- 139 - 대한지리학회지 제49권 제2호 2014(139~159) 울산공업단지의 서막, 정유공장 건설의 정치지리 김동완*·김민호** Political Geography of Ulsan Oil Refinery Dong-Wan Gimm* · Min-Ho Kim** 요약 : 1960~70년대 한국의 산업화와 경제성장을 설명하는 대표적인 프레임은 발전국가론이었다. 그러나 발 전국가론의 방법론적 국가주의는 국가의 관계론적 속성을 간과했고, 실제 국가과정에서 나타나는 다중스케일 의 전략관계를 주변화했다. 우리는 발전국가를 통해 개발연대의 산업화를 사유하는 방식에 익숙해졌고, 그것 을 자명하게 받아들이기도 했다. 이 글의 목적은 이러한 국가중심적 사유를 문제시하고, 그것이 주변화시킨 다 중스케일의 전략관계를 복원해 우리가 자명하게 받아들인 산업화의 경로를 재구성하는 데 있다. 본 연구에서 는 이를 위해 개발연대의 대표 산업공간인 울산공업단지를 분석한다. 구체적으로는 해방 이후 지속적으로 추 진되었던 울산정유공장 건설 프로젝트를 초점에 두고, 15년 남짓한 시간 동안 이 사업에 연결되었던 다양한 스 케일의 전략관계를 검토한다. 이를 통해 본 연구에서는 Van Fleet 같은 냉전 네트워크의 결절이나, 남궁연 등의 다중 스케일 행위자가 당대에 국가 간 관계나 글로벌 스케일의 사회관계를 울산이라는 특정 공간에 결속시키 는 과정에 주목한다. 본 연구에서는 울산 정유공장이, 다중스케일의 경관들이 울산에 중첩해 만든 역사적 산물 이란 점을 밝힘으로써, 방법론적 국가주의가 놓친 사회공간의 전략관계를 다중스케일의 시각에서 재구성할 것 을 제안한다. 주요어 : 울산공업단지, 에너지 공간, 정치지리, 스케일, 냉전 네트워크 Abstract : This study problematizes the dominance of developmental state theory and its negative influences in the field of Korean studies, in particular, dealing with the industrialization during the developmental era, 1960s~70s. As is generally known, the theory has been in a position of unchallenged authority on the industrialization experience of East Asian countries, including South Korea. However, at the same time, it has also misled us into overlooking strategic relations that had articulated the state forms at multiple scales. is study aims to reconstruct the historical contexts by the theorizing prompted by recent work on state space. I shed light on the multiscalar strategic relations that had shaped the Ulsan refinery plant as a representative state space of the South Korean industrialization during two decades after liberation. Specifically, the study illustrates the features and roles of Cold War networks and multiscalr agnets such as Nam Goong-Yeon. By identifying the plant as a result of sequential articulations between Ulsan and other scales, this study concludes by suggesting to reframing the strategic relational spaces, beyond the view of methodological nationalism, in the perspective of multiscalar approach. Key Words : Cold War network, multiscalar politics, political geography, energy space, Ulsan 이 논문은 2011 년도 정부재원(교육과학기술부 사회과학연구지원사업비)으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 연구되었음(NRF-2011- 330-B00209). * 서울대학교 환경계획연구소 연구원(Researcher, Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University), dw .gimm@gmail. com ** 서울대학교 사회학과 석사과정(Master’ s Student, Department of Sociology , Seoul National University), lowbudget@naver.com
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
49-202.indd*·**
Dong-Wan Gimm* · Min-Ho Kim**
: 1960~70 .
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
, 15
. Van Fleet ,
. ,
,
.
: , , , ,
Abstract : This study problematizes the dominance of developmental state theory and its negative inf luences in the field of Korean studies, in particular, dealing with the industrialization during the developmental era, 1960s~70s. As is generally known, the theory has been in a position of unchallenged authority on the industrialization experience of East Asian countries, including South Korea. However, at the same time, it has also misled us into overlooking strategic relations that had articulated the state forms at multiple scales. This study aims to reconstruct the historical contexts by the theorizing prompted by recent work on state space. I shed light on the multiscalar strategic relations that had shaped the Ulsan refinery plant as a representative state space of the South Korean industrialization during two decades after liberation. Specifically, the study illustrates the features and roles of Cold War networks and multiscalr agnets such as Nam Goong-Yeon. By identifying the plant as a result of sequential articulations between Ulsan and other scales, this study concludes by suggesting to reframing the strategic relational spaces, beyond the view of methodological nationalism, in the perspective of multiscalar approach.
Key Words : Cold War network, multiscalar politics, political geography, energy space, Ulsan
2011 ( ) (NRF-2011- 330-B00209). * (Researcher, Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University), dw.gimm@gmail.
com ** (Master’s Student, Department of Sociology, Seoul National University), [email protected]
- 140 -
?
,
. ,
,
``
``
. ‘’(developmental state
theory).
, ,
. ()
,
.
, ``
`` (au-
tonomy) (capacity) (Johnson, 1982;
, 1986; , 2001).
,
,
(, 2011, 139-145). ,
.
.
- ``
``
(Evans, 1995).
,
.
.
()
.
, -
.
.
.
-
,
(scale) . 20
, “ ”(territorial trap)(Agnew, 1994)
.
,
, , ,
.
. ,
-(methodological
,
. ,
.
.
.
.
,
- 141 -
.
“”
. ,
.
.
.
(2012)
.
(1998)
“”() .
.
(2008, 52-53) 1970
,
“
”
.
,
.
