EEE 582 Telecom Network management Introduction Instructors: Vikas Singh
Apr 02, 2015
EEE 582Telecom Network management
Introduction
Instructors: Vikas Singh
Scope and Objective
• Scope and Objective of the course• The course covers
– management principles, – practices and technologies for managing telecommunication
and computer communication networks and services. – Discuss both theoretical and practical aspects of network
management. – SNMP-based protocols – TMN standards. – Network monitoring tools and systems. – RMON– web-based management. – Assignments
2Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Text books and Reference
• Text book– Mani Subramanian, Network Management: Principles
and Practice, Addison-Wesley, 2000.• Reference Books
– Sallings, W., SNMP, SNMPv2, SNMPv3, and RMON 1 and 2, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1998.
– Divakara K. Udupa, TMN Telecommunications Management Network, McGraw-Hill Professional Pub., 1999
3Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Course Plan
Sl. No.
Topic No. of Lectures
Ref. to Text Book
i) Introduction 2 1.1 – 1.3 ii) Overview of networks, protocols and standards 3 1.4, 1.5
iii) Introduction to network management 2 1.8 –1 .11 iv) Network technology:
(a) LAN topologies and standards (b) Network components (c) WANs, transmission technologies, ISDN, and
broadband networks
2 2
1
2.1,2.2
2.3
2.4-2.6 v) Standards, models and languages for network
management 4 Chapter 3
vi) SNMPv1: organization and information models 4 Chapter 4 vii) SNMPv1: Communication and Functional models 3 Chapter 5
viii) SNMPv2: System architecture, protocol and compatibility with SNMPv1
3 6.1, 6.2, 6.5, 6.6
ix) SNMPv3: Architecture, Applications and security models
4 7.3 – 7.8
x) OSI Network and Systems Management 3 Appendix A xi) TMN standards: Functional, Physical and Service
architectures 3 11.1 – 11.7
xii) Network monitoring tools and systems 3 Chapter 12 xiii) RMON: Remote Monitoring 1 8.1 xiv) Web-based management 2 14.1 – 14.5
Total:
------- 42
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Evaluation Scheme
Component Duration Weight
Test I 50 minutes. 20%
Test II 50 minutes. 20%
Assignments (Problem solving, reading assignments and Lab work)
Regular 20%
Compre 3 Hrs. 40%
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Chapter 1
Data Communications
and
NM Overview
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Question
• What is a network?• What is Network Management?• Why do we need Network Management?• What is the goal of network management?
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Network ManagementWhat is it?• People and processes that coordinate and
plan• Tools that assist in Reporting, Trouble shooting,
and Performance Analysis• Applications that support a Network Services
Group in getting its job done
Why Network management?
• To keep network up and running• Identify problems before they take the network
down. • Minimize system downtime, thus increasing
productivity
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Goal of network Management
• Goal of an NMS system is to ensure that the users of network receive the services with the quality of service they expect– With minimum service interruptions
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Why use standards?• Without standards,
• Network Management Systems from different vendors would not be able to work together without additional effort and integration
• One is locked to a single vendor
• Allows interoperability of Network Management Systems from different vendors of different network elements
• Not restricted to single vendor for compatibility and interoperability
10Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
OutlineChapter 1
• Analogy of telephone network (section 1.1)
• Data and telecommunication network (1.2)
• Distributed computing environment (1.3)
• Internet and TCP/IP based Networks (1.4)
• Protocols and standards (1.5)
• IT management(1.7)
• Network management Goals , organization and Functions (1.8)
• Network and system management (1.9)
• Current status and future of network management 1.10
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Telephone NetworkChapter 1
• Characteristics:• Reliable - does what is expected of it• Dependable - always there when you need
it• Good quality (connection) - hearing each
other well• Reasons:• Good planning, design, and implementation• Good operation and management of
network
12Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Regional CenterClass 1 switch
Sectional CenterClass 2 switch
Primary CenterClass 3 switch
Toll CenterClass 4 switch
End OfficeClass 5 switch
Regional CenterClass 1 switch
Sectional CenterClass 2 switch
Primary CenterClass 3 switch
Toll CenterClass 4 switch
End OfficeClass 5 switch
Voice Voice
To otherRegional centersSectional centersPrimary centersToll centersEnd offices
To otherPrimary centersToll centersEnd offices
To otherClass 4 toll pointsEnd offices
Figure 1.1 Telephone Network Model
Legend:Loop
Direct Trunk
Toll-Connecting Trunk
Toll Trunk
• Notice the hierarchy of switches
• Primary and secondary routes programmed
• Automatic routing• Where is the most
likely failure?• Use of Operations
Systems to ensure QoS
Telephone Network Model (1.1)
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Operations Systems / NOC
• Monitor telephone network parameters• S/N ratio, transmission loss, call blockage, etc.
