EDRM Glossary - EDRM | Empowering the Global Leaders of eDiscovery · 2017-03-04 · Source: Formerly American Document Management, Glossary of Terms, now 5i Solutions Glossary. Acrobat

©2016EDRMLLC

EDRMGlossary

http://www.edrm.net/resources/glossaries/glossary

Version1.002,April22,2016

EDRMGlossary http://www.edrm.net/resources/glossaries/glossary

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TheEDRMGlossaryisEDRM'smostcomprehensivelistingofelectronicdiscoveryterms.Itincludestermsfromthespecializedglossarieslistedbelowaswellastermsnotinthoseglossaries.

Thetermsarelistedinalphabeticalorderwithdefinitionsandattributionswhereavailable.

EDRMCollectionStandardsGlossary

TheEDRMCollectionStandardsGlossaryisaglossaryoftermsdefinedaspartoftheEDRMCollectionStandards.

EDRMMetricsGlossary

TheEDRMMetricsGlossarycontainsdefinitionsfortermsusedinconnectionwiththeupdatedEDRMMetricsModelpublishedinJune2013.

EDRMSearchGlossary

TheEDRMSearchGlossaryisalistoftermsrelatedtosearchingESI.

EDRMSearchGuideGlossary

TheEDRMSearchGuideGlossaryispartoftheEDRMSearchGuide.TheEDRMSearchGuidefocusesonthesearch,retrievalandproductionofESIwithinthelargere-discoveryprocessdescribedintheEDRMModel.

IGRMGlossary

TheIGRMGlossaryconsistsofcommonlyusedInformationGovernanceterms.

TheGrossman-CormackGlossaryofTechnology-AssistedReview

DevelopedbyMauraGrossmanofWachtell,Lipton,Rosen&KatzandGordonCormackoftheUniversityofWaterloo,theGrossman-CormackGlossaryofTechnology-AssistedReviewcontainsdefinitionsfortermsusedinconnectwiththediscoveryprocessesreferredtobyvarioustermsincludingComputerAssistedReview,TechnologyAssistedReview,andPredictiveCoding.

Ifyouwouldliketosubmitanewtermwithdefinitionoranewdefinitionforanexistingterm,pleasegotoourSubmitaDefinitionpage,http://www.edrm.net/23482,andcompleteandsubmittheform.Weappreciateyourcontributions!

Exceptwhereotherwisenoted,contentincludedinthisdocumentislicensedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0UnportedLicense.Thatmeansyouarefreetoshare,remixormakecommercialuseofthecontentsolongasyouprovideattribution.Toprovideattribution,pleaseciteto"EDRM(edrm.net)."Ifyouhavequestions,[email protected].


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10b(5)

SecuritiesandExchangeCommissionregulationgoverningtherightsofshareholders.ManylawsuitsbyshareholdersarefiledunderRule10b(5).

Source: IbisConsulting,Glossary.

17a4

SecuritiesandExchangeCommissionregulationrelatingtodataretentionforfinancialservicesfirms.


A

Ablate

Toremove.Usedtodescribethelaser-readable"pits"intherecordedlayerofopticaldisks.

Vinson&ElkinsLLPPracticeSupport,EDDGlossary.

AcceptonZero

Astatisticalsamplingprocedure(anacceptancesamplingprocedure)thatdrawsarandomsampleofobjectsfromapopulationandcheckseachonetodeterminewhetheritisadefect.Ifnoneoftheobjectsinthesampleisfoundtobedefective,thenwecanconcludewithaspecifiablelevelofconfidencethattherewerenomorethanaspecifiableproportionofdefectsintheoriginalpopulation.Findingzerodefectsinthesampledoesnotmeanthattherewerezerodefectsinthepopulation,onlythattherewerenomorethanaspecifiablepercentage.OneapplicationofthisprocedureineDiscoveryistodrawarandomsamplefromthepopulationofdocumentsdeterminedbythereviewtobenonresponsive.Thesizeofthesampleisdeterminedbyyourspecifiedconfidencelevelandbythemaximumacceptablepercentageofresponsivedocumentsthatwerenotretrieved.Ifnoneofthedocumentsinthesampleisfoundtoberesponsive,thenwecansaywithconfidenceX%thattherewerenomorethanY%responsivedocumentsleftbehind.