10
(Brenner, 2004; Gimm, 2013; Ooster-
lynck, 2010; , 2012).
(methodological nationalism)
, .
. ,
,
1962
.
.
2)
. , 1960 (
, 2005; , 2008)``1
5 ``
(, 2003) ,
(
, 2013a). ,
,
.
,
.
,
, 20
.
, 1948
,
.
1963
.
.
. ,
, 1960
1
. , `` (inter-
- 142 -
,
.
2
. , --
(multiscalar agent)(Gimm, 2013)
.
8 James A. Van
Fleet
.
3)
2
. ,
. (http://
newslibrary.naver.com)
(http://theme.archives.go.
,
.
(http://nanet.go.kr)
shall Foundation Library( GCFML) Van
Fleet Papers. Van Fleet 1950
Van Fleet ,
.
.
, ,
2
2.
1)
(state space theory)(Brenner,
·(), 2000) Lefe-
bvre(1991) ,
.
(ensemble)(·
(
·(), 2000, 308).
(self-referential system)
.
(structural coupling)
(strategic coordination)
.
.
,
(·(), 2000, 488-499).
.
, -
.
,
.
- 143 -
() ,
.
. Brenner(2004)
.
“ ”
. Brenner(2004, 9)
,
(nested) .
Brenner(2004)
.
.
,
,
(Gimm, 2013; Oosterlynck, 2010).
(heuristic) .
“ ”
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
, ,
,
1). 20
,
`` ``
.
Lefebvre(2009, 237-238)
.
, , , , ,
,
. ,
Foucault
((), 2011). Foucault
.
,
, ,
. 17~8
, 20 `
`Lefebvre ``, ,
. ,
(technostruc-
ture) ·
.2)
,
. 20
. ,
, .
.
- 144 -
,
.
.
-
,
-
. ,
-
.
.
,3)
.
. 1940 1970 -
85% 7
. “Seven Sisters”4)
1964``
``
(Texas Oil Company), (Standard Oil of New
Jersey), (Royal Dutch Shell) .
, 1970 , ,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
(multi-scalar agent) .
,
,
(Gimm, 2013, 1151).
. 1960
‘ ’
(inter-national)
. Geo-political economy
. ,
,
. University of British Columbia
Jim Glassmann
,
,
(Glassman, 1999; 2005; 2011).
,
. (inter-
national)
.
.
1960 .
, .
, 10
.
1963 ,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
(1945~1950)
. ,
, 2
.
,
(, 1989,
183).
5 “ ”5)
‘’ , 1945 12
15 Petroleum
Distribution Agency(PDA) .
Standard Vacuum Oil6), Texas Oil Cor-
poration7), Rising Sun Oil Co.8) 20
.
PDA
(, 1989).
, 27 ‘
’ .9)
“
”
( ).
, . ,
PDA “
” , “
”
.
,
, .10)
.
, .
.11) 1949 6 ,
6,
5
.12) 1949 6
13), 10 1
14), 12 17
. ,
1950 1 , 3
.15)
16)
.
,
- 146 -
,
.
2)
.
UN
.
17)
(, 2012, 86). . 1955
,
,
1955 / KOSCO
() ,
(, 1989, 204).
1950 ·
, .
1948 12 10
.
(ECA)
, 1 4
(Korea Oil Storage Corporation, KOSCO)
. KOSCO
, , PDA
.18) ,
, ·
.
3
.19)
“
.
.”(3 6)
.
/ KOSCO
, /
.20) KOSCO
/ , ,
,
.
1964 .
.
.
, KOSCO
. .
1953 CEBRAG( )
.21)
, 1954
9 17 KOSCO .
.22) 12 2
,
.
1955 3 25
.
.23)
•
.
- 147 -
.
FOA(Foreign Operation Administration)
,
. 50
(, 1989, 199-202). 50
,
.
.
3) 1950
1962 :
.24)
. 1958
,
,
KOSCO .25) 40
.
1958 ‘’
.26) 7
, (
( ), ( ),
( ), ( ),
( ), ( )
.27)
.
. <
, 27 .
27 ,28) 1
3 500
500 1960 2 2 .29)
(Gulf Oil) 8
,30)
.
4.19
,
.
. 4.19
,
.31) 1961 3
2
.32)
,
, ,
(, 1989, 210).
1 ,
5.16 .
.33) ,
1964 1 5
,
.
.34) .
. 62 1 12
.35)
1
. 3,
.36)
- 148 -
243
,
”, “
,
,
5
5
(, )
”(, 1961; , 1989, 211-212
)
.
USOM , ,
1962 1 12
.37)
,
.38)
. 39)
25~30%
.
.40) 19
James S. Killen USOM( )
, ,
,
.41) 3 2 3
(ESSO)
42) .43)
1,600 , 35 60
1 35,000 BBL
(, 1967, 82).
·, 8 21
9
. 8 23
1
1 6 2
5 , 9 10
(, 1993, 37).
,
.
6 .
1963 6 18
, Fluor``
``
.
1963 12 .
4)
.
,
. ,
·
,
. ,
.
, 1950
.
. , .
.
() .
. ,
,
. , .
. ,
- 149 -
,
. ,
. KOSCO
,
.
()
.
1950
, 1963
.
Fluor,
.
,
. 1961
, ,
.
?
:
1) , 2)
8 James A.
Van Fleet, 3) --
.
1) ()
. (1)
GARIOA(Government and Relief in Occupied Area)
(2)
EROA(Economic Rehabilitation in Oc-
, ,
,
. EROA , , ,
,
(, 2002, 68-69).
,
.
1950
.
