EDUCATIONAL SESSION ABSTRACT 2010 ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting Anaheim, California 258 Emergency Medicine Pearls 2010 Hays, D. University Medical Center, 1501 North Campbell Ave, Department of Pharmacy, PO Box 245009, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA. Email: [email protected]This session is designed for practitioners in emergency medicine or for other practitioners with an interest in emergency medicine. Seasoned practitioners will describe how to apply clinical pharmacotherapy to unique circumstances and clinical presentations in the Emergency Department. Learning Objectives: 1. Describe a practical process that increases total pharmacy coverage hours in the Emergency Department using a Pharmacy Resident On‐Call Program 2. Discuss the clinical significance of accidental digital epinephrine injection with an autoinjector device. 3. Discuss therapeutic options to prevent or treat digital ischemia following local epinephrine injection. 4. Identify the dose of rFVIIa appropriate for use in warfarin induced ICH. 5. Describe the role of thrombolytics in cardiac arrest with pulmonary embolism 6. Understand the pros and cons of succinylcholine compared to a long‐acting neuromuscular blocker for rapid sequence intubation. 7. Identify the appropriate agent(s) for tetanus immunization in ED patients as part of wound management. 8. Identify two methods of providing guidelines and education to emergency department staff to standardize the management of potential acute ischemic stroke patients 9. Describe the appropriate indications and methods of administration for rabies prophylaxis. 10. Identify three ways to reduce errors and improve communication when using intramuscular methotrexate for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy in the Emergency Department 11. Describe the pharmacological management of acutely agitated patients in the ED. 12. List agents that can be deadly to children with a single ingestion of a single pill or sip. 13. Define the pathophysiology of ischemic priapism and why it is considered a urologic emergency 14. Identify pharmacologic treatment options for priapism 15. Describe how to use antacids for the treatment of capsaicin‐induced dermatitis.
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258 Emergency Medicine Pearls 2010 Hays, D. University Medical Center, 1501 North Campbell Ave, Department of Pharmacy, PO Box 245009, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA. Email: [email protected] This session is designed for practitioners in emergency medicine or for other practitioners with an interest in emergency medicine. Seasoned practitioners will describe how to apply clinical pharmacotherapy to unique circumstances and clinical presentations in the Emergency Department. Learning Objectives:
1. Describe a practical process that increases total pharmacy coverage hours in the Emergency Department using a Pharmacy Resident On‐Call Program
2. Discuss the clinical significance of accidental digital epinephrine injection with an autoinjector device.
3. Discuss therapeutic options to prevent or treat digital ischemia following local epinephrine injection.
4. Identify the dose of rFVIIa appropriate for use in warfarin induced ICH. 5. Describe the role of thrombolytics in cardiac arrest with pulmonary
embolism 6. Understand the pros and cons of succinylcholine compared to a long‐acting
neuromuscular blocker for rapid sequence intubation. 7. Identify the appropriate agent(s) for tetanus immunization in ED patients as
part of wound management. 8. Identify two methods of providing guidelines and education to emergency
department staff to standardize the management of potential acute ischemic stroke patients
9. Describe the appropriate indications and methods of administration for rabies prophylaxis.
10. Identify three ways to reduce errors and improve communication when using intramuscular methotrexate for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy in the Emergency Department
11. Describe the pharmacological management of acutely agitated patients in the ED.
12. List agents that can be deadly to children with a single ingestion of a single pill or sip.
13. Define the pathophysiology of ischemic priapism and why it is considered a urologic emergency
14. Identify pharmacologic treatment options for priapism 15. Describe how to use antacids for the treatment of capsaicin‐induced
16. Review the general principles of hyponatremia 17. Describe the role of vasopressin in hyponatremia 18. Describe the steps in the management of hyponatremia 19. Identify medication and patient‐specific factors that guide appropriate dose
selection of weight‐based medications in the pregnant patient. 20. Discuss the proper use, preparation, and administration of intranasal
sedation and analgesia in the ED. 21. Describe the advantages of intranasal administration of sedation and
analgesia in key patient populations. 22. Describe the role of pyridoxine in .‐Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) production 23. Discuss the proper use, preparation, and administration of intranasal
sedation and analgesia in the ED. 24. Describe the advantages of intranasal administration of sedation and
analgesia in key patient populations. 25. Provide local anesthetic options for patients that have a history of ester or
amide "caine" allergies. 26. Evaluate evidence surrounding the utilization of lidocaine pretreatment for
patients with traumatic brain injuries that require emergent intubation. SelfAssessment Questions:
1. (True or False) Allowing pharmacy residents to respond to medical codes and trauma situations in the Emergency Department can provide valuable resident learning experiences.
