Education systems of regional/minority languages in Spain Regional or minority languages are languages that are: Traditionally used within a given territory of a State by nationals of that State who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the State's population; Different from the official language(s) of that State.
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Education systems of regional/minority languages in Spain
Regional or minority languages are languages that are: Traditionally used within a given territory of a State by nationals of that State who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the State's population; Different from the official language(s) of that State. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Education systems of regional/minority languages in Spain
Regional or minority languages are languages that are:
Traditionally used within a given territory of a State by nationals of that State who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the State's population;
Different from the official language(s) of that State.
During the dictatorship (1936 - 1975), regional languages were completely banned.
The new constitution (1978) and re-instalment of democracy allowed regional languages again.
“Endangered” status of languages leads the regional governments to adopt language policies that ensure their conservation.
Introduction to Education systems in Catalunya, the Basque Country and Galicia
The teaching of Catalan, Basque and Galician is compulsory in the respective autonomous communities (with the exception of international or language schools).
Language education policies vary depending on a) Region
b) Institution
General Language Education Policies
All subjects taught in Spanish, with a regional language as a compulsory, core subject.
Bilingual programmes
All subjects taught in regional language, with the exception of Spanish and foreign languages (English being the most common).
Sistema educativo en Cataluña
Lenguas oficiales-Estatut de Catalunya (2006):“El català és la llengua oficial de Catalunya. També ho és el castellà, que és la llengua oficial de l'Estat espanyol”
-El aranés es una variante del occitano hablado en el Valle de Arán
Sistema educativo en Cataluña
Lengua y educación-La Generalitat ha de garantizar la enseñanza del catalán y el castellano a toda la población.
-El catalán es la lengua vehicular y de aprendizaje en todos los niveles y modalidades educativas
-El castellano se imparte en las clases de Lengua y Literatura castellana y en clases individualizadas en el primer curso de enseñanza
Sistema educativo en Cataluña
Lengua y educación-Los alumnos con desconocimiento de una de las dos lenguas oficiales tienen derecho a recibir una ayuda lingüística específica, como también el alumnado incorporado tarde al sistema escolar
-Los maestros y los profesores han de tener la titulación requerida y han de acreditar el dominio de las dos lenguas oficiales. Normalmente han de emplear el catalán
Sistema educativo en Cataluña
Organización
-Educación infantil
Carácter voluntario Primer ciclo: 0-3 años Segundo ciclo: 3-6 años Lengua vehicular y de aprendizaje: catalán
Sistema educativo en Cataluña
Organización
-Educación obligatoria
Educación primaria: 6-12 años Educación secundaria: 12-16(18) años Se exige al alumnado unos conocimientos
determinados del catalán y el castellano, así como de una tercera lengua extranjera
Lengua vehicular y de aprendizaje: catalán
Sistema educativo en Cataluña
Organización
-Estudios universitarios
“El professorat i l'alumnat dels centres universitaris tenen dret a expressar-se, oralment i per escrit, en la llengua oficial que elegeixin” (Estatut de Catalunya)
El catalán es la lengua propia de las universidades de Cataluña y, por tanto, es la lengua de uso normal de sus actividades.
Sistema educativo en Cataluña
Otras enseñanzas-Enseñanzas de idiomas
Lengua vehicular y de aprendizaje: lengua objeto de estudio. Lengua de referencia: catalán
-Otros estudios
Perfeccionamiento de ambas lenguas oficiales. Lengua vehicular y de aprendizaje: catalán
Promotion of Catalan in France: Education System
Deixonne Law of 1951 Establishment of La Bressola in 1976 –
opening of first Catalan primary school Establishment of CEDACC (Centre de
Documentació i Animació de la Cultura Catalana) in 1978
The Ministerial Memorandum of 1982
Education Laws and Measures taken to promote Catalan
Bilingual education was established as an official option in Perpignan in 1994. - Arrels association offer complete bilingual French/Catalan classes from nursery to secondary school
Opening of first Catalan secondary school in El Soler importance of location first class of 17 students. Strategy = small group first as it makes it easier to adopt Catalan as the main language in class demand is on the rise highly trained teaching staff Catalan language and culture taught 3 hours per week
Education Laws and Measures taken to promote Catalan
University of Perpignan has offered a Catalan language degree since 1982, a Masters since 1984 and a postgrad diploma since 1984.
940 university students of Catalan in France – Catalan department had 230 students and six full time lecturers in 1993.
Media, commerce, public administration and teaching
A number of French universities outside the area offer Catalan courses
University Education
Adult education after University Teacher training - Universitat Catalana
SEDEC of the Generalitat de Catalunya – offers its experience in the area of language standardisation in teaching.