. ()
, ()
.
,
(,
2005, 188). 1950
. “
”
(, 2011, 246).
. 1956 7
Walter C. Dowling 10
,
(, 2002, 219).
’ . 59
(ECA, Economic Cooperation Administration)
. .
.
“
” (
, 2004, 172-173).
1957 3 8,200 ,
1959 . 1961
1 9,900 1958
, 1965 .44)
1950
, 1961
(Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961)
.45)
,
.
.
.
UNKRA (1954)
50
. ,
. 1950
, , ,
.46) 1950 ,
,
. ``
UNKRA 1953
``
.
.
.
,
8
James A. Van Fleet. 1892
Coytesville .
,
(1948~49) 8
(1951~53).
.
.
8 Van Fleet
,
.47) Van Fleet 1953 2 8
,
() .
9 , 1954 51
.
Van Fleet
.
Van Fleet ,
48) , 1950
Van Fleet .
- 151 -
1956 1959
.
KOSCO 1955
Van Fleet ,
. Van Fleet Parsons cor-
poration Ralph M. Parsons
, ,
ICA .49)
1956 1 Parsons
Neil Durkee
5 .50)
,
. Van Fleet American
Independent Oil Company51), SOCAL(Standard Oil
Co. of California)52), Standard Vacuum ,
JP. Morgan, Marine Midland Trust Company
,
.53)
,
,
,
KOSCO
.
1956 12 Van Fleet
William Whiteford .
,
Parsons .54) ICA
Parsons
. 1957 2 25 Van Fleet
R. M.
Bartlett
, .
1957 11 7
,
. Van Fleet
,
.55)
. .
5.16 . Van Fleet
1960
. ,
((),
.
,
62 2
,
(Socony Mobil) .
.
, 1963 6
. Van Fleet
.
.
1975 SEC(Securities and Exchange Com-
mission, ) 63
Herbert
Goodman 1963
``
`` (SEC, 1975, 97).
``Van
Fleet ``
(SEC, 1975, 96).
.
,
(Ku-
wait Oil Company)
(SEC, 1975, 96),
.
- 152 -
.
,
Van Fleet `` `
` .
1962 4 3 Universal Oil
Product(UOP) ,56) 6 20
.57)
.
10 17
Flour .58)
Van Fleet
Flour ,59) Flour
.60)
.
, 8
. Van Fleet
. 1950
,
.
. Van Fleet
.
,
. ,
, , ,
.
.
3) , :
, ,
(Gimm, 2013).
, ,
(terri-
torialized) ,
()
.
5.16 ‘
’ .
, , , ,
, 11 2
.61)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(, 1987, 125-
126).
, ,
. “
”
(, 1995, 23).
“ ”
.
“ ,
”
.62)
- 153 -
,
(, 2008).
,
, , 3
,
.
.
1955
.63)
1958.
.
,
.
, .
1963
.
70% ,
. ,
, , , ,
“ ”
(structured coherence)(Harvey, 2001) ,
``
``
.
1961 5.16
.
.
1961
,
,64)
,
.
.
3. 62
62
1
,
.65)
(, 1986). 5.16
,
(,
2008). 1954
1955
, 1957 () ()
. 1962 160
,
(, 2007, 33).
.
,
, Van Fleet
.
,
,
. ,
. 1964 1
.66)
- 154 -
.
,
,
. .
,
.
,
. 1963
.
. 1962
, / /
.
.
.
1950
, 50
. 1950 60
.
,
/
. 2
,
.
.
.
, , Van Fleet
.
.
.
“”(who)
?
. “”
, .
. ,
.
,
.
()
,
.
,
(contingent necessity)(·
(), 2000).
- 155 -
.
,
.
,
.
1) 2010
() 7.62% , 1971
51.75%, 1981 61.6%
(
·, 2012, 18).
1, 2
(·
, 2012, 12).
(2013b) .
(2008) .
4) “Seven Sisters” 1940 1970
, ,
, (Time, 1978 9
11, “Business: The Seven Sisters Still Rule”.
, 2014 3 20).
.
•Anglo-Persian Oil Company ( BP),
•Gulf Oil, Standard Oil of California(Socal), Texaco ( 3 Chevron ),
•Royal Dutch Shell, •Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso), Standard Oil Com-
pany of New York (Socony) ( Exxonobil)
5) , 5, ‘ ’, 1945 12 15, http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/gazette/
viewGazetteDetail.do?gazetteEventId=0028535103&actio nType=keyword. (, 2014 3 20)
6) Standard Vacuum 1933 Standard Oil of New Jersey Socony Vacuum .
SONJ
,
Socony Vacuum 50:50 (Falola and Genova, 2005, 30).
KOSCO
.
California Texas Oil Company Limited(CALTEX)
. Texas Oil 1959 Texaco Incorporated
(Falola and Genova, 2005, 34).
8) Shell .
9) 1, 121, 1948 12 4, 11-14.
10)
,
.
80% ,
20% .
(2012)
.
11) “
.
.” ( ()
() (), , 1949. 12. 6.)
12) (
) () (),
13) () (
14) ()()
(), , 1949.
12. 20. .
,
.
16)
. (1989, 196-197) ‘
’(,
, 1954. 11, 13)
, 6 16
, Topping ( :
) . 1950 6 16 “ ”
- 156 -
.
,
Shell . (1989, 185) KOSCO
Standard, Caltex, Shell 3
, Texas Standard , Rising Sun Shell
Caltex .
3 KOSCO ( 7, 8, 9 )
19) () (2),
20) .
,
. (
() (
21) ()() (),
22) (), , 1954.
