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Educational Psychology:Educational Psychology:Theory and PracticeTheory and Practice
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Student Diversity
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What Is the Impact of Culture on Teaching and Learning?
How Does Socioeconomic Status Affect Student Achievement?
How Do Ethnicity and Race Affect Students’ School Experiences?
Organizing QuestionsOrganizing Questions
How Do Language Differences and Bilingual Programs Affect Student Achievement?
What Is Multicultural Education? How Do Gender and Gender Bias
Affect Students’ School Experiences?
How Do Students differ in Intelligence and Learning Styles?
Impact of Culture on Teaching Impact of Culture on Teaching and Learningand Learning
What is Culture? Factors Influencing Cultural
Background Tendency to Reflect
Mainstream Middle-Class Values
Disadvantages for Children from Other Cultures
Socioeconomic StatusSocioeconomic Status
What is Socioeconomic Status? Levine and Levine’s (1996)
Taxonomy Upper Class (3 percent) Upper Middle Class (22 percent) Lower Middle Class (34 percent) Upper Working Class (28 percent) Lower Working Class (13 percent)
The Urban Underclass
Role of Child-Rearing PracticesRole of Child-Rearing Practices
Differences between Middle-Class and Working and Lower-Class Families Kinds of Parent-Child Activities Parental Expectations
Link between Income and Summer Learning
Role of Schools as Middle-Class Role of Schools as Middle-Class InstitutionsInstitutions
Competitive versus Cooperative Classroom Structure Individuality Future Time Orientation
School and Community FactorsSchool and Community Factors
Funding and Social Class Differences
between Schools Serving Lower- and Middle-Class Students
School and Community FactorsSchool and Community Factors
Factors Influencing Motivation, Achievement, and Mental Health in Very Impoverished Neighborhoods Crime Lack of Positive Role Models Inadequate Social and Health Services
Is the Low Achievement of Is the Low Achievement of Children from Low-Income Children from Low-Income
Groups Inevitable?Groups Inevitable? Intensive Interventions
Reading Recovery Success For All
Reductions in Class Size
Implications for TeachersImplications for Teachers
Recognize Varying Degrees of Preparation.
Avoid Stereotypes, Low Expectations, and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies.
Ethnicity and RaceEthnicity and Race
Ethnic Group Ethnicity Race
Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Racial and Ethnic Composition of the United StatesUnited States
Minority Group Increasing Proportion of
Nonwhites and Latinos Implications for U.S. Education
Academic Achievement of Academic Achievement of Minority-Group StudentsMinority-Group Students
Gap in Academic Achievement Correspondence between
Achievement Gaps and Differences in SES
Why Have Minority-Group Students Why Have Minority-Group Students Lagged in Achievement?Lagged in Achievement?
Socioeconomic Status Inferior Schools Instruction Inconsistent with
Culture Low Expectations
Effects of School DesegregationEffects of School Desegregation
Brown v. Board of Education Desegregation and Busing Effects of Desegregation on
Academic Achievement
Teaching in Culturally Diverse Teaching in Culturally Diverse SchoolsSchools
Use Fairness and Balance. Choice of Texts and Instructional
Materials Supplement Textbooks Reach out to Parents and
Families. Avoid Stereotyping. Set Rules Forbidding Racial or
Ethnic Bias.
Teaching in Culturally Diverse Teaching in Culturally Diverse SchoolsSchools
Emphasize Valuing Cultural Heritage and Contributions to History and Civilization.
Use Multicultural Classroom Decorations.
Avoid Resegregation. Avoid Culturally Insensitive
Assignments.
Language Differences and Language Differences and Bilingual ProgramsBilingual Programs
Language Minority Limited English Proficiency
(LEP) English as a Second Language
(ESL)
Bilingual EducationBilingual Education
Types of Bilingual Programs
Characteristics of Bilingual Programs
Effectiveness of Bilingual Programs
Research Results Forms of Instruction Problems with Bilingual
Education Movement against Bilingual
Education
Multicultural EducationMulticultural Education
“…including non-European perspectives in curriculum…” (p. 118)
Dimensions of Multicultural Dimensions of Multicultural EducationEducation
Content Integration
Knowledge Construction
Prejudice Reduction
Equity Pedagogy
Empowering School Culture
How do Gender and Gender Bias How do Gender and Gender Bias affect Students’ School Experience?affect Students’ School Experience?
Child’s Sex Gender-Role or
Sex-Role
Do Males and Females Think and Do Males and Females Think and Learn Differently?Learn Differently?
Greater Variability Within than between Sexes
Areas of Difference Self-Estimation of Academic
Skills by Males and Females
Sex-Role Stereotyping and Sex-Role Stereotyping and Gender BiasGender Bias
Causes of Behavioral Differences
Treatment in Schools
Avoiding Gender Bias in Avoiding Gender Bias in TeachingTeaching
Avoiding Stereotypes Promoting Integration Treating Females and Males
Equally
Intelligence and Learning StylesIntelligence and Learning Styles
Difficulty in Defining Intelligence
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Definitions of Intelligence