LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY RNP Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City 9000 Philippines COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Tel. No. (8822) 722244/ (088) 8584093 to 95 local 136 Category A (t) under IQUAME per CMO 41, s. 2008 Member: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities-Commission on Accreditation (PACU-COA) Module Literary Genres Developers/Designers: Anajean Jandayan Charles Macalos Eden Mae Selim
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LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY RNP Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
9000 Philippines COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Tel. No. (8822) 722244/ (088) 8584093 to 95 local 136 Category A (t) under IQUAME per CMO 41, s. 2008
Member: Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities-Commission on Accreditation (PACU-COA)
Module
Literary Genres
Developers/Designers:
Anajean Jandayan Charles Macalos Eden Mae Selim
Literary Genres
Page 2
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Fiction 4
Elements of Fiction…………………………………………. 4
Exercise: Book Reporting………………………………….. 9
Evaluation…………………………………………………….. 9
Poetry
10
Elements of Poetry……………………………………………. 10
Types of Poetry……………………………………………… 11
Literary Devices……………………………………………… 12
Exercise: Poem Critiquing………………………………… 13
Evaluation……………………………………………………… 13
Essay 14
Elements of Essay……………………………………………. 15
Types of Essay………………………………………………… 16
Exercise: Evaluating an essay……………………………. 16
Evaluation……………………………………………………… 16
Drama 18
Kinds of Theater……………………………………………… 18
Elements of Drama………………………………………….. 19
Exercise: Play………………………………………………... 21
Evaluation……………………………………………………… 21
Literary Genres
Page 3
Introduction
Goal for Module
This module is a supplement in delivering instructions assisting classroom teachers to
facilitate learning effectively considering a conducive classroom environment. It aims to develop
the 21st century approaches to teaching and learning. This module:
Engages 21st century approaches such as student-centered and collaborative
instructions
Enhances students’ creative skills in the literary genre
Includes an outline detailing the flow of and the manner of how the discussion will
take place.
At the end of the module, the students will be able to:
Appreciate the beauty of literary pieces as it affects their perspective towards reality
Develop national pride as Filipino through the literary texts included in the selections
Enhance the learner’s literary journey through the different readings and learning-
centered activities
Realize their creative pursuits through active involvement in class discussion
Compare and contrast the different literary genres
Construct original compositions of each literary genre
FICTION Objectives:
Distinguish elements of fiction and their respective roles in a fictitious piece
Identify the elements of fiction in a published work of fiction through book reporting
Appreciate the essence of fiction in real life
Literary Genres
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FICTION is an imaginative recreation and re-creation of life. It includes short stories and
novels.
Short Story (often referred to as a “slice of life”) - is a fictitious narrative compressed
into one unit of time, place and action; it deals with a single character interest, single
emotion called forth by a single situation.
Example: “Dead Stars” by Paz Marquez-Benitez
Novel- is a fictitious narrative with a complicated plot; it may have a main plot and one
or more sub plots that develop with the main plot; characters and actions representative of
the real life of past or present times are portrayed in a plot; it is made up of chapters.
Example: “Dogeaters” by Jessica Hagedorn
The novel and short story differ from each other only in length and complexity; the novel
is longer because of several complications and twists to its plot. Even though fiction is a make-
believe world, the literary characters seem almost real and the situations are likewise similar to
real life conditions and surroundings. More often than not, people see themselves in the
characters or relate them to real-life people they know.
Elements of Fiction
1. Characters – are the representation of a human being; persons involved in a conflict.
Five ways of Revealing Literary Characters:
What the character do along with the circumstances in which they do it?
How the characters are described?
What the characters say and think?
What other characters say about them?
What the author says about them?
Types of Characters
Literary Genres
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a. Round Character
A dynamic character that recognizes changes in the circumstances.
A fully developed character with many traits- bad and good- shown in the story.
b. Flat Character
Also known as the stock or the stereotype character that does not grow and develop.
c. Protagonist
Hero/heroine
d. Antagonist
A foil to the protagonist
e. Deuterogamist
Second in importance
f. Fringe
One who is destroyed by his inner conflict
g. Typical or Minor Characters
2. Setting – the locale (place) or period (time) in which the action of a short story, play, novel or
the motion picture takes place (also known as the background of the story); local color described
as local scenery, the writer uses words, mentions things in the native language, gives names to
character’s lines to create a vivid picture of a native place.
3. Conflict – the struggle or complication involving the characters, the opposition of persons or
forces upon which the action depends in drama or fiction. There is conflict if there is a struggle
which grows out of the interplay of opposing forces, idea or interest.
Types of Conflict
Internal Conflict – occurs when the protagonist struggles within himself or herself
Interpersonal Conflict – pits the protagonist against someone else
External Conflict – happens when the protagonist is in conflict with the values of his or
her society
Literary Genres
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4. Plot – a causally related sequence of events; what happens as a result of the main conflict is
presented in a structure format; the sequence of events which involves the character in conflict.
(Beginning, Middle, Ending)
Narrative Order – the sequence of events
Chronological - the most common type of narrative order in children’s books.
Flashback – occurs when the author narrates an event that took place before the
current time of the story.
Time Lapse – occurs when the story skips a period of time that seems unusual
compared to the rest of the plot.
PYRAMIDAL STRUCTURE OF A PLOT
a. Exposition – introduces the time, place, setting and the main characters.
b. Complication – unfolds the problems and struggles that would be encountered by the main
encounters leading to the crisis.
c. Climax – part where the problem or the conflict is the highest peak of interest; the highest
point of the story for the reader; is the highest moment of interest and greatest emotion; crisis or
the point of no return.
d. Denouement – the untying of the entangled knots or the part that shows a conflict or a
problem is solved, leading to its downward movement or end.
e. Resolution – contains the last statements about the story.