24) () ()(
25) (), , 1958.
27) () () ()
(), , 1958. 6. 12. . .
(1959) (1989, 206-207) .
28) () () ()
(), , 1958. 6. 12. .
29) () (),
, 1960. 2. 24. .
30) Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, March 30, 1960, U.S. Department State Relat- ing to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-63, File
895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3
20)
32) (), , 1961. 3. 23. .
33) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 22, 1962, “ROKG Plans Oil Refinery”, U.S.
Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Re- cords, 1960-63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
34) () ()
35) ()(), ,
36) (2012) .
37) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 22, 1962, “ROKG Plans Oil Refinery”, U.S.
Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Re- cords, 1960-63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
38) USOM
5
,
1
. 1962
( 37 Airgram ).
39) .
40) Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 23, 1962, U.S. Department State Relat- ing to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-63, File
895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3
20)
41) , 1 9 AID(
) Fowler Hamilton
5 , Killen
, 1 20
,
.
42) Esso .
43) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Feburary 9, 1962, “Oil Refinery”, U.S. Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-
63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
44) (2006, 76-77) .
45) 1960
, 50 33.8%
- 157 -
,
21.8% 7.3% 26.6%
.
(,
2006, 76).
.
,
,
.
, Van Fleet
. Braim((),
Van Fleet ,
.
48)
Van Fleet , .
, , ,
.
.
49) 1955 11 3 Van Fleet .
50) 1956 1 2 1956 5 25 Van Fleet
.
51) American Independent Oil Company
- “Neutral Zone”
.
1948 (Vassiliou,
2009, 44).
52) Socal Texaco .
53) 1956 6 28, 7 3, 10 21 Van Fleet
.
54) 1957 1 12 Van Fleet .
ICA Wil- liam Warne Parsons ,
Parsons
. 50
OEC (EBASCO)
. 1956
7 . Warne
,
(
() ()
Parsons ICA
.
55) 1959 4 27 Van Fleet
.
57) () 2.4() (),
, 1962. 7. 31, .
58) <()>()
(), , 1962. 10. 18, .
59) Letter from Van Fleet to Yoo Chang Soon, 21 September 1962, in “Fluor Corporation, Correspondence, August 1962-September 1962,” Van Fleet Papers, Box 107, GC- MFL.
60) Letter from Dieter to Van Fleet, 9 July 1963, in “Fluor Corporation, Correspondence, February 1963-July 1963,” Van Fleet Papers, Box 107, GCMFL.
61) ()(), , 1961. 11.
2, .
7 .
11. 9. .
, 2012. 1. 9. .
65) “ ”,
, 2012. 2. 6.
,
. (() () (
21, 11, 134-173.
,” ·(), 2005,
1950~1960
- 158 -
1960 , :
.
:
,” , 29, 148-175.
, 2013a, “ ”, ·
(), 2013, :
, : , 126-167.
, 2013b, “ ,” , 44, 129-
162.
,” , 13(1), 173-215.
,” , 23(1), 87-
126.
,” , 27, 81-130.
, 2004, “1960 ,”
, 20(1), 167-192.
, : .
(), 2011, , , :
1977~78, (Foucault, Michel, 2004,
Sécurité, Territoire, Population: Cours au Collège de
France, 1977-1978, Seuil: Gallimard).
, .
, 1993, 30 1962-1992, :
.
the Capitalist state in its Place, Cambridge, U.K.:
Polity Press).
(), 2002, :
, (Braim, Paul F., 2001,
The Will to Win: the Life of General James A. Van
Fleet, Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press).
, 2006, “ ·
, 1960~1990,” , 72(1), 69-
94.
, .
, 17-68.
, 2008, “ ,”
, 14(2), 51-91.
, .
, 2009, “ ‘ ’:
,” , 44(6), 779-796.
,” , 28(4), 193-223.
, 1999, 5, :
.
(), 2001, : ,
(Castells, Manuel, 1989, The Informational
City: Information Technology, Economic Restructur-
ing, and the Urban-Regional Process, Oxford, UK;
New York, NY, USA: B. Blackwell).
, 2006, “
,” , 12(4), 475-
, 7(2), 81-86.
, : .
Assumptions of International Relations Theory,
Review of International Political Economy, 1(1), 53-
80.
Amsden, Alice H., 1989, Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea
and Late Industrialization, New York: Oxford
- 159 -
University Press.
Oxford University Press.
Transformation, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Uni-
versity Press.
Falola, T., & Genova, A, 2005, The Politics of The Global
Oil Industry: An Introduction, London: Praeger.
Gimm, D. W., 2013, Fracturing Hegemony: Regionalism
and State Rescaling in South Korea, 1961–71, In-
ternational Journal of Urban and Regional Research,
37(4), 1147-1167.
Trap’: The Internationalization of the State, Politi-
cal Geography, 18(6), 669-696.
Cold War Geography and the Construction of the
Other, Political Geography, 24(7), 784-807.
Glassman, J., 2011, The Geo-political Economy of Global
Production Networks, Geography Compass, 5(4),
154-164.
Politics, and Economic Development in Postwar
South Korea, In Hagen Koo, State and Society in
Contemporary Korea, Ithaca: Cornell University
Press.
Harvey, D., 2001, Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Ge-
ography, New York: Routledge.
Growth of lndustrial Policy, 1925-1975, Stanford:
Stanford University Press.
Jones, Martin R., 1997, Spatial Selectivity of the State? The
Regulationist Enigma and Local Struggles over
Economic Governance, Environment and Plan-
ning A, 29(5), 831-864.