• Real-time management of network• Trunk (logical entity between switches) maintenance
system measures loss and S/N. Trunks not meeting QoS are removed before customer notices poor quality
• Traffic measurement systems measure call blockage. Additional switch planned to keep the call blockage below acceptable level
• Operations systems are distributed at central offices• Network management done centrally from Network
Operations Center (NOC)
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Information Transmission
• May be transmitted as:– Circuit switched mode– Message switched mode– Packet switched mode
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Communication Network
Network Communications
Tele-communication network
Typically Circuit switched
Used for voice telecommunication
Also provide other services such as high speed dedicated transmission
Such as E1 in India and higher
Data Communication network
Typically Packet switched
Used for data transmission
May provide connection less or connection oriented services
May also provide VOIP 16Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Data and Telecommunication Network (1.2)
Terminal
Modem
Voice
Terminal
Modem Modem
Voice
Host
Data communication network
Telecommunication network
Figure 1.3 Data and Telecommunication Networks
Loop Loop Loop
• Computer data is carried over long distance by telephone (telecommunication network)
• Output of telephone is analog and output ofComputers is digital
• Modem is used to “modulate” and “demodulate” computer data to analog format and back
• Clear distinction between the two networks is getting fuzzier with modern multimedia networks
PSTN
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IBM SNA Architecture
Mainframe
Communicationscontroller
Communicationscontroller
Clustercontroller
Clustercontroller
Figure 1.5 IBM Systems Network Architecture Model
Workstation Workstation
• IBM System Network Architecture (SNA) is a major step in network architecture
• SNA is based on multitude of (dumb) terminals accessing a mainframe host at a remote location
• SNA architecture is a centralized architecture, and not used any more 18Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
19Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
DCE with LAN (section 1.3)
Ethernet
Workstation
Workstation
Host
Host
Workstation
(a) Hosts and Workstations on Local LAN
DCE.. Distributed Computing Environment
• Driving technologies for DCE:• Desktop processor• LAN• LAN - WAN network
• Questions: Why we need a LAN?• What are the advantages of a LAN network• What are the different networks you are familiar with?• Inter-LAN connectivity ?
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Notes
LAN A LAN B
LAN C
Bridge /Router
Bridge /Router
Bridge /Router
WANcommunication link
• Major impacts of DCE:• No more monopolistic service provider• No centralized IT controller• Hosts doing specialized function• Client/Server architecture formed the core
of DCE network
LAN-WAN Network
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Client Server
Controltransfer
Controltransfer
Figure 1.7 Simple Client-Server Model
• Post office analogy; clerk the server, and the customer the client
• Client always initiates requests• Server always responds• Notice that control is handed over to the receiving
entity.• What other analogies can you think of ?
Request
Response
Client/Server Model
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Client/Server Examples
Client A Client Z
Server(a) Server with Multiple Clients
Client(joe.stone)
DomainNameServer
Mail server
(b) Dual Role of Client-Server
Figure 1.8 Client-Server in Distributed Computing Environment
Bridge
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Internet and Protocols• What is Internet
– A network of networks– Public networks peering with each other and
interconnected with each other– Each Network operating independently– A distributed Network– Uses packet switching– Based on TCP/IP protocols– Uses connection less network protocol for routing– Common applications: HTTP (Web browser), SMTP
(Simple mail transfer protocol) and FTP
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Internet Architecture
FTP SMTP TELNET HTTP
TCP UDP
IP ICMP ARP & RARP
Ethernet X.25 PPP PMPP
Application
Transport
Network
Link Level
SNMP OthersVoice
Over IP
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Internet Protocol Layers
APPLICATION
PRESENTATION
SESSION
TRANSPORT
NETINTER
INTRA
DATA LINK
PHYSICAL
APPLICATIONFTP ,SMTP,Telnet, HTTP, SNMP
TCP: Transport IP: Internet Protocol
IEEE 802X.25
HARDWARE
TCP/IP AND OSI: Functional Positioning of Layers
ISO/OSI Layered Model for data communications
TCP/IP Model for data communications
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TCP/IP Based Networks• TCP/IP is a suite of protocols• Internet is based on TCP/IP• IP is Internet protocol at the network layer level• TCP is connection-oriented transport protocol and ensures
end-to-end connection• UDP is connectionless transport protocol and provides
datagram service• Internet e-mail and much of the network mgmt.