Schooling in minority languages in France shows as a continuous increase
Further Catalan Education
Lack of teachers, infrastructure and financial means Number of students studying Catalan is still small 40% of families in French part of Catalonia want their
children to learn Catalan. 2% of these families have an effective access to it.
Around 470 students in 7 Catalan immersion schools 60 could not be taken due to lack of space
Restrictions of hours during first 2 years of training and nursery and primary levels (35 hours).
Annual refresher courses for secondary teachers are attended by half of the 50 teachers who give Catalan classes, while only 7% of primary teachers attend these courses.
What are the issues?
83% of the population are in favour of giving all children an opportunity to learn Catalan at school and that 57% would like their children to learn Catalan.
Although teaching and popularity of Catalan in France is at an increase, the lack of sufficient funding and recognition means that its survival in France cannot be guaranteed.
Conclusion
Language-Planning in Basque Education System
In 1978 fewer than 20% of the population said they could speak Basque. (Minahan: 2000: 102)
During the 1960s, movement established to teach Basque.
Teaching adults Basque in evening classes –gaueskolas
using Basque as the language of instruction in schools - ikastolas.
This movement influenced current Basque education system.
The right of all students to be taught either in Basque or Spanish at the different
educational levels is recognised. To this effect the parliament and the government will adopt these measures necessary, which will tend to the progressive generalisation of bilingualism in the educational system of the Autonomous
Community of the Basque Country.
The Law for the Normalization of the Use of Basque (1982) states, Article 15:
Model A - Spanish as main language of instruction, Basque taught as a second language.
Model B - Basque and Spanish used as language of instruction.
Model D - Basque is language of instruction, with Spanish taught separately.
Models A, B and D
Teaching in Spanish and Basque in all 3 models. This is reflected in Article 17 in the Statute of Autonomy:
The government will adopt those measures that will lead to
a guarantee of a real possibility, in equality of conditions, of possessing sufficient practical knowledge of Basque at the end of their compulsory schooling and that will ensure the official use of Basque, making the same a vehicle of
normal expression, both in internal and external activities, and in administrative acts and documents.
Parents opt which model they want their child to be enrolled in.
Emphasis on bilingualism
The proportion of people who are proficient in Basque has increased in recent years in the three BAC provinces due
to the educational system. (Cenoz: 2008: 2)
This is reflected in statistics (1999/2000) in BAC, for the enrolment figures of 3 year olds and their pathways: Model A (11%), Model B (32%) and Model D (57%)
Teaching classes in Basque has increased from 23.1% in 1982 to 41% in 2002-2003. (Cenoz: 2008: 6)
This growth is higher in Gipuzkoa. Araba has experienced the smallest change.
Model D most successful
Model A results in obtaining lower competency in Basque.
Model B attain higher level of Basque than Model A students, but lower than that of Model D Spanish
speaking-students.
However depends on how intensive each model is – the closer it is to Model D the higher the results
(Etzeberria, 1986, 1999.) Model D students achieve the highest results in Basque,
hence bilingual or high level in both languages.
Findings
Some students who began education in Model B switch to Model A in secondary education because
they consider their command of Basque insufficient in succeeding academically at higher
level.
In 1998, the General Plan for Promoting Basque Language Use was established and government
subsidised extra-curricular activities through Linguistic Normalization Projects to extend use of Basque beyond the classroom and in the wider
community.
Policies more centred on multilingualism, as opposed to bilingualism – also teaching French and English. Bilingual students
perform better at learning 3rd language, than monolingual.
Bilingualism > Multilingualism
According to a recent sociolinguistic survey by the Basque Government, (Aizpurua Tellería & Aizpurua Espín, 2005;
Basque Government 2003) 29.4% of the population in the Basque Country is bilingual, (Basque-Spanish) 11.4% is passive bilingual and 59.2% are Spanish monolingual.
Among those who speak it, some rarely do or their level is poor.
With multilingual programs, there is focus on learning English as new language, as opposed to advancing Basque.
Immigrants who bring their own languages to the region presents a linguistic challenge in the long-term.
Limitations to Language Planning in Education
Main increase occurred in the 16-24 age group, from 25% of Basque speakers in 1991 to 48% in
2001. (Cenoz: 2008: 6) Therefore number of speakers has steadily increased.
Widespread support for Basque in the region. More published work appearing.
More frequent in higher education.
Still need for effective language-planning methods to increase presence of Basque in day-
to-day life.