2. (True or False) The Pharmacy Resident On‐Call is a substitute for routine clinical pharmacy services in the Emergency Department.
3. (True or False) All epinephrine autoinjector accidents require a trip to the emergency department for evaluation.
4. (True or False) Nitroglycerin paste can be used to prevent or treat complications from accidental digital injection of epinephrine.
5. (True or False) The dose of rFVIIa necessary for warfarin induced ICH is 90 mcg/kg.
6. rFVIIa time to onset is: a. 15 minutes b. 60 minutes c. 6 hours
7. (True or False) rtPA has been proven to be the most effective thrombolytic agent for pulmonary embolism.
8. (True or False) CPR should be stopped 15 minutes after thrombolytic administration.
9. (True or False) The literature reports that patients are generally
administered adequate anxiolysis after the use of a long‐acting neuromuscular blocker.
10. (True or False) Based on the available literature and expert clinical opinion, succinylcholine should remain the drug of choice in the emergency department for rapid sequence intubation.
11. (True or False) Tdap should be administered to all adult ED patients who require tetanus toxoid‐containing vaccine as part of wound management
12. Tetanus immune globulin (TIG) should be administered as part of wound management if the person's vaccination history is either unknown / incomplete:
a. For all wounds b. For all but clean minor wounds
13. (True or False) Developing an operational methods sheet demonstrating the admixture of alteplase for acute ischemic stroke can be a useful resource for emergency department nursing staff during times when a pharmacist is not available.
14. (True or False) Development of pre‐printed ordersets can help standardize the care of potential acute ischemic stroke patients in the emergency department.
15. (True or False) Rabies Vaccine should be given in the gluteal muscle due to the vaccine's large volume.
16. (True or False) Immune globulin and Rabies vaccine could be mixed in the same syringe to decrease the needle burden to the patient.
17. (True or False) Creating a standard process for methotrexate dose calculation and ordering can help reduce potential medication errors
18. When creating guidelines for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy in the Emergency Department, which of the following departments should be included in the development process?
a. Emergency Department and OB/GYN Department b. Emergency Department and Pharma c. Emergency Department only... it's their department d. Emergency Department, OB/GYN Department and Pharmacy
Department 19. (True or False) Ketamine is the preferred agent for managing all acutely
agitated patients in the ED. 20. (True or False) A single pill of glipizide can be life threatening to a child?
a. Increasing activation of noicieptors by lowering the extracellular pH b. Altering the ion‐mediated release of substance P due to the presence
of divalent cations c. Removing capsaicin residue from the skin
25. (True or False) The safety profile, cost, and availability of liquid antacids in the ED makes them a reasonable treatment option for capsaicin‐induced dermatitis.
26. Which of the following is the most common cause of euvolemic hyponatremia:
a. Hypothyroidism b. Glucocorticoid deficiency c. Nephrotic syndrome d. SIADH or Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone
27. All of the following agents are selective oral V2 receptor antagonists except: a. Tolvaptan b. Conivaptan c. Lixivaptan d. Satavaptan
28. (True or False) Maternal physiologic changes (i.e., increased plasma volume and glomerular filtration rate) and pharmacokinetic drug properties (i.e., volume of distribution and placental transfer of drug to the fetus) are factors to consider in determining
29. (True or False) Patients are less likely to experience adverse drug effects from intranasally administered products than intravenously administered products.
30. Which of the following is an advantage of intranasal administration of analgesia and sedation?
a. Drugs are absorbed directly into the bloodstream b. It is painless, fast, and requires little skill c. It is inexpensive
31. (True or False) Chronic ethanol consumption can down regulate the production of GABA receptors.
32. (True or False) Pyridoxine supplementation can be used to ensure normal GABA receptor function.
33. (True or False) Patients are less likely to experience adverse drug effects from intranasally administered products than intravenously administered products.
34. Which of the following is an advantage of intranasal administration of analgesia and sedation?
a. Drugs are absorbed directly into the bloodstream b. It is painless, fast, and requires little skill c. It is inexpensive d. All of the above
35. (True or False) There is cross reactivity between ester local anesthetics 36. (True or False) Diphenhydramine has a longer onset of action compared to
lidocaine. 37. (True or False) 1 mg of lidocaine is an appropriate pretreatment dose for RSI
in preventing increases in ICP (intracranial pressure) for those patients with head trauma
Who is my Local Contact? http://www.cdc.gov/rabies/resources/contacts.h
tml
1-800-CDC-INFO. They will likely tell you to call your local officer
Ask for a case or reference number
Recombinant Factor VIIa: Recombinant Factor VIIa: How Low Can You Go? How Low Can You Go?