messages are based on UDP/IP• ICMP part of TCP/IP suite. An example of • SNMP is application layer protocol
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Internet Configuration
LAN A LAN B
LAN C
Bridge /Router
Bridge /Router
Bridge /Router
LAN Y LAN Z
LAN X
Bridge /Router
Bridge /Router
Bridge /Router
Internet
Workstation
Mail Server
Figure 1.9 Internet Configuration
Mail Server
Workstation
Gateway
Gateway
DomainNameServer
Workstation(Joe)
PC (Sally)
Private TCP/IPNetworkAlso called Intranet
Private TCP/IPNetworkAlso called Intranet
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Internet Configuration
Domain Name server
LAN BLAN A
Mail Server
B/R B/R
B/R
LAN CGateway1
Internet
Gateway
LAN abcB/R
B/R
LAN x
Mail Server
Asha’sWorkstation
Anand’s workstation
Asha’s email: [email protected]@dest.com
IntranetDomain name: bits-pilani.ac.in
Internet consists of multiple domains
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Notes• Gateway: The Intranet or local network may have a
different set of protocols running as compared to Internet. As an example the client network might be using Novell LAN, which uses XNS protocol. Gateway 1 will provide protocol translation from XNS to TCP/IP
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Autonomous SystemsInternet Routing Architecture
RR R
RR
Autonomous System AStub AS
Autonomous System B
RR
R
Autonomous System C
RR R
R
Autonomous System D
Multi-homed ASR Border Router: also called gateway router
R Interior Router(Transit AS for AS B)
R
R RR
R RR
R
RR RR
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Architecture, Protocols and Standards
• Communication architecture• Modeling of communication systems, comprising
• functional components and• relationship between those components
• Defined by operations interfaces between them• Communication protocols
• Operational procedures• intra- and inter-modules
• Communication standards• Agreement between manufacturers on protocols
of communication equipment on• physical characteristics and • operational procedures
• Questions: Examples of protocols?• Why do we need Protocols?• Why do we need standards? 32Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Communication ArchitectureUser A
Application Layers
Transport Layers
User Z
Application Layers
Transport Layers
Physical Medium
Peer-Protocol Interface
(a) Direct Communication between End Systems
User A
Application Layers
Transport Layers
User Z
Application Layers
Transport Layers
Physical Medium
Peer-Protocol Interface
(b) Communication between End Systems via an Intermediate System
Transport Layer
Conversion
Figure 1.11 Basic Communication Architecture
System A Intermediate system System Z
Physical Medium
• Inter-layer interface: user and service provider• Peer-layer protocol interface • Analogy of hearing-impaired student (protocol conversion)• Role of intermediate systems• Gateway: Router with protocol conversion as
gateway to an autonomous network or subnet 33Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
User / Application program
ApplicationLayer 7
PresentationLayer 6
SessionLayer 5
TransportLayer 4
NetworkLayer 3
Data linkLayer 2
PhysicalLayer 1
Physical medium
Figure 1.12 OSI Protocol Layers
• Importance of the knowledge of layer structure in NM
OSI Reference Model
34Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
OSI Layers and Services LayerNo.