However…
Amorrortu, Estibaliz. Basque Language, Society, Sociolinguistic and Culture (USA: the Center for Basque Studies, 2003.)
Cenoz, Jason. Teaching Through Basque: Achievements and Challenges (UK: Cromwell Press LTD., 2008.)
Cenoz, Jason. Towards Multilingual Education: Basque Educational Research from the an International Perspective (UK: MPG Group Books, 2009)
McNair, John. Education for a Changing Spain (UK: Manchester University Press, 1984)
Minahan, James. One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups (USA: Greenwood Press, 2000)
Bibliography
Measures taken to promote Basque at all levels of the education
system in France
The Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning
Regional dossiers series.
Law of orientation and programme for the future of the school called the Fillon Law
Basque language and culture taught for 1 – 3 hours a week in schools for public education.
Extra teaching hours are offered outside the curriculum.
It is not possible to learn a regional language as a modern language at primary or secondary school.
Regional languages will be outside of the core common skills.
It is the Region’s responsibility to promote regional languages, not that of the National Education.
At the moment it isn’t possible to evaluate the effects of the new law on the education system, due to the fact that it hasn’t yet been properly promulgated, although it had been passed.
The French education system is largely state-controlled
Ikastolas schools - concerned with the full development of the pupils’ bilingual skills.
The number of ikastolas is still growing.
The Seaska association - set up in Iparralde as an initiative of parents and teachers. It exerts itself to encourage language development in a Basque surrounding.
Seaska association only received funding from the state, when an agreement with the Education Nationale was concluded in 1982.
Ministry of Education takes responsibility for paying teachers’ salaries and for providing their training according to this agreement. The agreement has to be renewed annually.
Parents have to contribute financially even though the schools are linked to the public education system through a contract with the government.
The academic inspection and several advisory bodies in the field of education together form the support structure for Basque education.
On July 9th, 2004 the public office of the Basque language [OPLB] was established. This is the first public office in France responsible for promoting a regional language and culture.
The Ikas-bi brings together parents of children in public education who receive bilingual education.
Euskal Haziak, which works along the same lines as the Ikas-bi.
The Ikas unites the teachers of Basque and aims at creating good conditions for the teaching of Basque by organizing monthly meetings in a teacher training college in Eskoriatze (in the Basque Autonomous Community).
Ikastola pre-primary schools have appeared using the method of linguistic immersion since 1969.
Currently, 64.5% of the pre-primary sections in Iparralde are conducted exclusively in French compared to 80% ten years ago, indicating an increase in the use of Basque.
Instruction material in Basque is prepared mainly by the teachers, but some associations or private organizations produce and distribute such materials.
It is in primary schools that the majority of pupils learns Basque, based on different linguistic models.
At the ikastolas special attention is given to the geography and history of the Basque Country.
In public bilingual streams Basque is used for 12 hours per week, which amounts to almost half of the teaching time: Basque is used for mathematics (6 hours/week), geography (1), sciences (2), physical education (1), the Basque language itself (1), and partly for arts (1).
Basque teaching time is generally at least three hours in collège and 2.5 hours in lycée.
In the public school sector, there are 17 collèges offering Basque lessons. 6% of the pupils have bilingual lessons and 8% optional lessons.
Galicia and the Education System
Galician Education
• Galician language - compulsory for all
• All children have a right to learn
• Compulsory and free until 16 in public schools
• Private schools partially subsidised
• Only free if agreed with the Local Ministry of Education and University Planning.
Structure of the Education System
• The Organic Law of Education 2/2006 of May 3rd 2006• Compulsory from 6 - 16 yrs• Bacharelato, vocational training, special
programs (languages, art, sports), adult education or university education• Public• Private• Partially subsidised
Special Attention to Foreign Students
IF:
• They do not speak Castilian or Galician
• 2 or more years behind the grade
• Difficulty settling in
Supplementary Services• School lunch program
• School transport service
• School library
• Free textbooks
• Extracurricular activities
• Grants and aids
GACLSIT• Galicia’s Association for the Coordination
of Language Standardization and Improvement Teams
• Teachers with a common language goal: social standardisation of Galician
• Non-profit organisation of non-paid volunteers
• Created in 1991 to promote Galician
79/2010 Decree of May 10 on Multilingualism in
Galicia’s schools• General Plan for the GPSGL• "endangers not only the survival of the
language, but also the acquisition of a basic competence in Galician by the younger generations".• Decree 124/2007 - ensured Galician
education for children whose mother-tongue was Galician• At least 50% class time in Galician
Problems with the Decree• Not in line with the law