Education, Equality, and National Citizenship Goodwin Liu Boalt Hall School of Law

Education, Equality, and National Citizenship

Goodwin LiuBoalt Hall School of Law

MSRI: “Raising the Floor”May 8, 2006

Current expenditures per pupil, 2001-02

7,380Georgia

7,434California

7,496Virginia

7,642Oregon

7,734Indiana

7,736Minnesota

7,741Nebraska

7,844West Virginia

7,935New Hampshire

7,956Illinois

8,069Ohio

8,537Pennsylvania

8,634Wisconsin

8,645Wyoming

8,653Michigan

8,692Maryland

8,818Maine

9,284Delaware

9,563Alaska

9,703Rhode Island

9,806Vermont

10,232Massachusetts

10,577Connecticut

11,218New York

11,793New Jersey

4,900Utah

5,354Mississippi

5,959Tennessee

5,964Arizona

6,011Idaho

6,029Alabama

6,079Nevada

6,213Florida

6,229Oklahoma

6,276Arkansas

6,424South Dakota

6,501North Carolina

6,523Kentucky

6,567Louisiana

6,709North Dakota

6,771Texas

6,882New Mexico

6,941Colorado

7,017South Carolina

7,039Washington

7,062Montana

7,135Missouri

7,306Hawaii

7,338Iowa

7,339Kansas

6,588Oregon

6,630Virginia

6,696North Dakota

6,703New Hampshire

6,762Georgia

6,868Minnesota

6,986Ohio

7,038West Virginia

7,059Kansas

7,079Indiana

7,126Iowa

7,129Pennsylvania

7,158Rhode Island

7,282Michigan

7,440Nebraska

7,442Maryland

7,475Massachusetts

7,674Maine

7,731Wisconsin

7,808Delaware

8,029Connecticut

8,087Wyoming

8,268New York

8,481Vermont

8,697New Jersey

4,505Utah

4,982Arizona

5,010Mississippi

5,338Florida

5,414Tennessee

5,423Nevada

5,463California

5,564Alabama

5,589Idaho

5,647Oklahoma

5,813New Mexico

5,819Washington

5,852Texas

5,866North Carolina

5,945Louisiana

5,973Arkansas

6,091Colorado

6,122Kentucky

6,271Hawaii

6,334Missouri

6,387South Carolina

6,459Montana

6,474South Dakota

6,474Alaska

6,479Illinois

NOMINAL ADJUSTED

Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02

10th to 50th percentile districts

3,500 4,500 5,500 6,500 7,500 8,500

ArizonaMississippi

Tennessee

FloridaUtah

CaliforniaArkansas

Illinois

AlabamaMissouri

Washington

OhioKentuckyOklahoma

Louisiana

KansasRhode Island

Iowa

NebraskaDelawareMaryland

VermontMaine

West Virginia

WisconsinConnecticut

New YorkNew J ersey

Wyoming

Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02

50th to 90th percentile districts

****

Cost-adjusted spending per weighted pupil, 2001-02

10th to 90th percentile districts

4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000

Wyoming

New Jersey

New York

Connecticut

Wisconsin

Vermont

Maryland

Delaware

California

Kentucky

Arizona

Illinois

Alabama

Mississippi

Tennessee

Florida

K-12 student demographics, 2001-02(percentages)

17.227.316.249.3 13.4

12.49.416.270.2 3.9

16.317.017.060.1 8.3

Bottom third

Top third

United States

PoorHispanicBlackWhite LEP

Percent “proficient” on NAEP

4th Grade Math, 2005

Per

cent

“p

rofi

cien

t” o

n s

tate

tes

t

AL

AKAZ

ARCA

CO

CTDE

FL

GA

HI

ID

IL

IN

IA

KS

KY

LA

ME

MD

MA

MI

MNMS

MO

MT

NE

NV

NJ

NM

NY

NC

ND

OH

OKOR

PA

SC

SD

TN

TX

UT

VA

WA

WV

WI

WY

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

95

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Percent “proficient” on NAEP