Layer Name Salient services provided by the layer
1 Physical -Transfers to and gathers from the physical medium rawbit data
-Handles physical and electrical interfaces to thetransmission medium
2 Data link -Consists of two sublayers: Logical link control (LLC) andMedia access control (MAC)
-LLC: Formats the data to go on the medium; performserror control and flow control
-MAC: Controls data transfer to and from LAN; resolvesconflicts with other data on LAN
3 Network Forms the switching / routing layer of the network
4 Transport -Multiplexing and de-multiplexing of messages fromapplications
-Acts as a transparent layer to applications and thusisolates them from the transport system layers
-Makes and breaks connections for connection-orientedcommunications
-Flow control of data in both directions
5 Session -Establishes and clears sessions for applications, andthus minimizes loss of data during large data exchange
6 Presentation -Provides a set of standard protocols so that the displaywould be transparent to syntax of the application
-Data encryption and decryption
7 Application -Provides application specific protocols for each specificapplication and each specific transport protocol system
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PDU Communication Model
User A
Application
End System A
Physical Medium
Figure 1.14 PDU Communication Model between End Systems
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
User Z
Application
End System Z
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
UD(A) PCI
(P) PCI (A) PDU
(S) PCI
(N) PCI
(T) PCI
(P) PDU
(S) PDU
(D) PCI
(T) PDU
(N) PDU
UD
(D)PDU Data stream
• What is the relevance of PDU model in NM? 36Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
SNICP
SNDCP
SNDAP
Transport
Data link
SNICP
SNDCP-SN
SNDAP-SN
Transport
Data link-SN
SNDCP-SN
SNDAP-SN
Transport
Data link
SNICP
SNDCP
SNDAP
Physical-SN
Data link-SN
Physical Physical-SNPhysical
Subnetwork MediumNetwork Medium
System A Gateway System N Subnet system N1
N ZA
N1 N2
N3
DTE-N1
DTE-A
A-N-Z Standard NetworkN-N1-N2-N3 Subnetwork under Node N
(a) Network configuration
(b) Protocol Communication
Figure 1.17 Gateway Communication to Proprietary Subnetwork
• cc:mail from a station in Novel IPX network to an Internet station with SMTP e-mail 1-21
Gateway Communications to a Proprietary Subnet
37Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
SNA, OSI, and Internet
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
SNICP
SNDCP
SNDAP
Data Link
Physical
Application SpecificProtocols
TransportConnection-
less: UDPConnection-
oriented: TCP
NetworkIP
Not Specified
Physical
Data Link
Path Control
Transmission Control
Data Flow Control
Presentation Services
End User Application
SNA OSI INTERNET
Figure 1.18 Comparison of OSI, Internet, and SNA Protocol Layer Models
• Similarity between SNA and OSI• Simplicity of Internet; specifies only layers 3 and 4• Integrated application layers over Internet• Commonality of layers 1 and 2 - IEEE standard
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Application Protocols
OSI User
VT
FTAM
MOTIS
CMIP SNMP
SMTP
FTP
TerminalApplication
File Transfer
Mail / MessageTransfer
ManagementApplication
Presentation Layer Transport Layer
TELNET
Internet User
Figure 1.19 Application Specific Protocols in ISO and Internet Models
Internet user OSI userTelnet Virtual Terminal
File Transfer Protocol File Transfer Access & Mgmt
Simple Mail Transfer Message-oriented Text Protocol Interchange Standard
Simple Network Common ManagementManagement Protocol Information Protocol
39Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
NM Case Histories• The case of the Footprint (topology)• Case of the crashing bridge
Repeater Repeater Repeater Repeater
Bridge
Mail ServerBackup Server
Repeater Repeater Repeater Repeater
Bridge
Mail ServerBackup Server
Bridge
Mail ServerBackup Server
Hub Hub Hub
(a) Multi-Segment Bus LAN with Single Port Bridge Connection
(b) Dual Multi-Segment Bus LANs with Two-port Bridge Connection
(c) Multi-Segment Hub Configuration
Figure 1.20 Case History 2: Network Configuration Evolution
40Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Common Network Problems
• Loss of connectivity
• Duplicate IP address
• (address management)
• Intermittent problems
• Network configuration issues
• Non-problems
• Performance problems
41Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Challenges of IT Managers• Reliability• Non-real time problems• Rapid technological advance• Managing client/server environment• Scalability• Troubleshooting tools and systems• Trouble prediction• Standardization of operations - NMS helps• Centralized management vs “sneaker-net”
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Network Management System Functionality
• OAM&P– Operations– Administration – Maintenance– Provisioning
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Network ManagementNetwork
Management
NetworkProvisioning
Network Operations
NetworkMaintenance
Planning
Design
Fault Management
Trouble Ticket
Administration
Network Installation
Network Repairs
Facilities Installation
& Maintenance
Routine Network
Tests
Fault Management / Service Restoration
Configuration Management
Performance Management / Traffic Management
Security Management
Accounting Management
Reports Management
Inventory Management
Data Gathering & Analyses
Figure 1.21 Network Management Functional Groupings
•
44Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
NM Functional Flow Chart
Engineering Group
- Network Planning &Design
Operations GroupNOC
- Network Operations
I & M Group
-Network Installation &Maintenance
Fault TT
Configuration Data
TT RestorationPerformance & Traffic Data
Installation
Figure 1.22. Network Management Functional Flow Chart
NewTechnology
Network
Users
ManagementDecision
1-2845Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Network and system management
• System management: Includes the management of entire system, including the applications– If a user can not access a web page or can not send his/her e-mail, it does not matter
to him where the problem is. The problem may be with the user’s client, e-mail server etc. Or the problem may be in TCP/IP protocol.