Koo, H., 1987, The Interplay of State, Social Classes, and
World System in East Asian Development: the
Cases of South Korea and Taiwan, In Deyo Fred-
eric C., The Political Economy of the New Asian
lndustrialism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
, 1993, The State, Minjung, and the Working Class
in South Korea. In Hagen Koo, State and Society
in Contemporary Korea, Ithaca: Cornell University
Press.
Smith, Trans.), Oxford, UK.: Blackwell.
Lefebvre, H., 2009, State, Space, World: Selected Essays (G.
Moore, N. Brenner & S. Elden, Trans. N. Brenner
& S. Elden Eds.). Minneapolis London: Univer-
sity of Minnesota Press.
gian State Space, Antipode, 42(5), 1151-1179.
Patokallio, P., 1975, Energy in Japanese-American Rela-
tions: A Structural View. Journal of Contemporary
Asia, 5(1), 19-41.
cial Review Committee of the Board of Directors
of Gulf Oil Corporation (1975). Current Report re:
Report of the Special Review Committee of the Board
of Directors of Gulf Oil Corporation: Pursuant to
Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934. Washington, SEC.
Vassiliou, M., 2009, The A to Z of the Petroleum Industry,
New York: Scarecrow Press.
Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian
lndustrialization, Princeton: Princeton University
82 505(: [email protected], :
02-880-5643)
Gwanakro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea (e-mail:
[email protected], phone: +82-2-880-5643, fax: +82-
2-883-8620)
Dong-Wan Gimm* · Min-Ho Kim**
: 1960~70 .
,
. ,
. ,
.
.
, 15
. Van Fleet ,
. ,
,
.
: , , , ,
Abstract : This study problematizes the dominance of developmental state theory and its negative inf luences in the field of Korean studies, in particular, dealing with the industrialization during the developmental era, 1960s~70s. As is generally known, the theory has been in a position of unchallenged authority on the industrialization experience of East Asian countries, including South Korea. However, at the same time, it has also misled us into overlooking strategic relations that had articulated the state forms at multiple scales. This study aims to reconstruct the historical contexts by the theorizing prompted by recent work on state space. I shed light on the multiscalar strategic relations that had shaped the Ulsan refinery plant as a representative state space of the South Korean industrialization during two decades after liberation. Specifically, the study illustrates the features and roles of Cold War networks and multiscalr agnets such as Nam Goong-Yeon. By identifying the plant as a result of sequential articulations between Ulsan and other scales, this study concludes by suggesting to reframing the strategic relational spaces, beyond the view of methodological nationalism, in the perspective of multiscalar approach.
Key Words : Cold War network, multiscalar politics, political geography, energy space, Ulsan
2011 ( ) (NRF-2011- 330-B00209). * (Researcher, Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University), dw.gimm@gmail.
com ** (Master’s Student, Department of Sociology, Seoul National University), [email protected]
- 140 -
?
,
. ,
,
``
``
. ‘’(developmental state
theory).
, ,
. ()
,
.
, ``
`` (au-
tonomy) (capacity) (Johnson, 1982;
, 1986; , 2001).
,
,
(, 2011, 139-145). ,
.
.
- ``
``
(Evans, 1995).
,
.
.
()
.
, -
.
.
.
-
,
(scale) . 20
, “ ”(territorial trap)(Agnew, 1994)
.
,
, , ,
.
. ,
-(methodological
,
. ,
.
.
.
.
,
- 141 -
.
“”
. ,
.
.
.
(2012)
.
(1998)
“”() .
.
(2008, 52-53) 1970
,
“
”
.
,
.
10
(Brenner, 2004; Gimm, 2013; Ooster-
lynck, 2010; , 2012).
(methodological nationalism)
, .
. ,
,
1962
.
.
2)
. , 1960 (
, 2005; , 2008)``1
5 ``
(, 2003) ,
(
, 2013a). ,
,
.
,
.
,
, 20
.
, 1948
,
.
1963
.
.
. ,
, 1960
1
. , `` (inter-
- 142 -
,
.
2
. , --
(multiscalar agent)(Gimm, 2013)
.
8 James A. Van
Fleet
.
3)
2
. ,
. (http://
newslibrary.naver.com)
(http://theme.archives.go.
,
.
(http://nanet.go.kr)
shall Foundation Library( GCFML) Van
Fleet Papers. Van Fleet 1950
Van Fleet ,
.
.
, ,
2
2.
1)
(state space theory)(Brenner,
·(), 2000) Lefe-
bvre(1991) ,
.
(ensemble)(·
(
·(), 2000, 308).
(self-referential system)
.
(structural coupling)
(strategic coordination)
.
.
,
(·(), 2000, 488-499).
.
, -
.
,
.
- 143 -
() ,
.
. Brenner(2004)
.
“ ”
. Brenner(2004, 9)
,
(nested) .
Brenner(2004)
.
.
,
,
(Gimm, 2013; Oosterlynck, 2010).
(heuristic) .
“ ”
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
, ,
,
1). 20
,
`` ``
.
Lefebvre(2009, 237-238)
.
, , , , ,
,
. ,
Foucault
((), 2011). Foucault
.
,
, ,
. 17~8
, 20 `
`Lefebvre ``, ,
. ,
(technostruc-
ture) ·
.2)
,
. 20
. ,
, .
.
- 144 -
,
.
.
-
,
-
. ,
-
.
.
,3)
.
. 1940 1970 -
85% 7
. “Seven Sisters”4)
1964``
``
(Texas Oil Company), (Standard Oil of New
Jersey), (Royal Dutch Shell) .