Amanda V. Woloszyn, PharmDAmanda V. Woloszyn, PharmDPGY2PGY2--Emergency Medicine Pharmacy ResidentEmergency Medicine Pharmacy ResidentMayo Clinic, Rochester MNMayo Clinic, Rochester MNDisclosures: NoneDisclosures: None
ObjectiveObjective
•• Identify the dose of rFVIIa Identify the dose of rFVIIa appropriate for use in oral appropriate for use in oral anticoagulation (OAC) induced ICHanticoagulation (OAC) induced ICH
Patient CasePatient Case
•• 78 yo F presenting to ED from home 78 yo F presenting to ED from home with altered mental status per familywith altered mental status per family
•• M d L li t f di tiM d L li t f di ti•• Meds: Long list of medications, Meds: Long list of medications, includes warfarin (INR from 1 week includes warfarin (INR from 1 week ago 2.4)ago 2.4)
•• Vitals: BP 192/87, HR 72, 02stat 90%Vitals: BP 192/87, HR 72, 02stat 90%
•• Labs: INR 4.2, all others WNL Labs: INR 4.2, all others WNL
Oral Anticoagulation Induced ICHOral Anticoagulation Induced ICH
•• Worsen the patient’s conditionWorsen the patient’s condition
Morgenstern LB, et al. Morgenstern LB, et al. StrokeStroke. 2010;41:00. 2010;41:00--00. Online at 00. Online at http://stroke.ahajournals.orghttp://stroke.ahajournals.orgDiringer MN, et al. Diringer MN, et al. StrokeStroke. 2010;41:48. 2010;41:48--53.53.Robinson MT, et al. Robinson MT, et al. Stroke. Stroke. 2010;41:14592010;41:1459--63.63.
Is this dose appropriate for Is this dose appropriate for reversal of OAC?reversal of OAC?
•• Probably notProbably not
•• Higher doses increased risk of Higher doses increased risk of thrombosisthrombosisthrombosisthrombosis
•• Lower doses in nonLower doses in non--hemophilicshemophilicsmay workmay work
Diringer MN, et al. Stroke. 2010;41:48-53.Robinson MT, et al. Stroke. 2010;41:1459-63.
What dose should you use?What dose should you use?
•• 1010--40 mcg/kg40 mcg/kg
•• Some have gone as low at Some have gone as low at 5 mcg/kg5 mcg/kgg gg g
•• Administer over 1Administer over 1--2 minutes slow IV 2 minutes slow IV bolusbolus
Sorensen B, et al. Sorensen B, et al. Blood CoagulFibrinolysisBlood CoagulFibrinolysis. 2003;12:469. 2003;12:469--477.477.Freeman WD, et al. Freeman WD, et al. Mayo Clin Proc.Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79:14952004;79:1495--1500.1500.Mayer SA, et al. N Engl J Med.Mayer SA, et al. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:7772005;352:777--785.785.
LOWER IS BETTER!!!LOWER IS BETTER!!!
•• 1010--40 mcg/kg 40 mcg/kg
•• Efficacious in reversal of OAC Efficacious in reversal of OAC induced ICH induced ICH
•• Lower doses decreased risk of Lower doses decreased risk of thrombosis thrombosis
•• No longer recommended by the No longer recommended by the AHA/ASA guidelines AHA/ASA guidelines
Morgenstern LB, et al. Morgenstern LB, et al. StrokeStroke. 2010;41:00. 2010;41:00--00. Online at 00. Online at http://stroke.ahajournals.orghttp://stroke.ahajournals.org
Christopher R. Shaw, PharmDPGY2 Emergency Medicine Resident
Describe a practical process that increases total pharmacy coverage hours in the Emergency Department using a Pharmacy Resident On-Call ProgramPharmacy Resident On Call Program
Level I trauma center Regional pediatric trauma referral center Maryland eye trauma center Adult ED- 58 000 patient visits annuallyAdult ED 58,000 patient visits annually Pediatric ED- 24,000 patient visits
Coverage Hours Weekdays: 1600 to 2300 Weekdays: 1600 to 2300
Weekends/Holidays: 1100 to 2300 Responsibilities Includes medical code and trauma coverage
Development of clinical autonomy Experience being primary clinical
reference Meet residency learning system (RLS)Meet residency learning system (RLS)
goals Participate in the management of medical
emergencies
July 1, 2009 to June 30, 2010 1,241 documented code/trauma
responses by ROC 1 006 responses to ED1,006 responses to ED 429 requiring ROC intervention
Median of 40 minutes if interventions required Range: 10 to 240 minutes
True or False: Allowing pharmacy residents to respond to medical codes and trauma situations in the Emergency Department can provide valuable residentDepartment can provide valuable resident learning experiences.