• Network management: problems in lower layers of the TCP/IP, ISO/OSI architecture. Generally problems with network resources such as hub/switches/routers, or connectivity problems– Usually each NE vendor has its own network management system
• The network management system monitors all the network components, not only a given NE.
• Some examples are HP Ovenview, IBM Netview, Spectrum, Ciscoworks. • The trend is to integrate System and network management systems.
46Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Network Management architecture(functional)
The common management messages consist of management information data (such as the type, id, and status of managed objects..)
Vendor A Vendor B
Common management
messages
1. The common messages: management and information data Exchange of monitoring data2. Management controls
47Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Services and protocols
Vendor A
objects
objects
Vendor B
objects
objects
Application Services
Management Protocol
Transport Protocols
Application services: management related applications, such as configuration management, fault managementManagement protocols are SNMP and CMIP
- CMIP is complex and not used very much
48Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
NM Components
NMS
NetworkAgent
NetworkAgent
NetworkObjects
NetworkObjects
Figure 1.24 Network Management Components
NMS: Manages multiple network elements, via Network agents. Each Network element could have multiple objects. Note the Hierarchy
Same Domain
49Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
InteroperabilityNMS
Vendor A
NetworkAgent
NetworkAgent
NetworkObjects
NetworkObjects
NMSVendor B
NetworkAgent
NetworkAgent
NetworkObjects
NetworkObjects
Messages
Services & Protocols
• Message exchange between NMSs managing different domains
Two cooperating domains provide some services which are joint. The Communication between the 2 NMSs, allows NMS of Domain A/B, to integrate the Management information from the other domain
Domain A Domain B
50Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Network management protocols
• CMIP (Common Management Information Protocol) for OSI model
• SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) for TCP/IP (internet)
• TMN (Telecommunication Management Network) standard for managing telecommunication networks. Issues for managing telecom network are little different, than TCP/IP network, so ITU has come up with TMN framework and architecture
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Status and Future Trends
• Status: • SNMP management• Limited CMIP management• Operations systems• Polled systems
• Future trends:• Service and policy management • Business management• Web-based management
52Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Appendix
Internet History
Internet History– Internet is a result of research funded by Defense Advanced Reassert
Projects Agency (DARPA) in the late sixties– This research was directed towards connecting different types of
computers with different interfaces and over different physical links – This technology includes a set of network standards, a set of
procedures/conventions for interconnecting networks and routing traffic among them
– Initially, this technology was used for computer communications between research oriented US Federal Government departments, and research institutes
– Now, this technology is commercially used everywhere in the world, and thousands of ISPs around the world provide Internet service
– Internet in technical terms is a collection of networks that are interconnected by Routers/Gateways
54Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Internet History• 1962: RAND Paul Baran, of the RAND Corporation (a government agency), was
commissioned by the U.S. Air Force to do a study on how it could maintain its command and control over its missiles and bombers, after a nuclear attack. His final proposal was a packet switched network.
• 1968: ARPA awarded the ARPANET contract to BBN. BBN had selected a Honeywell minicomputer as the base on which they would build the switch– Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: 4
• 1972: he first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN.The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was renamed The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (or DARPA)– Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: 23 – ARPANET was currently using the Network Control Protocol or NCP to
transfer data.This allowed communications between hosts running on the same network.
