Educational applications Educational applications of scientific research of scientific research on music performance on music performance Richard Parncutt University of Graz, Austria Invited presentation at the International Symposium on Psychology and Music Education (PME04), Padova, Italy, November 2004
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Educational applications of scientific Educational applications of scientific research on music performanceresearch on music performance
Richard Parncutt
University of Graz, Austria
Invited presentation at the International Symposium on Psychology and Music Education (PME04), Padova, Italy, November 2004
Some issuesSome issues
Academic pressure on music academies Changing demands on musicians/educators Flexibility of job markets Cost efficiency versus structural conservatism Communication education psychology Intuitive versus logical thinking
AimAim
Improve efficiency of music education
Efficiency = output / inputInput = students‘ time and effort; costsOutput = musical or educational quality
Some inadequately taught topicsSome inadequately taught topics
Improvisation Expression Performance anxiety Music medicine Physics, physiology, psychology of performance (own
instrument) Efficient practice Student-teacher interaction
Common Objections and AnswersCommon Objections and Answers
O: We never learned or needed that stuff!
A1: Our students will be even better than we are.
A2: Beethoven had no Bachelor‘s degree.
O: Foreign ideas interfere with teaching!
A1: It‘s about ideas, not “truth”.
A2: Communicate with other teachers.
O: Analytic thinking inhibits spontaneity!
A1: Music theorists are music lovers, too.
A2: Analytic thinking is confined to practice.
ApproachApproach
Survey of practically promising research Practical and political issues
– why not currently taught?– anticipated effect of introduction– strategies to encourage introduction
Sound before sign (Jost, McPherson) Sound before sign (Jost, McPherson)
Approach– set limits (dynamics, articulations, pitches, durations)– expression first: syntax through semantics– combine structural elements with musical skills
Psychological theory of creativity– knowledge, risk, evaluation, motivation, flow
Structural communication (Friberg)Structural communication (Friberg)
Students can‘t describe how they express! Structure: phrasing, meter, melody, harmony Good theories: simple and applicable Expression and accentuation Immanent versus performed accents Principle: performed reinforce immanent Meaningful analysis of repertoire
Emotional communication (Juslin)Emotional communication (Juslin)
Students have little analytical knowledge of: Cues
Music medicine (Gasenzer, Erlitz)Music medicine (Gasenzer, Erlitz)
High incidence, low awareness / treatment: Common problems
– chronic tension, reduced elasticity of muscles– pelvis, lower spine, back of neck– specific to instrument, technique, repertoire, physique
Student musicians need:– knowledge (relevant anatomy, physiology)– strategies (exercises, sport, nutrition)– treatments (active interventions, avoiding overload)– information specific to children
Why important for students?– Prevention is better than cure!
Physics, physiology and psychology Physics, physiology and psychology of piano (Troup, Holming)of piano (Troup, Holming)
Students know surprisingly little about: Relevant mechanics, acoustics, physiology Timbre
Structural and emotional communication– with limited expressive possibilities
Efficient practice (Barry)Efficient practice (Barry)
Diversity of approaches: Study and analysis of scores Mental and physical practice Metacognition, organization, goal orientation Intrinsic motivation Listen to recordings and concerts Many short sessions with breaks