Source: HerbRoitblat,Search2020:TheGlossary.

Source: HerbRoitblat,PredictiveCodingGlossary.

AcceptonZeroError

AtechniqueinwhichthetrainingofaMachineLearningmethodisgaugedbytakingaSampleaftereachtrainingstep,anddeemingthetrainingprocesscompletewhenthelearningmethodcodesaSamplewith0%Error(i.e.,100%Accuracy).


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Source: MauraR.GrossmanandGordonV.Cormack,EDRMpage&TheGrossman-CormackGlossaryofTechnology-AssistedReview,withForewordbyJohnM.Facciola,U.S.MagistrateJudge,2013Fed.Cts.L.Rev.7(January2013).

Accuracy

ThefractionofDocumentsthatarecorrectlycodedbyasearchorrevieweffort.NotethatAccuracy+Error=100%,andthatAccuracy=100%–Error.WhilehighAccuracyiscommonlyadvancedasevidenceofaneffectivesearchorrevieweffort,itsusecanbemisleadingbecauseitisheavilyinfluencedbyPrevalence.Consider,forexample,aDocumentPopulationcontainingonemillionDocuments,ofwhichtenthousand(or1%)areRelevant.Asearchorrevieweffortthatidentified100%oftheDocumentsasNotRelevantandtherefore,foundnoneoftheRelevantDocuments,wouldhave99%Accuracy,belyingthefailureofthatsearchorrevieweffort.

Source:MauraR.GrossmanandGordonV.Cormack,EDRMpage&TheGrossman-CormackGlossaryofTechnology-AssistedReview,withForewordbyJohnM.Facciola,U.S.MagistrateJudge,2013Fed.Cts.L.Rev.7(January2013).

Acetate-BaseFilm

Afilmsubstrateusedinmicrofilmproduction.Consideredasafetyfilm(ANSIStandard).

Source: FormerlyAmericanDocumentManagement,GlossaryofTerms,now5iSolutionsGlossary.

Acrobat

Adobe'selectronicdocumentformat.Documentscanbecreatedfromwithinawordprocessor,frompostscript,orfromscannedpages.Thedocumentsarehighlyportable,yetmaintainthelookoftheoriginal.AcrobatisespeciallyusefulinthisareabecauseAdobemakesthereaderavailableforfree.Version3.0alsomakesitintegratewellwithwebbrowsers.

Source: RSI,Glossary.

Seealso:

PDF

Externallink:

AdobeAcrobatFamily,http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/main.html

ActiveData

Datacurrentlydisplayedonacomputerscreen,and/orfilesonacomputerthatcanbeaccessedwithouthavingtousearestorationprocess.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingRichardA.Lazar,TheGuidetoElectronicDiscovery,at37(Fios,Inc.2002).


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Theinformationreadilyavailableandaccessibletousers,includingwordprocessingfiles,spreadsheets,databases'data,e-mailmessages,electroniccalendarsandcontactmanagers.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingFeldman,TheEssentialsofComputerDiscovery,ComputerForensicsInc.(1/1/2001),http://www.forensics.com/pdf/Essentials_of_Discovery.pdf#page=2.

Activedataisinformationresidingonthedirectaccessstoragemediaofcomputersystems,whichisreadilyvisibletotheoperatingsystemand/orapplicationsoftwarewithwhichitwascreatedandimmediatelyaccessibletouserswithoutundeletion,modificationorreconstruction(i.e.,wordprocessingandspreadsheetfiles,programsandfilesusedbythecomputer’soperatingsystem).

Source: KrollOntrack,GlossaryofTerms,http://www.krollontrack.com/glossaryterms.

Activedataisinformationresidingonthedirectaccessstoragemediaofcomputersystems,whichisreadilyvisibletotheoperatingsystemand/orapplicationsoftwarewithwhichitwascreatedandimmediatelyaccessibletouserswithoutundeletion,modificationorreconstruction.

Source: MerrillCorporation,ElectronicDiscoveryGlossary.

Dataexistingonthedataandfilestoragemediaofcomputersystems.Activedataiseasilyviewedontheoperatingsystemand/orapplicationsoftwarethatwasusedtocreateitandisdirectlyavailabletouserswithoutun-deletion,alteration,orrestoration.

