http://www.ee.unlv.edu/~b1morris/ee292/ EE292: Fundamentals of ECE Fall 2012 TTh 10:00-11:15 SEB 1242 Lecture 20 121101
http://www.ee.unlv.edu/~b1morris/ee292/
EE292: Fundamentals of ECE
Fall 2012
TTh 10:00-11:15 SEB 1242
Lecture 20
121101
Outline β’ Chapters 1-3
β« Circuit Analysis Techniques β’ Chapter 10 β Diodes
β« Ideal Model β« Offset Model β« Zener Diodes
β’ Chapter 4 β Transient Analysis β« Steady-State Analysis β« 1st-Order Circuits
β’ Chapter 5 β Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis β« RMS Values β« Phasors β« Complex Impedance β« Circuit Analysis with Complex Impedance
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Chapter 10 β Diodes
3
Diode Voltage/Current Characteristics
β’ Forward Bias (βOnβ)
β« Positive voltage π£π· supports large currents
β« Modeled as a battery (0.7 V for offset model)
β’ Reverse Bias (βOffβ)
β« Negative voltage no current
β« Modeled as open circuit
β’ Reverse-Breakdown
β« Large negative voltage supports large negative currents
β« Similar operation as for forward bias
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Diode Models β’ Ideal model β simple
β’ Offset model β more realistic
β’ Two state model
β’ βOnβ State
β« Forward operation
β« Diode conducts current
Ideal model short circuit
Offset model battery
β’ βOffβ State
β« Reverse biased
β« No current through diode open circuit
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Ideal Model
Offset Model
Circuit Analysis with Diodes
β’ Assume state {on, off} for each ideal diode and check if the initial guess was correct
β« ππ > 0 positive for βonβ diode
β« π£π < π£ππ for βoffβ diode
These imply a correct guess
β« Otherwise adjust guess and try again
β’ Exhaustive search is daunting
β« 2π different combinations for π diodes
β’ Will require experience to make correct guess
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Zener Diode
β’ Diode intended to be operated in breakdown
β« Constant voltage at breakdown β’ Three state diode
1. On β 0.7 V forward bias
2. Off β reverse bias
3. Breakdown π£π΅π· reverse breakdown voltage
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π£π΅π·
π£ππ = 0.7 π
Chapter 4 β Transient Analysis
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DC Steady-State Analysis
β’ Analysis of C, L circuits in DC operation
β« Steady-state β non-changing sources
β’ Capacitors π = πΆππ£
ππ‘
β« Voltage is constant no current open circuit
β’ Inductors π£ = πΏππ
ππ‘
β« Current is constant no voltage short circuit
β’ Use steady-state analysis to find initial and final conditions for transients
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General 1st-Order Solution β’ Both the current and voltage in an 1st-order circuit has an
exponential form β« RC and LR circuits
β’ The general solution for current/voltage is:
β« π₯ β represents current or voltage β« π‘0 β represents time when source switches β« π₯π - final (asymptotic) value of current/voltage
β« π β time constant (π πΆ or πΏ
π )
Transient is essentially zero after 5π
β’ Find values and plug into general solution β« Steady-state for initial and final values β« Two-port equivalents for π
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Example Two-Port Equivalent
β’ Given a circuit with a parallel capacitor and inductor
β« Use Norton equivalent to make a parallel circuit equivalent
β’ Remember:
β« Capacitors add in parallel
β« Inductors add in series
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RC/RL Circuits with General Sources
β« π πΆππ£π(π‘)
ππ‘+ π£π(π‘) = π£π (π‘)
β’ The solution is a differential equation of the form
β« πππ₯(π‘)
ππ‘+ π₯(π‘) = π(π‘)
β« Where π(π‘) the forcing function
β’ The full solution to the diff equation is composed of two terms β’ π₯ π‘ = π₯π π‘ + π₯β(π‘)
β’ π₯π π‘ is the particular solution
β’ The response to the particular forcing function
β’ π₯π π‘ will be of the same functional form as the forcing function
β« π π‘ = ππ π‘ β π₯π π‘ = π΄ππ π‘
β« π π‘ = cos ππ‘ β π₯π π‘ =
π΄cos ππ‘ + π΅sin(ππ‘) β’ π₯β(π‘) is the homogeneous
solution β’ βNaturalβ solution that is
consistent with the differential equation for π π‘ = 0
β’ The response to any initial conditions of the circuit
β« Solution of form
π₯β π‘ = πΎπβπ‘/π
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π£π (π‘)
Second-Order Circuits