True or False: The Pharmacy Resident On-Call is a substitute for routine clinical pharmacy services in the Emergency Department.
Christopher R. Shaw, PharmDPGY2 Emergency Medicine Resident
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
DTaP or Tdap from the ADC: The Alphabet Soup of Tetanus
Immunization in the EDImmunization in the ED
Maria I. Rudis, PharmD, DABAT, FCCMMaria I. Rudis, PharmD, DABAT, FCCMClinical Pharmacy Specialist Clinical Pharmacy Specialist –– Emergency MedicineEmergency Medicine
Mayo Clinic, Rochester MNMayo Clinic, Rochester MN
Disclosures: NoneDisclosures: None
Learning Objective
•• Identify the appropriate agent(s) for Identify the appropriate agent(s) for tetanus immunization in ED patients as tetanus immunization in ED patients as part of wound managementpart of wound management
In other words,In other words,
•• What are all these products? What are all these products?
•• Who gets what? Who gets what?
•• What should I stock in the ED ADC?What should I stock in the ED ADC?
Mortality and Incidence Rates of Tetanus Reported in the US (1900-2005)
Reported Cases of Tetanus, Survival Status and Average Annual Incidence Rates by Age Group in US (2001-2005)
Tetanus Trends in the US
• Tetanus is rare in the US • Reemerging in: • Areas• Specific populations – age, risk groups
From the Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases4th Edition at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt16-tetanus.pdf
Number of Tetanus Cases Reported Among Persons With Diabetes or Injection-Drug
Use (IDU), by Age Group
Pascual FB, et al. Tetanus surveillance--United States, 1998--2000.MMWR Surveill Summ. 2003 Jun 20; 52(3):1-8
Alphabet Soup: The BasicsDTAP*, Tdap**, DT*, Td**, TIG
• Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis Vaccines• Four combination vaccines to prevent
diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
• Upper case letters• Full strength doses• Full-strength doses
• Lower-case “d” and “p”• Reduced doses; “a” = “acellular”
• * (DTaP and DT): age < 7 yrs• ** (Tdap and Td) for older kids and adults• TIG – tetanus immune globulin (human)
…Alphabet Soup: The BasicsDTAP*, Tdap**, DT*, Td**, TIG
• Td: adult tetanus-diphtheria vaccine adsorbed • Min age: 7 yrs• Booster q10 years; or after an exposure to tetanus
• Tdap - tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis• Similar to Td but also contains protection vs pertussis• Single dose at age 11-12; or instead of one Td booster in older
adolescents & adults (19-64)• Boostrix (GSK): 10-18 yrs (FDA 12/08: now to 64 yrs)• Adacel (Sanofi Pasteur): 11-64 yrs
• DT ≠ pertussis; substitute for DTaP for children who cannot tolerate pertussis vaccine
• TT – tetanus toxoid (single antigen)• Only if severe allergic reaction Td
Vasoconstriction of small vessels leads to decreased blood flowdecreased blood flow
Decreased blood flow leads to ischemia Ischemia leads to necrosis Necrosis leads to it falling off
16% of physicians accidentally self injected during a simulated training session 100% read the instructions prior to session 100% read the instructions prior to session
Poison Control Centers recommend soaking in warm water and waiting Retrospective cohort of 213 patients
All called poison control with accidental digital All called poison control with accidental digital injection of epinephrine
Most had complete resolution within 2 hours
All eventually had complete resolution of symptoms
No digits fell off (or required surgery)
Local vasodilation Limited success in the literature 1 gram of 2% nitroglycerin ointment Potential adverse effectsPotential adverse effects Hypotension
Headache
Local infiltration with phentolamine Blocks alpha-1 effect of epinephrine
Immediate reversal of symptoms
Painful!!! Painful!!! Dilute 1 mg of phentolamine with 1 ml of
2% lidocaine Slowly inject subcutaneously until pallor
resolves
It will not fall off (probably) If treatment is needed Nitroglycerin▪ Less invasiveLess invasive
▪ Efficacy questionable
Phentolamine▪ Painful, but definitive
Accidental Digital Injection of Epinephrine
Christopher J. Edwards, PharmD, BCPSClinical Staff Pharmacist
Emergency MedicineUniversity Medical Center
Tucson, Arizona