Source: Vinson&ElkinsLLPPracticeSupport,EDDGlossary.

Datacurrentlydisplayedonacomputerscreen.

Source: Fios,E-DiscoveryGlossary,http://discoveryresources.org/01_electronic_discovery_glossary.html.


Informationresidingonthecomputerwhichisvisibleandfullyavailabletotheuser.

Source: LegalElectronicDocumentInstitute,BasicPrinciplesofAutomatedLitigationSupport(2005).

ActiveLearning

AnIterativeTrainingregimeninwhichtheTrainingSetisrepeatedlyaugmentedbyadditionalDocumentschosenbytheMachineLearningAlgorithm,andcodedbyoneormoreSubjectMatterExpert(s).



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Aformofsupervisedmachinelearningthatpresentsforrevieworhumancategorizationthedocumentswiththehighestcurrentuncertainty,thosedocumentsthatwillbemostinformativeabouthowtoupdatethelearningprocess.



ActiveRecord

Activerecordsarerecordsrelatedtocurrent,ongoingorinprocessactivitiesandarereferredtoonaregularbasistorespondtoday-to-dayoperationalrequirements.Anactiverecordresidesinnativeapplicationformatandisaccessibleforpurposesofbusinessprocessingwithnorestrictionsonalterationbeyondnormalbusinessrules.

Source: KrollOntrack,GlossaryofTerms,http://www.krollontrack.com/glossaryterms.

Activity

Singlelogicalqueryortheprogressionofsinglelogicalqueriesperformedinteractivelyinanefforttoaccumulateintelligence.

Source: EDRMSearchGlossary.

AdHocSearch

Singlelogicalqueryortheprogressionofsinglelogicalqueriesperformedinteractivelyinanefforttoaccumulateintelligence.


Seealso:

Adaptivepatternrecognition

Associativeretrieval

Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch

Naturallanguagesearch

Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search

Similardocumentsearch

Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch

Weightedrelevancesearch

Wildcardsearch


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AdHocWorkflow

Asimplemanualprocessbywhichdocumentscanbemovedaroundamulti-userimagingsystemonan“as-needed”basis.


Seealso:

AdHocWorkflow

Rule-BasedWorkflow

Workflow

AdaptivePatternRecognition

Thesystemindexeseveryletteroneverypage.Whentheuserconductsasearch,thesystemconductsasearchbasedondiscretepatternsinthetext.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

ADC(AnalogtoDigitalConverter)

Changesanalogsignalstodigitalrepresentations(numbers).



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AdditiveColor

Allthecolorsinthelightspectrumadduptomakewhitelight.Computermonitorsuseathreeadditivecolors,Red,Green&Blue(RGB).


ADF(AutomaticDocumentFeeder)

Adevicethatholdspagesandfeedsthemoneafteranotherintoascanner.


Thisisthemeansbywhichascannerfeedsthepaperdocument.


Admissible

Evidencethatisacceptableorallowableincourt.

Source: RenewData,Glossary(10/5/2005).

Admissibleevidenceinacourtoflawisanytestimonial,documentary,ortangibleevidencethatmaybeintroducedtoafactfinder--usuallyajudgeorjury--inordertoestablishortobolsterapointputforthbyapartytotheproceeding.Inorderforevidencetobeadmissible,itmustberelevant,withoutbeingprejudicial,anditmusthavesomeindiciaofreliability.

Forevidencetoberelevant,itmusttendtoproveordisprovesomefactthatisatissueintheproceeding.However,suchevidencewillnotbeadmissibleiftheutilityoftheevidenceisoutweighedbyitstendencytocausethefactfindertodisapproveofthepartyitisintroducedagainstforsomeunrelatedreason.Furthermore,certainpublic-policyconsiderationsbartheadmissionofotherwiserelevantevidence.

Forevidencetobereliableenoughtobeadmitted,thepartyprofferingtheevidencemustbeabletoshowthatthesourceoftheevidencemakesitso.Iftheevidenceisintheformofwitnesstestimony,thepartyintroducingtheevidencemustlaythegroundworkforthecredibilityofthewitness,andhisknowledgeofthethingstowhichheattests.Hearsayisgenerallybarredforitslackofreliability.Iftheevidenceisdocumentary,thepartyprofferingtheevidencemustbeabletoshowthatitisauthenticandmustbeabletodemonstratethechainofcustodyfromtheoriginalauthortothepresentholder.