8th Grade Math, 2005

Per

cent

“p

rofi

cien

t” o

n s

tate

tes

t

WIWV

WA

VA

UT

TX

TN

SD

SC

PAOR

OK

OH

ND

NC

NY

NM

NJ

NV

NE

MT

MO

MS

MN

MI

MA

MD

ME

LA

KY

KS

IA

IN

IL

ID

HI

GA

FL

DE

CTCO

CA

AR

AZ AKAL

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

WY

WIWVWA

VAUT

TX

TN SD

SC

PA

OR

OKOH

ND

NC

NY

NM

NJ

NV

NE

MT

MO

MS

MN

MI

MA

MD

ME

LA

KY

KSIA

IN

IL

ID

HI

GA

FL

DE

CT

CO

CA

AR

AZ

AK

AL

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

95

15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Percent “proficient” on NAEP

4th Grade Reading, 2005

Per

cent

“p

rofi

cien

t” o

n s

tate

tes

t

Percent “proficient” on NAEP

8th Grade Reading, 2005

Per

cent

“p

rofi

cien

t” o

n s

tate

tes

t

WY

WIWVWA

VAUT

TX

TN SD

SC

PA

OR

OKOH

ND

NC

NY

NM

NJ

NV

NE

MT

MO

MS

MN

MI

MA

MD

ME

LA

KY

KSIA

IN

IL

ID

HI

GA

FL

DE

CT

CO

CA

AR

AZ

AK

AL

15

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

95

15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Measure of fiscal capacity

Correlation with state revenue per pupil, 2001-02

0.390.50 Effort

0.560.64 Capacity

Adjusted

TTRSPI

0.350.48 Effort

0.700.78 Capacity

Nominal

102

103

105

105

106

108

112

113

117

117

118

118

118

121

125

126

134

137

140

147

149

157

196

208

239

% U.S. avg

74

76

78

83

84

86

86

86

88

88

88

89

91

91

93

94

94

94

95

95

97

97

99

100

101

% U.S. avg

1,299

1,320

1,339

1,341

1,359

1,382

1,433

1,442

1,492

1,496

1,512

1,513

1,515

1,550

1,595

1,612

1,715

1,747

1,790

1,886

1,910

2,010

2,508

2,666

3,060

Adjusted

944

971

995

1,060

1,074

1,101

1,102

1,106

1,120

1,124

1,130

1,133

1,160

1,166

1,186

1,200

1,205

1,208

1,211

1,211

1,235

1,236

1,269

1,281

1,297

Adjusted

1,341Illinois

1,353Pennsylvania

1,697Alaska

1,300Virginia

1,290Missouri

1,251South Carolina

1,650New Jersey

1,590Rhode Island

1,337West Virginia

1,527Maryland

1,340Nebraska

1,742Connecticut

1,588New Hampshire

1,574Michigan

1,426Kansas

1,582Minnesota

1,925New York

2,048Massachusetts

1,627Montana

1,929Delaware

1,873Maine

1,716South Dakota

2,139North Dakota

2,637Vermont

2,803Wyoming

Nominal

936Arizona

893Idaho

948Nevada

1,012Utah

1,027Florida

1,142Washington

1,087Colorado

964Arkansas

1,022Tennessee

1,004Alabama

1,019Oklahoma

1,039North Carolina

1,037Kentucky

1,100Texas

1,324California

1,186Ohio

1,127Indiana

1,205Hawaii

1,056Mississippi

1,083Louisiana

1,181Wisconsin

1,090Iowa

1,226Oregon

1,190New Mexico

1,208Georgia

Nominal

Title I aid per eligible child, 2003

$104,042,162111,985Oklahoma

$185,806,221109,965Massachusetts

$176,895,046193,358North Carolina

$358,607,664200,757Michigan

Title I aid# poor children

(2003)

Section 1All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Fourteenth Amendment

Section 1All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Fourteenth Amendment

Section 1All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Fourteenth Amendment

Section 5The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Policy recommendations

National standards

Federal school finance reform

• Fix Title I

• National foundation plan

Minimum state effort

Federal aid inversely proportional to state capacity