Nicole M. Acquisto, Pharm.D., BCPSEmergency Medicine Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Dept. of Pharmacy
Senior Instructor, Dept. of Emergency MedicineUniversity of Rochester, Rochester, [email protected]
Highly vascularized mucosa Rapid access to bloodstream and brain
Avoid first pass metabolism
Painless and fast delivery Painless and fast delivery Inexpensive Skilled training not necessary
Minimize drug volume Less than 1mL per nostril
Maximize drug concentration Use both nostrils Use both nostrils Doubles surface area for absorption
Use atomization device
Suction nostrils before administration Secure patient’s head Place atomizer securely in nostril Point toward ear on the same sidePoint toward ear on the same side Rapidly deliver half contents of syringe Repeat in other nostril with remaining drug
Managing Priapism in the ED: Managing Priapism in the ED: It Doesn’t Have to Be HardIt Doesn’t Have to Be HardIt Doesn’t Have to Be Hard It Doesn’t Have to Be Hard
Ryan Attwood PharmD, BCPSRyan Attwood PharmD, BCPS
ED Clinical PharmacistED Clinical Pharmacist
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MNMayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
Objectives Objectives
•• Describe pathophysiology of priapismDescribe pathophysiology of priapism•• IschemicIschemic vs non ischemic vs non ischemic •• Highlight implicated medicationsHighlight implicated medications
•• Describe management of ischemic priapism Describe management of ischemic priapism •• Treatment algorithm Treatment algorithm •• Role of vasoactive medicationsRole of vasoactive medications•• Method of administrationMethod of administration
Priapism Priapism
•• Erection > 4 hours after or unrelated Erection > 4 hours after or unrelated to sexual stimulationto sexual stimulation
•• Overall incidence 1.5 cases / 100,000 Overall incidence 1.5 cases / 100,000 person yearsperson years
•• Relevant to ED pharmacists???Relevant to ED pharmacists???•• Drugs can cause it Drugs can cause it •• Drugs used to treat itDrugs used to treat it
Ischemic Priapism: Time Is TissueIschemic Priapism: Time Is Tissue Ischemic Ischemic PriapismPriapism Treatment AlgorithmTreatment Algorithm
Decompression by blood aspiration
Intercavernosal injection of sympathomimetics
Surgical intervention
SympathomimeticsSympathomimetics for for PriapismPriapism
•• MOA: vasoconstrictionMOA: vasoconstriction
•• Injected into the Injected into the corpora corpora cavernosaecavernosae
•• Variety of agents triedVariety of agents triedVariety of agents triedVariety of agents tried
•• PhenylephrinePhenylephrine: most : most commonly commonly recommendedrecommended
PhenylephrinePhenylephrine for for PriapismPriapism•• Variety of doses / dilutions usedVariety of doses / dilutions used
•• Recent guidelinesRecent guidelines•• 200 µg / ml X 0.5200 µg / ml X 0.5--1 1 mLmL Q 5 min until Q 5 min until
resolutionresolution•• Dilution: 1 ml 1% Dilution: 1 ml 1% phenylephrinephenylephrine in 49 in 49 p y pp y p
ml NSml NS
•• Efficacy: 81%Efficacy: 81%
•• High dose High dose phenylephrinephenylephrine (1000 µg / dose)(1000 µg / dose)•• Theoretical, but no clinical differenceTheoretical, but no clinical difference
Broderick GA, et al. J Sex Med 2010;7:476-500 Munarriz R, et al. J Sex Med 2006;3:918-922Montague DK, et al. J Urol 2003;170:1318-1324
PhenylephrinePhenylephrine for for PriapismPriapism
•• Max dosage Max dosage -- 1 mg? 1 mg?
•• Monitoring: same as other Monitoring: same as other vasoactivevasoactivemedicationsmedications
•• Condition is relatively common Condition is relatively common
•• ED pharmacists have a role to play ED pharmacists have a role to play •• Identify agents that may cause it Identify agents that may cause it •• Help recommend appropriate treatmentHelp recommend appropriate treatmentHelp recommend appropriate treatment Help recommend appropriate treatment •• Assure safe administration of Assure safe administration of
phenylephrinephenylephrine
•• 200 µg / ml 200 µg / ml phenylephrinephenylephrine: made by diluting 1 : made by diluting 1 ml of 1% ml of 1% phenylephrinephenylephrine in 49 ml NSin 49 ml NS
•• 0.5 0.5 –– 1 ml dose q 5 min until resolution 1 ml dose q 5 min until resolution
to local anesthetics. Ann Pharmacother 1996; 30:851-857.