• 1973: Development began on the protocol later to be called TCP/IP, it was developed by a group headed by Vinton Cerf from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA. This new protocol was to allow diverse computer networks to interconnect and communicate with each other.– Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: 23+
• 1974: First Use of term Internet by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in paper on Transmission Control Protocol.– Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET - Hosts: 23+
55Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Internet History (Cont’d)• 1983: Internet Activities Board (IAB) was created in 1983.• On January 1st, every machine connected to ARPANET had to use TCP/IP. TCP/IP
became the core Internet protocol and replaced NCP entirely. – The University of Wisconsin created Domain Name System (DNS) – Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET, 56Kbps CSNET, plus satellite and radio
connections - Hosts: 562 • 1984: Arpanet divided into MILNET and ARPANET. Upgrade to CSNET was
contracted to MCI. New circuits would be T1. IBM would provide advanced routers and Merit would manage the network. New network was to be called NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network), and old lines were to remain called CSNET. – Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET, 56Kbps CSNET, plus satellite and radio
connections - Hosts: 1024 • 1985: The National Science Foundation began deploying its new T1 lines, which
would be finished by 1988.– Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET, 56Kbps CSNET, 1.544Mbps (T1) NSFNET, plus
satellite and radio connections - Hosts: 1961• 1986:The Internet Engineering Task Force or IETF was created to serve as a forum for
technical coordination by contractors for DARPA working on ARPANET, US Defense Data Network (DDN), and the Internet core gateway system. – Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET, 56Kbps CSNET, 1.544Mbps (T1) NSFNET, plus satellite and radio
connections - Hosts: 230856Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Internet History (Cont’d)• 1987: BITNET and CSNET merged to form the Corporation for Research and
Educational Networking (CREN), another work of the National Science Foundation.– Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET, 56Kbps CSNET, 1.544Mbps (T1) NSFNET, plus
satellite and radio connections - Hosts: 28,174• 1988: Plans to upgrade the network
– Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET, 56Kbps CSNET, 1.544Mbps (T1) NSFNET, plus satellite and radio connections - Hosts: 56,000
• 1990: Merit, IBM and MCI formed a not for profit corporation called ANS, Advanced Network & Services, which was to conduct research into high speed networking.– It soon came up with the concept of the T3, a 45 Mbps line. NSF quickly
adopted the new network and by the end of 1991 all of its sites were connected by this new backbone.
While the T3 lines were being constructed, the Department of Defense disbanded the ARPANET and it was replaced by the NSFNET backbone. The original 50Kbs lines of ARPANET were taken out of service.
Tim Berners-Lee and CERN in Geneva implements a hypertext system to provide efficient information access to the members of the international high-energy physics community.
– Backbones: 56Kbps CSNET, 1.544Mbps (T1) NSFNET, plus satellite and radio connections - Hosts: 313,000
57Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Internet History (Cont’d)• 1991: CSN discontinued: The operational costs of CREN are fully met through dues paid by its member organizations. – The NSF established a new network, the National Research and Education Network
(NREN). The purpose of this network is to conduct high speed networking research. It was not to be used as a commercial network, nor was it to be used to send a lot of the data that the Internet now transfers.
– Backbones: Partial 45Mbps (T3) NSFNET, a few private backbones, plus satellite and radio connections - Hosts: 617,000
• 1992: Internet Society is chartered.– World-Wide Web released by CERN.– NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps)– Backbones: 45Mbps (T3) NSFNET, private interconnected backbones consisting mainly
of 56Kbps, 1.544Mbps, plus satellite and radio connections - Hosts: 1,136,000• 1993:InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet services: directory and
database services (by AT&T), registration services (by Network Solutions Inc.), and information services (by General Atomics/CERFnet).Marc Andreessen and NCSA and the University of Illinois develops a graphical user interface to the WWW, called "Mosaic for X".– Backbones: 45Mbps (T3) NSFNET, private interconnected backbones consisting mainly
of 56Kbps, 1.544Mbps, and 45Mpbs lines, plus satellite and radio connections - Hosts: 2,056,000
58Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Internet History (Cont’d)• 1994: No major to the physical network. The most significant thing that happened
was the growth. Many new networks were added to the NSF backbone. Hundreds of thousands of new hosts were added to the INTERNET during this time period.– Pizza Hut offers pizza ordering on its Web page.– First Virtual, the first cyber bank, opens.– ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode, 145Mbps) backbone is installed on
NSFNET.– Backbones: 145Mbps (ATM) NSFNET, private interconnected backbones
consisting mainly of 56Kbps, 1.544Mbps, and 45Mpbs lines, plus satellite and radio connections - Hosts: 3,864,000
• 1995: The National Science Foundation announced that as of April 30, 1995 it would no longer allow direct access to the NSF backbone. The National Science Foundation contracted with four companies that would be providers of access to the NSF backbone (Merit). These companies would then sell connections to groups, organizations, and companies.– $50 annual fee is imposed on domains, excluding .edu and .gov domains which
are still funded by the National Science Foundation.– Backbones: 145Mbps (ATM) NSFNET (now private), private interconnected
backbones consisting mainly of 56Kbps, 1.544Mbps, 45Mpbs, 155Mpbs lines in construction, plus satellite and radio connections - Hosts: 6,642,000
59Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
Internet History (Cont’d)• 1996: Most Internet traffic is carried by backbones of independent ISPs, including
MCI, AT&T, Sprint, UUNet, BBN planet, ANS, and more.• Currently the Internet Society, the group that controls the INTERNET, is trying to
figure out new TCP/IP to be able to have billions of addresses, rather than the limited system of today. The problem that has arisen is that it is not known how both the old and the new addressing systems will be able to work at the same time during a transition period.