Thetrialjudgeperformsa"gatekeeping"roleinexcludingunreliabletestimony.TheUnitedStatesSupremeCourtfirstaddressedthereliabilityrequirementforexpertsinthelandmarkcaseDaubertv.MerrellDowPharmaceuticals,Inc.509U.S.579(1993).TheCourtlaidoutfournon-exclusivefactorsthattrialcourtsmayconsiderwhenevaluatingscientificexpertreliability:(1)whetherscientificevidencehasbeentestedandthemethodologywithwhichithasbeentested;(2)whethertheevidencehasbeensubjectedtopeerrevieworpublication;(3)whetherapotentialrateoferrorisknown;and(4)whethertheevidenceisgenerallyacceptedinthe


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scientificcommunity.Id.at592-94.KumhoTireCo.,Ltd.v.CarmichaellaterextendedtheDaubertanalysistoincludeallexperttestimony.526U.S.137(1999).

Source: EDRMPresentationGuide.

Agreement

ThefractionofallDocumentsthattworeviewerscodethesameway.WhilehighAgreementiscommonlyadvancedasevidenceofaneffectiverevieweffort,itsusecanbemisleading,forthesamereasonthattheuseofAccuracycanbemisleading.WhenthevastmajorityofDocumentsinaPopulationareNotRelevant,ahighlevelofAgreementwillbeachievedwhenthereviewersagreethattheseDocumentsareNotRelevant,irrespectiveofwhetherornottheyagreethatanyoftheRelevantDocumentsareRelevant.

Source: TheGrossman-CormackGlossaryofTechnologyAssistedReview(Version1.02,Nov.2102).

AI(ArtificialIntelligence)

See: ArtificialIntelligence

AIIM(AssociationforInformationandImageManagement)

TheAssociationforInformationandImageManagement–focusedonelectronicimaging.

Externallinks:

AIIM,http://www.aiim.org/


Algorithm

Amathematicalsetofstepsdesignedtosolveaproblemorruninstructionsinaprogram.Forexample,analgorithminacasemanagementprogramwouldperformthefunction,“Checkthefilingdateofthecomplaintinthismatter,determinethedatetofileananswer,determineiftheanswerhasbeensentoutand,ifnot,sendemailtotheattorneyinchargeofthecasewarninghimoftheimpendingdate.”


Aformallyspecifiedseriesofcomputationsthat,whenexecuted,accomplishesaparticulargoal.TheAlgorithmsusedinE-Discoveryareimplementedascomputersoftware.


Aspecificsetofstepsthatwhenaccuratelyexecutedleadstoaspecificoutcome.Algorithmscanbecreatedformanydifferentkindsofprocesses,includingcalculation,dataprocessing,automatedreasoning,andmathematicalcomputations.Algorithmsshouldbedistinguished


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fromheuristics.Theword“algorithm”isoftenmisusedtorefertoanycomputer-implementedprocess.


Aliasing

Whencomputergraphicsoutputhasjaggededgesorastairsteppedappearancewhenmagnified.Homonymis"anti-aliasing”.


Alpha

Thecomplementofconfidencelevel.1–confidencelevel.Statisticiansrefertothealphaleveltodecidewhetheravalueissignificant.A95%confidencelevelhasa5%alphalevel.A99%confidencelevelhasa1%alphalevel.


Alphanumeric

Setofcharacterscomposedoflettersandnumbers;mayincludepunctuationmarksorothersymbols;excludesprintercontrolcharacterssuchas"carriagereturn"andflowcontrolcharacterssuchasXONandXOFF.


Characterscomposedofletters,numbers(andsometimespunctuationmarks).Excludesprinter/flowcontrolcharacters,(CarriageReturn/XON&XOFF).


ALS(AutomatedLitigationSupport)

Theprocessofusingcomputerstocontroldataduringlitigation.


AmbientData

Datastoredinnon-traditionalcomputerstorageareasandformats,suchasWindowsswapfiles,unallocatedspaceandfileslack.