2. Ernst AA, Anand P, Nick T, et al: Lidocaine versus diphenhydramine for local anesthesia in minor skin lacerations J Trauma 1993; 34:354-357lacerations. J Trauma 1993; 34:354-357.
3. Ernst AA, Marvez-Valls E, Mall G, et al: 1% Lidocaine versus 0.5% diphenhydramine for local anesthesia in minor laceration repair. Ann Emerg Med 1994; 23:1328-1332.
4. Green SM, Rothrock SG, Gorchynski J: Validation of diphenhydramine as a dermal local anesthetic. Ann Emerg Med 1994;23:1284-1289.
Pamela Walker, Pharm.D., BCPSClinical Coordinator – Emergency Department Pharmacy ServicesAdjunct Clinical Assistant ProfessorUniversity of Michigan Hospitals and Health Centers
Intubation can set off a chain reaction Coughs
Dysrhythmias
Hypertension Hypertension
Increase intracranial pressure
Increase intraocular pressure
Tachycardia Potential hemodynamic changes tend to
be overlooked
Reflex circulatory changes Mean arterial pressure can increase by 25-28
torr
Heart rate can increase by 11-28 beats/minHeart rate can increase by 11 28 beats/min
Typically lasts </= 5 mins Upper respiratory tact undergoes
mechanical stimulation via laryngoscope Reflex sympathetic response Atropine failure
Other agents have failed Alpha adrenergic blockers, beta blockers,
Mower WR, Knopp RK. Clinical Controversies: Lidocaine Administration Before Rapid Sequence Intubation in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injuries. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;49(1):84-87
Robinson N. Clancy M. In patients with head injury undergoing rapid sequence intubation, does pretreatment with intravenous lignocaine/lidocaine lead to an improved neurological outcome? A review of the literature. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2001;18(6):453-457
Grover VK, Reddy GM, Kak VK, Singh S. Intracranial pressure changes with different doses of lignocaine under general anaesthesia. Neurol India 1999;47:118
Silber SH. Rapid Sequence Intubation in Adults with Elevated Intracranial Pressure: A Survey of Emergency Medicine Residency Programs Am J Emerg Med 1997;15(3):263 267Programs. Am J Emerg Med. 1997;15(3):263-267
Melinda J Ortmann, PharmD, BCPSClinical Pharmacy Specialist- Emergency Medicine
The Johns Hopkins HospitalBaltimore, MD
Identify three ways to reduce errors and improve communication when using intramuscular (IM) methotrexate for theintramuscular (IM) methotrexate for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy in the Emergency Department
Inconsistent processes Unclear orders The error that started it all…. Non-validated medical calculatorNon validated medical calculator
Define provider roles in the process Standardize calculation process Maximizing available resources Electronic order entry system
Validated web calculator
On-line access to Methotrexate Policy and patient information
OB/GYN provider responsibilities ED provider responsibilities Pharmacy role In the EDIn the ED
Creating a standard process for th t t d l l ti dmethotrexate dose calculation and
ordering can help reduce potential medication errors
When creating guidelines for the treatment of ectopic pregnancy in the ED, which of the following departments should be included in the development process?
A. ED and OB/GYN Department
B. ED and Pharmacy Department
C. ED only... it's their department
D. ED, OB/GYN Department and Pharmacy Dept
Weighing You Weighing Your Options:Appropriate Dose Selection in the Pregnant Patient
Weighing Your Options:Appropriate Dose Selection
i th P t P ti t
Adrienne Bell, Pharm.D., BCPSEmergency Department Pharmacist
LMWH8-10 - Renal elimination Actual BW- Vd = intravascular space- Does NOT cross placenta
UFH8 - Vd = blood volume- Does NOT cross placenta- Altered PB
Adjusted BWor
Actual BW
1. McCarter-Spaulding DE. Medications in Pregnancy and Lactation. MCN. 2005;30(1):10-17.
2. Dundas K. Obstetrics – the physiologic changes. Hospital Pharmacist. 2003;10:242-254.
3. Lockwood C.J. & Lemons J.A. (Eds.) (2007). Guidelines for Perinatal Care (6th Ed). Elk Grove, IA: American Academy of Pediatrics and The American College of Obstetricians andPediatrics and The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
4. Malm G. Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2009;14:204-208.
5. Murugappan A, Coplin WM, Al-Sadat AN, et al. Thrombolytic therapy of acute ischemic stroke during pregnancy. Neurology.2006;66:768-770.