, 1970 , ,
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
(multi-scalar agent) .
,
,
(Gimm, 2013, 1151).
. 1960
‘ ’
(inter-national)
. Geo-political economy
. ,
,
. University of British Columbia
Jim Glassmann
,
,
(Glassman, 1999; 2005; 2011).
,
. (inter-
national)
.
.
1960 .
, .
, 10
.
1963 ,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.
(1945~1950)
. ,
, 2
.
,
(, 1989,
183).
5 “ ”5)
‘’ , 1945 12
15 Petroleum
Distribution Agency(PDA) .
Standard Vacuum Oil6), Texas Oil Cor-
poration7), Rising Sun Oil Co.8) 20
.
PDA
(, 1989).
, 27 ‘
’ .9)
“
”
( ).
, . ,
PDA “
” , “
”
.
,
, .10)
.
, .
.11) 1949 6 ,
6,
5
.12) 1949 6
13), 10 1
14), 12 17
. ,
1950 1 , 3
.15)
16)
.
,
- 146 -
,
.
2)
.
UN
.
17)
(, 2012, 86). . 1955
,
,
1955 / KOSCO
() ,
(, 1989, 204).
1950 ·
, .
1948 12 10
.
(ECA)
, 1 4
(Korea Oil Storage Corporation, KOSCO)
. KOSCO
, , PDA
.18) ,
, ·
.
3
.19)
“
.
.”(3 6)
.
/ KOSCO
, /
.20) KOSCO
/ , ,
,
.
1964 .
.
.
, KOSCO
. .
1953 CEBRAG( )
.21)
, 1954
9 17 KOSCO .
.22) 12 2
,
.
1955 3 25
.
.23)
•
.
- 147 -
.
FOA(Foreign Operation Administration)
,
. 50
(, 1989, 199-202). 50
,
.
.
3) 1950
1962 :
.24)
. 1958
,
,
KOSCO .25) 40
.
1958 ‘’
.26) 7
, (
( ), ( ),
( ), ( ),
( ), ( )
.27)
.
. <
, 27 .
27 ,28) 1
3 500
500 1960 2 2 .29)
(Gulf Oil) 8
,30)
.
4.19
,
.
. 4.19
,
.31) 1961 3
2
.32)
,
, ,
(, 1989, 210).
1 ,
5.16 .
.33) ,
1964 1 5
,
.
.34) .
. 62 1 12
.35)
1
. 3,
.36)
- 148 -
243
,
”, “
,
,
5
5
(, )
”(, 1961; , 1989, 211-212
)
.
USOM , ,
1962 1 12
.37)
,
.38)
. 39)
25~30%
.
.40) 19
James S. Killen USOM( )
, ,
,
.41) 3 2 3
(ESSO)
42) .43)
1,600 , 35 60
1 35,000 BBL
(, 1967, 82).
·, 8 21
9
. 8 23
1
1 6 2
5 , 9 10
(, 1993, 37).
,
.
6 .
1963 6 18
, Fluor``
``
.
1963 12 .
4)
.
,
. ,
·
,
. ,
.
, 1950
.
. , .
.
() .
. ,
,
. , .
. ,
- 149 -
,
. ,
. KOSCO
,
.
()
.
1950
, 1963
.
Fluor,
.
,
. 1961
, ,
.
?
:
1) , 2)
8 James A.
Van Fleet, 3) --
.
1) ()
. (1)
GARIOA(Government and Relief in Occupied Area)
(2)
EROA(Economic Rehabilitation in Oc-
, ,
,
. EROA , , ,
,
(, 2002, 68-69).
,
.
1950
.
. ()
, ()
.
,
(,
2005, 188). 1950
. “
”
(, 2011, 246).
. 1956 7
Walter C. Dowling 10
,
(, 2002, 219).
’ . 59
(ECA, Economic Cooperation Administration)
. .
.
“
” (
, 2004, 172-173).
1957 3 8,200 ,
1959 . 1961
1 9,900 1958
, 1965 .44)
1950
, 1961
(Foreign
Assistance Act of 1961)
.45)
,
.
.
.
UNKRA (1954)
50
. ,
. 1950
, , ,
.46) 1950 ,
,
. ``
UNKRA 1953
``
.
.
.
,
8
James A. Van Fleet. 1892
Coytesville .
,
(1948~49) 8
(1951~53).
.
.
8 Van Fleet
,
.47) Van Fleet 1953 2 8
,
() .
9 , 1954 51
.
Van Fleet
.
Van Fleet ,
48) , 1950
Van Fleet .
- 151 -
1956 1959
.
KOSCO 1955
Van Fleet ,
. Van Fleet Parsons cor-
poration Ralph M. Parsons
, ,
ICA .49)
1956 1 Parsons
Neil Durkee
5 .50)
,
. Van Fleet American
Independent Oil Company51), SOCAL(Standard Oil
Co. of California)52), Standard Vacuum ,
JP. Morgan, Marine Midland Trust Company
,
.53)
,
,
,
KOSCO
.
1956 12 Van Fleet
William Whiteford .
,
Parsons .54) ICA
Parsons
. 1957 2 25 Van Fleet
R. M.
Bartlett
, .
1957 11 7
,
. Van Fleet
,
.55)
. .
5.16 . Van Fleet
1960
. ,
((),
.
,
62 2
,
(Socony Mobil) .
.
, 1963 6
. Van Fleet
.
.
1975 SEC(Securities and Exchange Com-
mission, ) 63
Herbert
Goodman 1963
``
`` (SEC, 1975, 97).
