EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010 EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) Norman Green (NIVA) Chemicals and Water workshop Chemicals and Water workshop EEA, Copenhagen 06-07 2010 EEA, Copenhagen 06-07 2010 Levels in Marine Waters Levels in Marine Waters Norman Green, Birger Bjerkeng (NIVA/ETCw) Norman Green, Birger Bjerkeng (NIVA/ETCw) Policy Policy Methods Methods Results Results
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EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010 Norman Green (NIVA) Chemicals and Water workshop EEA, Copenhagen 06-07 2010 Levels.
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EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
Chemicals and Water workshopChemicals and Water workshopEEA, Copenhagen 06-07 2010EEA, Copenhagen 06-07 2010
Levels in Marine WatersLevels in Marine Waters
Norman Green, Birger Bjerkeng (NIVA/ETCw)Norman Green, Birger Bjerkeng (NIVA/ETCw)
PolicyPolicyMethodsMethodsResultsResults
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
EIONET data – EIONET data – marine marine sediment and sediment and biotabiotaConsiderations:Considerations:• ContaminantsContaminants – persistent, – persistent,
bioaccumulates and toxic, also bioaccumulates and toxic, also endocrine disrupting, endocrine disrupting, carcinogenic and injury to carcinogenic and injury to reproductive systemreproductive system
• Data availabilityData availability – spatial and – spatial and temporal [little or no data from temporal [little or no data from water column] from conventions water column] from conventions and member statesand member states
• SedimentSediment – surficial, – surficial, deposition/erosion areasdeposition/erosion areas
• OrganismsOrganisms of relevance – of relevance – widespread, abundant, seafood, widespread, abundant, seafood, indicators exposure indicators exposure
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
Some policy principles:Some policy principles:• Precautionary principlePrecautionary principle based implementation (WFD based implementation (WFD
introduction §11 and 44; MSFD introduction §27 and 44; introduction §11 and 44; MSFD introduction §27 and 44; EQSD introduction §2)EQSD introduction §2)
• Selection of contaminants:Selection of contaminants:– To a large degree based on characteristics of persistence, To a large degree based on characteristics of persistence,
accumulation in biota or toxicity (so called ”accumulation in biota or toxicity (so called ”PBTPBT” characteristics, ” characteristics, EU category I);EU category I);
– To a lesser degree on carcinogenic or mutagenic characteristics or To a lesser degree on carcinogenic or mutagenic characteristics or risk to reproduction system (so called ”risk to reproduction system (so called ”CMRCMR” characteristics, EU ” characteristics, EU category II);category II);
– But also suseptable long range transportation (But also suseptable long range transportation (LRTLRT), and; ), and;
– Discharges of a Discharges of a large and constant naturelarge and constant nature but that breakdown but that breakdown quicklyquickly
• The list over relevant substances is The list over relevant substances is re-evaluated re-evaluated regularlyregularly and can be expanded (e.g. EQSD Annex III) and can be expanded (e.g. EQSD Annex III)
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
• Concerns rivers, lakes, heavily modified water bodies (HMWB), coastal waters including territorial waters.