Seealso:

Ambientdata

Fragmenteddata

Freespace

Residualdata

Slackspace

Swapfile


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Unallocatedspace

AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)

TheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,orANSI,"isaprivate,non-profitorganization(501(c)3)thatadministersandcoordinatestheU.S.voluntarystandardizationandconformityassessmentsystem.TheInstitute'smissionistoenhanceboththeglobalcompetitivenessofU.S.businessandtheU.S.qualityoflifebypromotingandfacilitatingvoluntaryconsensusstandardsandconformityassessmentsystems,andsafeguardingtheirintegrity."

Source: http://www.ansi.org/about_ansi/overview/overview.aspx?menuid=1

Externallink:

AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute,http://www.ansi.org

AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange(ASCII)

Allocatesanumbertoeachkeyonthekeyboardthatcanbetradedandreadbymostcomputersystems.Atextfile.


ASCII:TheacronymfortheAmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange,whichhasassignedacodedsetofnumberstorepresentlettersandotherspecialcharacters.ASCIIdataconsistsonlyoftextwithnoformatting(e.g.boldoritalics).


Astandardcodeusedfordataexchangebetweencomputers.AnASCII(pronounced“as-key“)textfilecontainsonlythelettersofthealphabet,numbers,punctuation,andcertaincommunicationssymbols,butnoembeddedword-processingcodes.AnASCIIdatafile(orASCIIdelimitedfile)hasthedatainfieldsthatareseparatedbyquotationmarksorcommasandthatallowseasytransferintoadatabaseorspreadsheet.


Pronouncedask-ee.AmericanStandardsCommitteeII.Aneightbitcomputercodingstructureforletters,numbersandcharactersinwhichsevenbitsareusedtoidentifyeachindividualentity(128maximum),withonebitforparity.Whennoparitybitisused,alleightbitscanbeusedtorepresentupto256characters;thischaractersetisextendedASCII.


ASCIIisacodethatassignsanumbertoeachkeyonthekeyboard.ASCIItextdoesnotincludespecialformattingfeaturesandthereforecanbeexchangedandreadbymostcomputersystems.

Source: KrollOntrack,GlossaryofTerms,http://www.krollontrack.com/glossaryterms


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ThecodebywhichEnglishlettersarerepresentedinsideacomputer.Mostcommonlyusedtodiscussadocumentfromwhichallformattinginformation(otherthanspacesandparagraphbreaks)hasbeenremoved.Thetextofthosedocuments.MSWorddocuments,forexample,includealotofinformationinadditiontothetextthatspecifieshowthedocumentshouldlook,revisions,andsoforth.Theso-calledASCIItextofthisdocumentjustcontainsthetextofthedocument,witheverythingelseremoved.

Analog

Theelectricalreplicaorwaveformofaphysicalprocesscausedbychangesinamplitudeorfrequency.Oppositeofdigital(Zeros&Ones).


AnalogtoDigitalConverter

See: ADC(AnalogtoDigitalConverter)

AnalysisPhase

EvaluatingESIforcontentandcontext,includingkeypatterns,topics,peopleanddiscussion.

Source: EDRMStages

CorrespondstoUTBMSCodeL660.Activitiesandactionsrequiredbylitigationteamstobeabletomakeinformeddecisionsaboutstrategyandscopethroughreliablemethodsbasedonverifieddata.

Source: EDRMMetricsGlossary

Annotation

Anoteplacedinafull-textrecordtocommentonthetextualmaterial.


Thechangesoradditionsmadetoadocumentusingstickynotes,ahighlighter,orotherelectronictools.Documentimagesortextcanbehighlightedindifferentcolors,redacted(blacked-outorwhited-out),stamped(e.g.“FAXED”or“CONFIDENTIAL”),orhaveelectronicstickynotesattached.Annotationsshouldbeoverlaidandnotchangetheoriginaldocument.


ANSI

See: AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)


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ApertureCard

AnIBMpunchcardwithawindowwhichholdsa35mmframeofmicrofilm.Indexinginformationispunchedinthecard.


Applet

Anapplicationprogramthatusestheclient'swebbrowsertoprovideauserinterface.


Application

Aprogram,thatinstructsacomputertoperformaspecificsetofinstructionsorexecuteaprocess.Somesoftwareapplicationsareuser-drivenlikeMicrosoftWordorNotepad,whileothersaresystem-drivenliketheWindowssystemclockorautomaticvirusscanningprograms.