``Van
Fleet ``
(SEC, 1975, 96).
.
,
(Ku-
wait Oil Company)
(SEC, 1975, 96),
.
- 152 -
.
,
Van Fleet `` `
` .
1962 4 3 Universal Oil
Product(UOP) ,56) 6 20
.57)
.
10 17
Flour .58)
Van Fleet
Flour ,59) Flour
.60)
.
, 8
. Van Fleet
. 1950
,
.
. Van Fleet
.
,
. ,
, , ,
.
.
3) , :
, ,
(Gimm, 2013).
, ,
(terri-
torialized) ,
()
.
5.16 ‘
’ .
, , , ,
, 11 2
.61)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(, 1987, 125-
126).
, ,
. “
”
(, 1995, 23).
“ ”
.
“ ,
”
.62)
- 153 -
,
(, 2008).
,
, , 3
,
.
.
1955
.63)
1958.
.
,
.
, .
1963
.
70% ,
. ,
, , , ,
“ ”
(structured coherence)(Harvey, 2001) ,
``
``
.
1961 5.16
.
.
1961
,
,64)
,
.
.
3. 62
62
1
,
.65)
(, 1986). 5.16
,
(,
2008). 1954
1955
, 1957 () ()
. 1962 160
,
(, 2007, 33).
.
,
, Van Fleet
.
,
,
. ,
. 1964 1
.66)
- 154 -
.
,
,
. .
,
.
,
. 1963
.
. 1962
, / /
.
.
.
1950
, 50
. 1950 60
.
,
/
. 2
,
.
.
.
, , Van Fleet
.
.
.
“”(who)
?
. “”
, .
. ,
.
,
.
()
,
.
,
(contingent necessity)(·
(), 2000).
- 155 -
.
,
.
,
.
1) 2010
() 7.62% , 1971
51.75%, 1981 61.6%
(
·, 2012, 18).
1, 2
(·
, 2012, 12).
(2013b) .
(2008) .
4) “Seven Sisters” 1940 1970
, ,
, (Time, 1978 9
11, “Business: The Seven Sisters Still Rule”.
, 2014 3 20).
.
•Anglo-Persian Oil Company ( BP),
•Gulf Oil, Standard Oil of California(Socal), Texaco ( 3 Chevron ),
•Royal Dutch Shell, •Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso), Standard Oil Com-
pany of New York (Socony) ( Exxonobil)
5) , 5, ‘ ’, 1945 12 15, http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/gazette/
viewGazetteDetail.do?gazetteEventId=0028535103&actio nType=keyword. (, 2014 3 20)
6) Standard Vacuum 1933 Standard Oil of New Jersey Socony Vacuum .
SONJ
,
Socony Vacuum 50:50 (Falola and Genova, 2005, 30).
KOSCO
.
California Texas Oil Company Limited(CALTEX)
. Texas Oil 1959 Texaco Incorporated
(Falola and Genova, 2005, 34).
8) Shell .
9) 1, 121, 1948 12 4, 11-14.
10)
,
.
80% ,
20% .
(2012)
.
11) “
.
.” ( ()
() (), , 1949. 12. 6.)
12) (
) () (),
13) () (
14) ()()
(), , 1949.
12. 20. .
,
.
16)
. (1989, 196-197) ‘
’(,
, 1954. 11, 13)
, 6 16
, Topping ( :
) . 1950 6 16 “ ”
- 156 -
.
,
Shell . (1989, 185) KOSCO
Standard, Caltex, Shell 3
, Texas Standard , Rising Sun Shell
Caltex .
3 KOSCO ( 7, 8, 9 )
19) () (2),
20) .
,
. (
() (
21) ()() (),
22) (), , 1954.
24) () ()(
25) (), , 1958.
27) () () ()
(), , 1958. 6. 12. . .
(1959) (1989, 206-207) .
28) () () ()
(), , 1958. 6. 12. .
29) () (),
, 1960. 2. 24. .
30) Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, March 30, 1960, U.S. Department State Relat- ing to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-63, File
895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3
20)
32) (), , 1961. 3. 23. .
33) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 22, 1962, “ROKG Plans Oil Refinery”, U.S.
Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Re- cords, 1960-63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
34) () ()
35) ()(), ,
36) (2012) .
37) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 22, 1962, “ROKG Plans Oil Refinery”, U.S.
Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Re- cords, 1960-63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
38) USOM
5
,
1
. 1962
( 37 Airgram ).
39) .
40) Telegram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, January 23, 1962, U.S. Department State Relat- ing to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-63, File
895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3
20)
41) , 1 9 AID(
) Fowler Hamilton
5 , Killen
, 1 20
,
.
42) Esso .
43) Airgram from the Embassy in Korea to the Department of State, Feburary 9, 1962, “Oil Refinery”, U.S. Department State Relating to Internal Affairs of Korea; Records, 1960-
63, File 895B.3932, http://nanet.go.kr, ( 2014 3 20)
44) (2006, 76-77) .
45) 1960
, 50 33.8%
- 157 -
,
21.8% 7.3% 26.6%
.
(,
2006, 76).
.
,
,
.
, Van Fleet
. Braim((),
Van Fleet ,
.
48)
Van Fleet , .
, , ,
.
.
49) 1955 11 3 Van Fleet .
50) 1956 1 2 1956 5 25 Van Fleet
.
51) American Independent Oil Company
- “Neutral Zone”
.
1948 (Vassiliou,
2009, 44).
52) Socal Texaco .
53) 1956 6 28, 7 3, 10 21 Van Fleet
.
54) 1957 1 12 Van Fleet .
