H80 Hard
(4”OD)
B-188 260 163 97.4 110
O60 Soft B-188 - - 100 110
Copper wire
Hard B-1 430 - 96.16 110
Medium
hard
B-2 340 - 96.66 110
Soft B-3 - - 100 110
Aluminium
tubes &
Shapes
6061-T6 B-241 260 240 40 (typical) 69
6063-T6 B-241 205 170 53 (typical) 69 6101-T6 B-317 200 172
55.00 69 6101-T1 B-317 138 103 57.00 69 6101-T3 B-317 186 152 56.00
69 6101-T4 B-317 103 55 59.50 69 6101-T5 B-317 172 138 56.50 69
Aluminium
wire
1350-H19 B-230 B-230 - 61.00 69 6201-T81 B-398 B-398 - 52.50
69
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APPENDIX 3
[Apendik 3]
Height and exposure Kz
Height above ground
Exposure B Exposure C Exposure D
(m)
0 – 4.6 0.57 0.85 1.03
6.1 0.62 0.90 1.08
7.6 0.66 0.94 1.12
9.1 0.70 0.98 1.16
12.2 0.76 1.04 1.22
15.2 0.81 1.09 1.27
18 0.85 1.13 1.31
21.3 0.89 1.17 1.34
24.4 0.93 1.21 1.38
27.4 0.96 1.24 1.40
30.5 0.99 1.26 1.43
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APPENDIX 4
[Apendik 4]
Г (Ghe) constant for simplified calculation short circuit basic
force equation
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APPENDIX 5
[Apendik 5]
Kf for various types of single-phase mounting structures
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APPENDIX 6
[Apendik 6]
Half cycle decrement factor Df for various values of X/R
ratio
60 Hz 50 Hz
X/R Ta Df Df2 X/R Ta Df Df
2
30 0.0796 0.950 0.903 30 0.0955 0.950 0.903
20 0.0531 0.927 0.860 20 0.0637 0.927 0.860
10 0.0265 0.865 0.749 10 0.0318 0.865 0.749
5 0.0133 0.767 0.588 5 0.0519 0.767 0.588
2 0.0053 0.604 0.365 2 0.0064 0.604 0.365
1 0.0027 0.522 0.272 1 0.0032 0.522 0.272
Note that the half-cycle decrement factor will be 0.5 if the dc
component of the current is not
present.
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APPENDIX 7
[Apendik 7]
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APPENDIX 8
[Apendik 8]
Temperature correction factor
Initial temperature Factor range
( °C ) ( °F )
-17.8 0 1.1-2.0
-12.2 10 1.1-1.6
-6.7 20 1.1-1.5
-1.1 30 1.1-1.3
4.4 40 1.0-1.2
10.0 50 1.0-1.1
15.6 60 1.0-1.1
21.1 70 1.0-1.1
25-45 77-113 1.0
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APPENDIX 9
[Apendik 9]
Discharge data in Amperes for a fully charged cell
End Voltage : 1.14 V / cell
Type
Rated
Capacity
(C5 Ah)
Hours Minutes Seconds
8 5 3 2 1.5 1 30 20 15 10 5 1 30 5 1
KSH 11 11 1.3 2.1 3.4 5.1 6.5 8.7 15.3 18.6 21.0 24.0 27.9 37.7
43.4 54.4 60.7
KSH 16 16 2.0 3.1 4.9 7.3 9.5 12.6 22.2 27.0 30.6 34.9 40.5 54.8
63.1 79.2 88.4
KSH 21 21 2.6 4.1 6.6 9.6 12.4 16.7 29.2 35.5 40.2 45.9 53.1
71.9 82.9 104 116
KSH 24 24 2.9 4.6 7.5 11.0 14.1 19.0 33.3 40.5 45.9 52.4 60.7
82.2 94.7 119 132
KSH 28 28 3.4 5.4 8.7 12.8 16.6 22.1 38.9 47.3 53.5 61.1 70.8
96.0 110 138 155
KSH 36 36 4.4 6.9 11.2 16.5 21.3 28.5 50.0 60.7 68.9 78.6 91.1
123 142 178 199
KSH 45 45 5.6 8.7 14.0 20.6 26.6 35.7 62.5 75.9 86.1 98.3 114
155 178 223 248
KSH 52 52 6.5 10.0 16.2 23.7 30.7 41.1 72.2 87.7 99.5 113 131
178 205 258 287
KSH 60 60 7.5 11.6 18.7 27.4 35.5 47.5 78.5 92.5 102 118 137 198
230 284 312
KSH 70 70 8.7 13.5 21.8 32.0 41.3 55.3 91.6 108 119 132 148 231
269 332 364
KSH 80 80 9.9 15.4 24.9 36.6 47.3 63.3 105 123 135 152 170 264
307 379 417
KSH 90 90 11.1 17.4 28.1 41.1 53.1 71.2 106 125 136 159 194 297
345 426 469
KSH 100 100 12.4 19.3 31.2 45.7 59.1 79.1 113 134 153 177 215
330 384 474 521
KSH 115 115 14.2 22.2 35.9 52.5 68.0 91.0 129 155 175 203 247
380 441 544 599
KSH 130 130 16.1 25.1 40.5 59.4 76.8 103 146 175 198 229 280 429
499 615 677
KSH 150 150 18.6 29.0 46.8 68.6 88.6 119 170 201 228 265 323 495
575 710 782
KSH 170 170 21.0 32.8 53.0 77.7 100 134 192 228 259 300 366 561
651 805 886
KSH 190 190 23.5 36.7 59.2 86.9 112 150 214 255 289 335 409 627
728 899 990
KSH 220 220 27.3 42.5 68.6 100 130 174 248 295 334 388 474 726
843 1040 1140
KSH 250 250 30.9 48.3 78.0 114 147 198 282 335 380 440 538 825
958 1180 1300
KSH 280 280 34.6 54.1 87.3 128 166 221 316 376 425 494 602 924
1070 1320 1450
KSH 300 300 37.2 57.9 93.5 137 177 237 338 403 456 528 645 990
1150 1420 1570
KSH 320 320 39.6 61.8 99.8 146 189 254 361 429 487 564 689 1060
1220 1510 1670