6. Ward K, Theiler RN. Once-daily Dosing of Gentamicin in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Clin Obstet Gynecol.2008;51(3):498-506.
7. Lyell DJ, Pullen K, Fuh K, et al. Daily Compared With 8-Hour Gentamicin for the Treatment of Intrapartum Chorioamnionitis. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115:344-9.
8. Bates SM, Greer IA, Pabinger I. Venous Thromboembolism, Thrombophilia, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Pregnancy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice g yGuidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133:844S-886S.
9. Patel JP, Hunt BJ. Where do we go now with low molecular weight heparin use in obstetric care? Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2008;6:1461-1467.
10. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Thromboembolic Disease in Pregnancy and the Peurperium: Acute Management. Guideline no.28 Update. London: RCOG Press, 2007. Available at http://www.rcog.org.uk.
Gillian H. Pineda, Pharm.D., BCPSEmergency Medicine Clinical Pharmacist
Community Regional Medical CenterFresno, California
JM, 33 y.o. male, found down in the gutter by FPD and BIBA for AMS
On arrival to the ED, JM became extremely agitated and combative Non-pharmacological measures proved to be futile Pharmacological agents to consider for rapid tranquillization?
IM Formulations Benzodiazepines Antipsychotics Dissociative anesthetic
Zimbroff, DL. CNS Drugs 2008;22(3):199-212.
Binds to GABA receptors and facilitates GABA neurotransmission
Points to consider Reduces agitation without causing movement disordersReduces agitation without causing movement disorders Fails to address underlying psychiatric disorder
Examples Midazolam Lorazepam Diazepam
Typical Blocks dopamine-2
receptors Points to consider
▪ Adverse effect profile of
Atypical Blocks dopamine-2 and
serotonin-2 receptors Points to consider
▪ Better tolerability and ▪ Adverse effect profile of individual agents
Examples▪ Haloperidol▪ Droperidol
▪ Better tolerability and safety profile vs typicals
Duration of action: 30 min Dose: 4 – 6 mg/kg IM x 1
Strengths 10mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml
Points to consider Most commonly used
anesthetic in the world Does not decrease airway
protective reflexes
Benzodiazepines alone or in combo with typical antipsychotics continue to be the mainstay for the management of undifferentiated acute agitation
Antipsychotics are preferred for the treatment of acute p y pagitation in persons with known psychiatric illnesses
Ketamine IM may be considered in patients with undifferentiated form of agitation AND life-threatening, uncontrollable behavior
Allen MH, Currier GW, Carpenter D, et al. J Psychiatr Pract. 2005;11(Suppl 1):5-108.Roberts JR and Geeting GK. J Trauma 2001;51:1008-1010.
Umbreen I. Murtaza, PharmD, BCPSClinical Pharmacy Specialist - Emergency Medicine
The Johns Hopkins HospitalBaltimore, MD
Identify two methods of providing guidelines and education to emergency department staff to standardize the management ofstaff to standardize the management of potential acute ischemic stroke patients
Reconstitute per package insert instructions with provided 100 ml sterile water (swirl, do not shake vial).
Final concentration of alteplase solution is 1 mg/ml.
Total dose (0.9 mg/kg)= _______ mg (round to nearest whole mgMaximum dose 90 mg)
Total dose volume = mg x 1 ml/mg = mlo a dose o u e _____ g / g _____
Withdraw and discard excess alteplase from vial:[100 ml – total dose (_____ml) = excess (waste)_____ ml]
Calculate bolus dose (10% total volume) = _____ mlAdminister bolus over 1 minute by Alaris pump
Infuse remainder of dose (90% total volume)=_____ml ascontinuous IV infusion over 60 min (must use infusion pump)
An instruction sheet that outlines a workflow using graphics and simple, concise textconcise text
How To Reconstitute Alteplase
Use aseptic technique
AlteplaseRemove flip caps from
Alteplase and Sterile Water for Injection (SWFI) vials. Remove transfer device
from packagingKeeping vial of SWFI upright, insert pin
vertically into center of the SWFI vial stopper
Holding the vial of Alteplase upside down, pierce the other end of the pin
vertically into the center of the Alteplase vial stopper
SWFI
How to Reconstitute Alteplase
Alteplase
SWFI
Invert the vials Allow entireInvert the vials. Allow entire contents of vial of SWFI to flow
into Alteplase vial (Approximately 2 minutes)
Remove empty SWFI vial and transfer pin from Alteplase vial and
swirl gently
REMEMBER: When withdrawing the
waste, hold the vial horizontally and draw out the excess medication. If you hold the vial vertically, the liquid will drip and leak out of the puncture hole.