Exposition
Complication
Climax
Denouement
Resolution
Literary Genres
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Qualities of the Plot
Exciting – it should be more exciting than the everyday reality that surrounds us.
Good Structure – the episodes must be arranged effectively, but the most important
element of plot structure is tying all the incidents together so that no one leads naturally
to another.
Plot Devices
Flashback – something out of chronological order; to reveal information, to understand a
character’s nature.
Foreshadowing – a device to give a sign of something to come; its purpose is to create
suspense, to keep the readers guessing.
Suspense – this is the feeling of excitement or tension in the reader’s experiences as the
action of the plot unfolds.
Surprise Ending – an ending that catches the reader off guard with an unexpected turn
of events.
In Media Res – the technique of beginning a story in the middle of the action with the
background information given later in flashbacks.
5. Point of View – the writer’s feeling and attitude toward his subject; determines who tells the
story; identifies the narrator of the story.
Classification of Point of View
First Person – the writer uses the pronoun “I “. He/ she could be a participant or a
character in his own work; the narrator may be the protagonist, an observer, a minor
character, or the writer himself/herself.
Third Person – the writer-narrator is a character in the story. He/She narrates the based
on what he observed/his opinion. On the other hand, a limited third person is an
outsider/observer who is not part of the story.
Omniscient – the writer-narrator sees all; he can see into the minds of characters and
even report everyone’s innermost thoughts.
Literary Genres
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Name Characteristics Pronouns
First Person
Speaker part of the story,
can observe characters, but
reveals feelings and
reactions only of self
I, me, mine, we, us, our (s)
Third Person
Limited Third Person
Story told only as one
character can observe
Narrator not part of the
story, cannot read any
character’s mind
He, him, his, she, her (s),
they, them theirs
He, him, his, she, her (s),
they, them, theirs
Omniscient Narrator/author knows all
and sees all
He, him, his, she, her (s),
they,them,theirs
6. Mood – the atmosphere or emotional effect generated by the words, images, situations in a
literary work (the emotional ambience of the work), for example, melancholy, joyous, tense,
oppressive and so on.
7. Tone – a term used, sometimes broadly, to denote an attitude of feeling of the speaker or
author as conveyed by the language in its artful arrangement (e.i. ironic, pensive, sly, acerbic,
and humorous); it describes the attitude of the narrator or persona of the work whereas mood
refers to the emotional impact felt by the reader of the work. Although often similar, these
feelings are necessarily the same.
8. Symbolisms – stand for something other than themselves, they bring to mind not their own
concrete qualities, but the idea or obstruction that is associated with them.
9. Images – are usually characterized by concrete qualities rather than abstract meaning; these
appeal to the senses of taste, smell, feel, sound or sight.
10. Theme – the central or dominating idea in a literary work; it is the topic or subject of the
selection, which is sometimes stated by a character or by the writer himself, but oftentimes, it is
merely suggested or implied. The theme is not a familiar saying or moral.
Literary Genres
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Exercise
Book Reporting
Students are tasked to read a published novel for one month. They will then present what
they have read through book reporting.
Criteria:
Visual Aid 10
Identification of Elements 20
Content 30
Organization 20
Voice Modulation 20
TOTAL 100
Evaluation:
I. Identification.
___________ 1. It is an element of fiction that refers to the struggle or complication involving
the characters.
___________ 2. A fictitious narrative with a complicated plot.
___________ 3. These are the people involved in a conflict.
___________ 4. A causally related sequence of events.
___________ 5. It identifies the narrator of the story.
___________ 6. The representation of human beings.
___________ 7. It occurs when the author narrates an event that took place before the current
time of the story.
___________ 8. The central or the dominating idea in a literary work.
___________ 9. The atmosphere or emotional effect generated by the words, images, and
situations in a literary work.
___________ 10. The locale or period in which the action of the story takes place.
II. Illustrate the pyramidal structure of plot and briefly discuss its elements.
Literary Genres
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POETRY
POETRY is derived from a Greek word poesis meaning “making or creating”.
Poetry is a kind of language that says it more intensely than ordinary language does. Apparently,
we have to remember five things about poetry.
1. Poetry is a concentrated thought.
2. Poetry is a kind of word-music.
3. Poetry expresses all the senses.
4. Poetry answers our demand for rhythm.
5. Poetry is observation plus imagination.
Poetry is as varied as the nature of man-unique in some sense along with man’s eccentricities,
yet clings if appreciated or if deeply imbibed by the reader.
Best Definitions of Poetry
A poem is a meaningful organization of words. – Gemino Abad
Poetry is the fusion of two poles of mind, emotion and thought. – T.S. Eliot
Poetry is the union of thoughts and feelings. – Manuel Viray
Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recorded in tranquility. –
William Wadsworth
It is the rhythmic creation of beauty.- Edgar Allan Poe
It is the record of the best and happiest moments of the happiest and best minds. – Percy
B. Shelly
Poetry is the essence of the creative imagination of man. – Jaime G. Ang
Elements of Poetry
Sense – is revealed through the meaning of words, images and symbols.
a. Diction – denotative and connotative meanings and symbols.
b. Images and Sense Impression – sight, sound, smell, taste, touch, motion, and
emotion.
Objectives:
Identify elements of poetry and their sense in making up poetry
Critique a poem and cite reasons behind their opinions of it
Express their profound emotions and nominated thoughts through poem-making
Literary Genres
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c. Figure of Speech – simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, metonymy,