β’ RLC circuits contain two energy storage elements
β« This results in a differential equation of second order (has a second derivative term)
β’ Use circuit analysis techniques to develop a general 2nd-order differential equation of the form
β« Use KVL, KCL and I/V characteristics of inductance and capacitance to put equation into standard form
β« Must identify πΌ,π0, π(π‘)
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Useful I/V Relationships
β’ Inductor
β« π£ π‘ = πΏππ(π‘)
ππ‘
β« π π‘ =1
πΏ π£ π‘ ππ‘π‘
π‘0+ π π‘0
β’ Capacitor
β« π π‘ = πΆππ£(π‘)
ππ‘
β« π£ π‘ =1
πΆ π π‘ ππ‘π‘
π‘0+ π£ π‘0
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Chapter 5 β Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis
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Steady-State Sinusoidal Analysis
β’ In Transient analysis, we saw response of circuit network had two parts
β« π₯ π‘ = π₯π π‘ + π₯β(π‘)
β’ Natural response π₯β(π‘) had an exponential form that decays to zero
β’ Forced response π₯π(π‘) was the same form as
forcing function
β« Sinusoidal source sinusoidal output
β« Output persists with the source at steady-state there is no transient so it is important to study the sinusoid response
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Sinusoidal Currents and Voltages β’ Sinusoidal voltage
β« π£ π‘ = ππ cos π0π‘ + π
β« ππ - peak value of voltage
β« π0 - angular frequency in radians/sec
β« π β phase angle in radians
β’ This is a periodic signal described by
β« π β the period in seconds
π0 =2π
π
β« π β the frequency in Hz = 1/sec
π0 = 2ππ β’ Note: Assuming that ΞΈ is in degrees, we have
β« tmax = βΞΈ/360 Γ T.
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Root-Mean-Square Values
β’ πππ£π =
1
π π£2(π‘)ππ‘π0
2
π
β’ Define rms voltage
β« ππππ =1
π π£2(π‘)ππ‘π
0
β’ Similarly define rms current
β« πΌπππ =1
π π2(π‘)ππ‘π
0
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RMS Value of a Sinusoid β’ Given a sinusoidal source
β« π£ π‘ = ππ cos π0π‘ + π
β’ ππππ =1
π π£2(π‘)ππ‘π
0
β’ The rms value is an βeffectiveβ value for the signal
β« E.g. in homes we have 60Hz 115 V rms power
β« ππ = 2 β ππππ = 163 π
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Conversion Between Forms β’ Rectangular to polar form
β’ π2 = π₯2 + π¦2
β’ tanπ =π¦
π₯
β’ Polar to rectangular form
β’ π₯ = πcosπ
β’ π¦ = πsinπ
β’ Convert to polar form
β’ π§ = 4 β π4
β’ π = 42 + 42 = 4 2
β’ π = arctanπ¦
π₯=
arctan β1 = βπ
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β’ π§ = 4 2πβππ/4
π₯ (degrees) π₯ (radians) sin (π₯) cos (π₯) tan (π₯)
0 0 0 1 0
15 π
12 β1 + 3
2 2
1 + 3
2 2
2 β 3
30 π
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1
2
3
2
1
3
45 π
4
1
2
1
2
1
60 π
3
3
2
1
2 3
75 5π
12
1 + 3
2 2
β1 + 3
2 2
2 + 3
90 π
2
1 0 πππ
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Source: Wikipedia
Phasors β’ A representation of sinusoidal
signals as vectors in the complex plane β« Simplifies sinusoidal steady-
state analysis
β’ Given
β« π£1 π‘ = π1cos (ππ‘ + π1)
β’ The phasor representation is
β« π½1 = π1β π1
β’ For consistency, use only cosine for the phasor
β« π£2 π‘ = π2 sin ππ‘ + π2 =
π2 cos ππ‘ + π2 β 90Β°
β« π½2 = π2β (π2β90Β°)
β’ Phasor diagram
β« π½1 = 3β 40Β°
β« π½2 = 4β β20Β°
β’ Phasors rotate counter clockwise
β« π½1 leads π½2 by 60Β°
β« π½2 lags π½1 by 60Β°
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Complex Impedance β’ Impedance is the extension of resistance to AC
circuits β« Extend Ohmβs Law to an impedance form for AC
signals
π½ = ππ° β’ Inductors oppose a change in current
β« ππΏ = ππΏβ π
2= πππΏ
β« Current lags voltage by 90Β° β’ Capacitors oppose a change in voltage
β« ππΆ =1
ππΆβ β
π
2= βπ
1
ππΆ=
1
πππΆ
β« Current leads voltage by 90Β° β’ Resistor impendence the same as resistance
β« ππ = π
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Circuit Analysis with Impedance
β’ KVL and KCL remain the same
β« Use phasor notation to setup equations
β’ Replace sources by phasor notation
β’ Replace inductors, capacitors, and resistances by impedance value
β« This value is dependent on the source frequency π
β’ Use your favorite circuit analysis techniques to solve for voltage or current
β« Reverse phasor conversion to get sinusoidal signal in time
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