ICA Wil- liam Warne Parsons ,
Parsons
. 50
OEC (EBASCO)
. 1956
7 . Warne
,
(
() ()
Parsons ICA
.
55) 1959 4 27 Van Fleet
.
57) () 2.4() (),
, 1962. 7. 31, .
58) <()>()
(), , 1962. 10. 18, .
59) Letter from Van Fleet to Yoo Chang Soon, 21 September 1962, in “Fluor Corporation, Correspondence, August 1962-September 1962,” Van Fleet Papers, Box 107, GC- MFL.
60) Letter from Dieter to Van Fleet, 9 July 1963, in “Fluor Corporation, Correspondence, February 1963-July 1963,” Van Fleet Papers, Box 107, GCMFL.
61) ()(), , 1961. 11.
2, .
7 .
11. 9. .
, 2012. 1. 9. .
65) “ ”,
, 2012. 2. 6.
,
. (() () (
21, 11, 134-173.
,” ·(), 2005,
1950~1960
- 158 -
1960 , :
.
:
,” , 29, 148-175.
, 2013a, “ ”, ·
(), 2013, :
, : , 126-167.
, 2013b, “ ,” , 44, 129-
162.
,” , 13(1), 173-215.
,” , 23(1), 87-
126.
,” , 27, 81-130.
, 2004, “1960 ,”
, 20(1), 167-192.
, : .
(), 2011, , , :
1977~78, (Foucault, Michel, 2004,
Sécurité, Territoire, Population: Cours au Collège de
France, 1977-1978, Seuil: Gallimard).
, .
, 1993, 30 1962-1992, :
.
the Capitalist state in its Place, Cambridge, U.K.:
Polity Press).
(), 2002, :
, (Braim, Paul F., 2001,
The Will to Win: the Life of General James A. Van
Fleet, Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press).
, 2006, “ ·
, 1960~1990,” , 72(1), 69-
94.
, .
, 17-68.
, 2008, “ ,”
, 14(2), 51-91.
, .
, 2009, “ ‘ ’:
,” , 44(6), 779-796.
,” , 28(4), 193-223.
, 1999, 5, :
.
(), 2001, : ,
(Castells, Manuel, 1989, The Informational
City: Information Technology, Economic Restructur-
ing, and the Urban-Regional Process, Oxford, UK;
New York, NY, USA: B. Blackwell).
, 2006, “
,” , 12(4), 475-
, 7(2), 81-86.
, : .
Assumptions of International Relations Theory,
Review of International Political Economy, 1(1), 53-
80.
Amsden, Alice H., 1989, Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea
and Late Industrialization, New York: Oxford
- 159 -
University Press.
Oxford University Press.
Transformation, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Uni-
versity Press.
Falola, T., & Genova, A, 2005, The Politics of The Global
Oil Industry: An Introduction, London: Praeger.
Gimm, D. W., 2013, Fracturing Hegemony: Regionalism
and State Rescaling in South Korea, 1961–71, In-
ternational Journal of Urban and Regional Research,
37(4), 1147-1167.
Trap’: The Internationalization of the State, Politi-
cal Geography, 18(6), 669-696.
Cold War Geography and the Construction of the
Other, Political Geography, 24(7), 784-807.
Glassman, J., 2011, The Geo-political Economy of Global
Production Networks, Geography Compass, 5(4),
154-164.
Politics, and Economic Development in Postwar
South Korea, In Hagen Koo, State and Society in
Contemporary Korea, Ithaca: Cornell University
Press.
Harvey, D., 2001, Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Ge-
ography, New York: Routledge.
Growth of lndustrial Policy, 1925-1975, Stanford:
Stanford University Press.
Jones, Martin R., 1997, Spatial Selectivity of the State? The
Regulationist Enigma and Local Struggles over
Economic Governance, Environment and Plan-
ning A, 29(5), 831-864.
Koo, H., 1987, The Interplay of State, Social Classes, and
World System in East Asian Development: the
Cases of South Korea and Taiwan, In Deyo Fred-
eric C., The Political Economy of the New Asian
lndustrialism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
, 1993, The State, Minjung, and the Working Class
in South Korea. In Hagen Koo, State and Society
in Contemporary Korea, Ithaca: Cornell University
Press.
Smith, Trans.), Oxford, UK.: Blackwell.
Lefebvre, H., 2009, State, Space, World: Selected Essays (G.
Moore, N. Brenner & S. Elden, Trans. N. Brenner
& S. Elden Eds.). Minneapolis London: Univer-
sity of Minnesota Press.
gian State Space, Antipode, 42(5), 1151-1179.
Patokallio, P., 1975, Energy in Japanese-American Rela-
tions: A Structural View. Journal of Contemporary
Asia, 5(1), 19-41.
cial Review Committee of the Board of Directors
of Gulf Oil Corporation (1975). Current Report re:
Report of the Special Review Committee of the Board
of Directors of Gulf Oil Corporation: Pursuant to
Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934. Washington, SEC.
Vassiliou, M., 2009, The A to Z of the Petroleum Industry,
New York: Scarecrow Press.
Theory and the Role of Government in East Asian
lndustrialization, Princeton: Princeton University
82 505(: [email protected], :
02-880-5643)
Gwanakro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea (e-mail:
[email protected], phone: +82-2-880-5643, fax: +82-
2-883-8620)
Related Documents
![[IGC 2016] 펄어비스 함영철 - 검은사막 투쟁기 : 서막](https://static.cupdf.com/doc/110x72/587691291a28abab2f8b595d/igc-2016--58bc56af40548.jpg)