True or False?Developing an operational methods sheet demonstrating the admixture of alteplase for acute ischemic strokealteplase for acute ischemic stroke can be a useful resource for ED nursing staff during times when a pharmacist is not available.
True or False?
Development of pre-printed order sets can help standardize the care of potentialhelp standardize the care of potential acute ischemic stroke patients in the emergency department.
Mona Shah, Pharm.D, BCPSClinical Specialist, Emergency Medicine
Inova Fairfax Hospital, VADecember 8, 2010
MCM 2010 Clinical Pearls
Severe if serum Na < 115 mEq/L
S/Sx: disorientation → coma, seizures
Considered a medical emergency
Acute vs. chronic
Pathophysiology
Inability to suppress ADH or ↑H2O intake
H2O shifts from ECF to ICF
Max rate of correction:10-12 mEq/L/24 hrs
Isotonic saline Hypovolemia; Maintenance
Slow ↑PNa; requires large volume
Hypertonic saline
Acute and symptomatic
Overcorrection can cause ODS. Infusion rate calculations??
Fluid restriction Hypervolemia, l i
Helps prevent further decrease in P f bleuvolemia PNa; not enforceable
Diuretics May worsen hyponatremia –↓Na+
and H20
Demeclocycline SIADH (not FDA appr.)
Takes days for effect, risk of nephrotoxicity in cirrhosis and HF
Vaptans SIADH, CHF, cirrhosis
No ∆ [Na+], ↓ H20
ODS = Osmotic demyelination Syndrome
Mr. Jones is 62 y/o M BIBAircare w/ tremors, vomiting, weakness, ∆MS. Pt was found unconscious on bathroom floor. Pt consumed +70 beers over last 4 days per family
VS: 180/106, 120, 24 (intubated in the ED) PE: No focal deficit, PERRLA CT (Head) - No acute intracranial abnormality
EtOH:103, BUN <2, Na 113, SCr 0.7, BG 234
1. Calculate total body water (TBW) Men: 0.6 x lean body weight (kg) Women: 0.5 x lean BW (kg)
2. Estimate the change in serum sodium needed ∆PNa (mEq/L) = 10-12 mEq/L/24 hours
OR
∆PNa (mEq/L) = (120 – patient’s serum Na) = _____ mEq/L3. Calculate the amount of sodium (Na) needed
Amount of Na (mEq) = ∆PNa (mEq/L) x TBW (L)4. Calculate the volume of infusate (3%) needed Vol of 3% saline = [Amt Na (mEq)/ 513 (mEq/L)] x 1000 = ____ mL
5. Calculate the rate of correction Volume (mL) / ___ hrs = ______ mL/hr
6. Check serum Na every 2-4 hours when infusing 3% saline
Step 1: Calculate TBW (use IBW) TBW = 0.6 x 68 kg = 40.8 L
Step 2: Max ∆P per 24 hrs is 12 mEq/L Step 2: Max ∆PNa per 24 hrs is 12 mEq/L Step 3: Calculate amount of sodium
needed to achieve the above ∆PNa
Amt of Na needed = ∆PNa x TBW= 12 mEq/L x 40.8L = 490mEq
490 mEq is the total amount of Na needed to increase serum Na by 12 mEq/L/24 hours
**Materials not provided by presenter in time to meet publication deadline** Emergency Medicine Pearls 2010 Planned in cooperation with the ASHP Section of Clinical Specialists & Scientists ACPE Activity #204-000-10-258-L01P 1.75 Contact Hours / Knowledge-based Moderator: Daniel Hays, Clinical Pharmacist, University Medical Center Presentation: The Clot Stops Here Laura E. Celmins, PharmD Speaker Contact Information: Laura E. Celmins, PharmD 2630 West Armitage Avenue, Apt 2 Chicago, IL 60647 Email: [email protected]
**Materials not provided by presenter in time to meet publication deadline** Emergency Medicine Pearls 2010 Planned in cooperation with the ASHP Section of Clinical Specialists & Scientists ACPE Activity #204-000-10-258-L01P 1.75 Contact Hours / Knowledge-based Moderator: Daniel Hays, Clinical Pharmacist, University Medical Center Presentation: Deadly in a Dose, Pediatric Poisons Deborah J. Larison, PharmD, BCPS Speaker Contact Information: Deborah J. Larison, PharmD, BCPS Sarasota Memorial Hospital Department of Pharmacy 1700 S. Tamiami Trl Sarasota, FL 34239 Email: [email protected]