• 33 Priority Substances or groups of substances (PS) includes chemical status:
- 13 Priority Hazardous Substances (PHS) to be phased out by 2020
- 20 other Priority Substances progressive reduction
• 8 other substances or groups of substances with EQS
• 12 other substances which are to be considered included as Priority Substances by 2011 and assessed under ecological status (EQSD Annex III)
• Short term goal: obtain Good Status by 2015
• Long term goal: cessation or phasing-out of discharges, emissions and losses, with the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the marine environment near background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances
EQSD substancesEQSD substances
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
Nr. Name of substance AA-EQS-value (µg/ l) in other surface water
Annex III substances (12)Annex III substances (12)
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
EQSD and EQSEQSD and EQS• Earlier, EQS concerned only substances in Earlier, EQS concerned only substances in water phasewater phase• EQSD sets some EQS for biota and opens for alternative EQSD sets some EQS for biota and opens for alternative
use of use of sediment and biotasediment and biota (2008/105/EC Art. 3) (2008/105/EC Art. 3)::– EQS defined for EQS defined for HgHg, , HCBDHCBD, , HCBHCB in in ””prey tissue”prey tissue”– NB: EQS vs Klif Cl. I (ppb v.v.): Hg = 20NB: EQS vs Klif Cl. I (ppb v.v.): Hg = 20 ”prey tissue””prey tissue” vs 40 vs 40blue mussellblue mussell and 100 and 100cod musclecod muscle
– NB: EQS vs Klif Cl. I (ppb v.v.): HCB = 10NB: EQS vs Klif Cl. I (ppb v.v.): HCB = 10 ”prey tissue””prey tissue” vs 0.1 vs 0.1blue mussellblue mussell and 20 and 20cod musclecod muscle
– EQS for other matrices/substances but must provide the EQS for other matrices/substances but must provide the same same level of protectionlevel of protection as EQS for water as EQS for water
– Annual monitoringAnnual monitoring unless technical knowledge and expert unless technical knowledge and expert judgement justify another intervaljudgement justify another interval
– Provide Provide reasonsreasons and basis for alternative approach and basis for alternative approach
• Must at least ensure that there is Must at least ensure that there is no significant no significant increaseincrease in levels or classification in levels or classification (2000/60/EC Art. 4WFD 8 e.g. (2000/60/EC Art. 4WFD 8 e.g. art. 4 and 7) and MFSD (art. 14), and implied in the EQSD (art. 3). This is one of the art. 4 and 7) and MFSD (art. 14), and implied in the EQSD (art. 3). This is one of the strongest arguments for maintaining long time series.)strongest arguments for maintaining long time series.)
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
EEA’s CSI040 indicator EEA’s CSI040 indicator Hazardous Substances in Marine Hazardous Substances in Marine OrganismsOrganismsMethodology (I)Methodology (I)
Only biota data are currently used in the indicatorOnly biota data are currently used in the indicator– Values converted to preferred basis (wet, dry., Values converted to preferred basis (wet, dry.,
lipid)lipid)(may lead to loss of data)(may lead to loss of data)
– Each time series (Determinand*Tissue*Station)Each time series (Determinand*Tissue*Station)is aggregated to median concentration per yearis aggregated to median concentration per year
– Further analysis is done on log-transformed values,Further analysis is done on log-transformed values,results back-transformed to concentrationsresults back-transformed to concentrations
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
CSI040 Indicator –methodology CSI040 Indicator –methodology (II)(II)• For each time series For each time series
(Station*Tissue*Determinand):(Station*Tissue*Determinand):– Trend assessment by regression Trend assessment by regression
of log-transformed medians on yearof log-transformed medians on year
• If all medians are well-defined:If all medians are well-defined:
≥≥7 years: Smooth curve by local weighted regression7 years: Smooth curve by local weighted regression(LOESS, 7 year window, minimum 3 points)(LOESS, 7 year window, minimum 3 points)
Dominant trend last 10 years (5 % sign. level)Dominant trend last 10 years (5 % sign. level)
3-6 years: linear regression3-6 years: linear regression
• Classification as:Classification as: UpUp / / DownDown / Not significant / Not applicable/ Not significant / Not applicable
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
HCB in Cod liver (µg/kg lipid weight), outer Oslofjord (Færder)
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
– Chemical status assessed for each time Chemical status assessed for each time series by current levels:series by current levels:• ≥≥2 years:2 years: Regression fit for last year Regression fit for last year
• 2 years:2 years: Average of median valuesAverage of median values
• 1 year:1 year: No classificationNo classification
Upper 95 % confidence limit for the estimateUpper 95 % confidence limit for the estimate
compared with low/high classification levels;compared with low/high classification levels;
three classes:three classes:
Green <Low
Yellow within Low – High range
Red >High
PCBs: combined assessment(consistent trend, next worst classification)
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
– Significant dominant trend direction in each level Significant dominant trend direction in each level classclassand total over all level classesand total over all level classes
• Option: overall tally across regions and Option: overall tally across regions and determinandsdeterminands