• Backbones: 145Mbps (ATM) NSFNET (now private), private interconnected backbones consisting mainly of 56Kbps, 1.544Mbps, 45Mpbs, and 155Mpbs lines, plus satellite and radio connections - Hosts: over 15,000,000, and growing rapidly
• 1996 to 2005: explosive growth, e-commerce, e-gov, e-verything
60Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
A Brief summary of Internet 19
68/
69
ARPANetWith 4 nodes
BB Speed50 Kbps
1972
First e-mail programAgency renamed DARPABB 50Kbps Hosts: 23On the same networkProtocol:NCPHosts on the same network
1973/74
Development began on TCP/IP. First use of the Term Internet By V. CERFBB 50Kbps Hosts: 23+
1976
Dr. Metcalf DevelopedEthernetBackbones: 50Kbps ARPANET, plus satellite and radio connections - Hosts: 111+TCP/IP Experiments
USENETBased on UUCP developed by ATTBITnet by IBM: first store and forward networkApplication: e-mail and list serveBB: same as in 1976
1979
1981
NSF created CSNet for Connecting InstitutionsCSNET and ARPAnet Connectivity proposedBy Cerf. Backbones: 50Kbps ARPANET, 56Kbps CSNET, plus satellite/ radio Hosts: 213
1983
IAB createdIst Jan: TCP/IPHosts: 562
1984
ARPAnet divided Milnet andARPAnetCSNET managed by MCI, and called NSFNetNSFnet backboneWill use T-1Hosts: 1024
1986
IETF createdTo coordinateThe development by various contractorsHosts: 2308
61Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani
A Brief summary of Internet • 1986 to 1991: Internet Hosts and back bone speeds continued to grow• 1992: Tim Berners-Lee and CERN in Geneva implements a hypertext system to provide efficient
information access to the members of the international high-energy physics community. – Backbones: 56Kbps CSNET, 1.544Mbps (T1) NSFNET, plus satellite and radio connections -
Hosts: 313,000• 1993:InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet services: directory and database services
(by AT&T), registration services (by Network Solutions Inc.), and information services (by General Atomics/CERFnet).Marc Andreessen and NCSA and the University of Illinois develops a graphical user interface to the WWW, called "Mosaic for X".– Backbones: 45Mbps (T3) NSFNET, private interconnected backbones consisting mainly of
56Kbps, 1.544Mbps, and 45Mpbs lines, plus satellite and radio connections - Hosts: 2,056,000• 1994: Pizza Hut offers pizza ordering on its Web page Hosts: 3,864,000• 1995: The National Science Foundation announced that as of April 30, 1995 it would no longer
allow direct access to the NSF backbone. The National Science Foundation contracted with four companies that would be providers of access to the NSF backbone (Merit). These companies would then sell connections to groups, organizations, and companies.– BB speed from 56 kbps to 155 Mbps– Hosts: 6,642,000
• 1996: Most Internet traffic is carried by backbones of independent ISPs, including MCI, AT&T, Sprint, UUNet, BBN planet, ANS, and more– Hosts: over 15,000,000, and growing rapidly
• 1996 to 2006: explosive growth, e-commerce, e-gov, e-verything and all countries
• Lack of address space62Vikas Singh, CSIS Dept. BITS Pilani