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
EIONET EIONET data: data: Biota dataBiota data
CAS NamePriority substance
Priority hazardous substance
In TCM data (#records)
Used in CSI040
Indicator
309-00-2 Aldrin 3807
120-12-7 Anthracene x X 4584
50-32-8 Benzo(a)pyrene x X 4613
205-99-2 Benzo(b)fluoranthene x X 1717
191-24-2 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene x X 4575
207-08-9 Benzo(k)fluoranthene x X 2648
7440-43-9 Cadmium x X 52763 A50-29-3 DDT, p,p’ 21842
DDE, p, p' 29222 A60-57-1 Dieldrin 5983
72-20-8 Endrin 1105
206-44-0 Fluoranthene x 4739
118-74-1 Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) x X 27706 A87-68-3 Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) x X 284
193-39-5 Indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene x X 4544
465-73-6 Isodrin 195
7439-92-1 Lead x 44102 A7439-97-6 Mercury x X 57543 A7440-02-0 Nickel x 11236
PCB alsoused in assessment,listed as substance subject to review
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
Possible Possible additional additional matches matches between between WFD list WFD list and EIONET and EIONET datadata
WFD determinand name #recordsSoE candidate determinand name
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
CSI040 – Organisms and CSI040 – Organisms and contaminantscontaminantsdata countdata count
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
CSI040 – Regions and countriesCSI040 – Regions and countriesdata countdata count
MainRegion SubRegion FR BE DK EE ES FI GB HR IE IS IT NL NO PL SE TotalAtlantic Arctic waters 5 98 159 262
Bay of Biscay and Iberian West Coast 120 79 199Celtic Seas 88 153 241North Sea 299 5 54 111 23 256 3 751
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
CSI040 final summary of resultsCSI040 final summary of results
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
CSI040 Hazardous substances in marine CSI040 Hazardous substances in marine organisms - organisms - aggregated maps prepared by EEA, 2005-2008aggregated maps prepared by EEA, 2005-2008
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
CSI040 – Low and High limitsCSI040 – Low and High limitsexample: cadmiumexample: cadmiumNameand tissue
Latin name Low/High
µg/kg. basis Reference Comment
CADMIUM
Mussels Mytilus sp.1 Low 960 D OSPAR 2008 BAC limit
Mussels Mytilus sp. High 5000 D EU 2006 Foodstuffs limit for "bivalve molluscs", Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006, conversion assuming 20% wet weight (cf. OSPAR CEMP assessment manual 2008, Table 2.1)
Atlantic cod, liver
Gadus morhua
Low 26 W OSPAR 2008 BAC limit
Atlantic cod, liver
Gadus morhua
High 1000 W EU 2006 Foodstuffs limit for "bivalve molluscs", Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006
Herring, muscle
Clupea harengus
Low 26 W OSPAR 2008 BAC limit
Herring, muscle
Clupea harengus
High 1000 W EU 2006 Foodstuffs limit for "bivalve molluscs", Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
SoE classification vs. WFD EQSSoE classification vs. WFD EQS Need for harmonisation of SoE assessment and EQS Need for harmonisation of SoE assessment and EQS
levelslevels(classification limits and selection of test values)(classification limits and selection of test values)
Italicised values are approx. conversions:Wet:dry 5:1Lipid:wet 40:100
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
Sediment dataSediment data
– Broader geographical coverageBroader geographical coverage• Iceland, Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway, Iceland, Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway,
Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, Lithuania, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, Lithuania, (Latvia), Poland, Germany, Netherlands, (Latvia), Poland, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy, Malta, Belgium, France, Portugal, Italy, Malta, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Turkey, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Turkey,
– Longer time spanLonger time span•Many series back to at least 1990Many series back to at least 1990
Probably sufficient for assessment in some Probably sufficient for assessment in some subregionssubregions
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
Loads to northeastern Loads to northeastern AtlanticAtlantic
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
%
CdPbHgLindanePCB7
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
Loads to northeastern Loads to northeastern AtlanticAtlanticexample: cadmiumexample: cadmium
Cadmium tonnes/yearBelgium Denmark France Germany Iceland Ireland Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden UK sum %
EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010EEA – ”Chemicals and Water” workshop, Copenhagen 06-07 December 2010Norman Green (NIVA)Norman Green (NIVA)
Hazardous substances – gaps in Hazardous substances – gaps in knowledgeknowledge
Main gaps in Main gaps in knowledge, need knowledge, need for:for:
• Better estimates of Better estimates of pathways, fate, levels, pathways, fate, levels, trends and effectstrends and effects
• Better understanding of Better understanding of multiple exposure to HSmultiple exposure to HS
• Better comprehension of Better comprehension of the role of climate the role of climate changechange
• Need for consistent and Need for consistent and reliable monitoringreliable monitoring
• Need for local knowledge Need for local knowledge to interpret changesto interpret changes
• Need for remedial action Need for remedial action plans and controlsplans and controls
CSI 040 HS in marine organisms, example: leadCSI 040 HS in marine organisms, example: lead