Source: Fios,E-DiscoveryGlossary,http://discoveryresources.org/01_electronic_discovery_glossary.html


Anapplicationisacollectionofoneormorerelatedsoftwareprogramsthatenablesausertoenter,store,view,modifyorextractinformationfromfilesordatabases.Thetermiscommonlyusedinplaceof“program,”or“software.”Applicationsmayincludewordprocessors,Internetbrowsingtoolsandspreadsheets.


Asetofelectronicinstructions,alsoknownasaprogram,whichinstructsacomputertoperformaspecificsetofprocesses.


Aprogramthatperforms“people”functions,suchaswordprocessing,spreadsheets,orlitigationsupport.


Aprogramusedtogeneratedocuments(e.g.,MSWord,WordPerfect,Pagemaker,Visio).Eachapplicationistypicallyassociatedwithoneormorefileextensions(e.g.,.doc,.xls).)

ApplicationFile

Computerfilesthatrunsoftwareapplications(suchasMSOffice,LotusWordProandLotus1‑2‑3,AdobeAcrobat,TXTfiles,TIFFs,etc.)notassociatedwithmailcontainersortheirmessages,attachments,ornon-mailitems.



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ApplicationFileUser

Theuserdatasetcontainingapplicationfiles.


ApplicationServiceProvider(ASP)

AnapplicationserviceproviderisacompanythatdeliverssoftwareapplicationstomultipleusersovertheInternetorothernetwork.Insteadofpurchasingsoftwarelicensesdirectlyfromvendorsorre-sellers,companiesrentthesoftwarefromanASP,whichhosts,maintainsandupgradessoftwareapplicationsandcomputerhardware.


Providingacomputerprogramorapplicationacrossabroadbandconnectionasathird-partyprovider.Allowsuserstolowerthecostofdeployinganapplication.


ApplicationSoftware

See: Application

Architecture

Thedesignorphysicalstructureofthecomputer’sinternalcomponentsandhowtheywork.


ArchivalData

Archivaldataisinformationthatisnotdirectlyaccessibletotheuserofacomputersystembutthattheorganizationmaintainsforlong-termstorageandrecordkeepingpurposes.ArchivaldatamaybewrittentoremovablemediasuchasaCD,magneto-opticalmedia,tapeorotherelectronicstoragedevice,ormaybemaintainedonsystemharddrivesincompressedformats(i.e.,datastoredonbackuptapesordisks,usuallyfordisasterrecoverypurposes).


Informationthatisnotdirectlyaccessibletotheuserofacomputersystembutthattheorganizationmaintainsforlong-termstorageandrecord-keepingpurposes.ArchivaldatamaybewrittentoremovablemediasuchasaCD,magneto-opticalmedia,tapeorotherelectronicstoragedevice,ormaybemaintainedonsystemharddrivesincompressedformats.


Datathatisnotimmediatelyavailabletothecomputeruserbutthattheorganizationpreservesforstorageandrecordkeepingpurposes,oftenstoredonCD-ROMs,tapes,orotherelectronicstoragedevices.


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Informationthatisnotdirectlyavailabletotheuserofacomputerbuthasbeenstoredonthecomputersystemandcanberetrievedthroughaspecialprocess.


Archive

Along-termcomputerstoragearea.


Archivesarelongtermrepositoriesforthestorageofrecords.Electronicarchivespreservethecontent,preventortrackalterationsandcontrolaccesstoelectronicrecords.


Acopyofdataonacomputerdrive,oronaportionofadrive,maintainedforhistoricalreference.


Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingFios'seDiscoveryGlossary,http://discoveryresources.org/01_electronic_discovery_glossary.html



Acontainerthatholdsfiles,eithercompressedoruncompressed(ZIP,CAB,TAR,GZ,JAR,PST,NSF,orotherfiletypes).Therearetwotypesofarchives–mailcontainersandfilecontainers.


Theprocedureoftransferringtextordatafromaharddisktooff-linestoragemediaforlateraccess.


AreaUndertheROCCurve(AUC)

FromSignalDetectionTheory,asummarymeasureusedtoassessthequalityofPrioritization.AUCistheProbabilitythatarandomlychosenRelevantDocumentisgivenahigherprioritythanarandomlychosenNon-RelevantDocument.AnAUCscoreof100%indicatesaperfectranking,inwhichallRelevantDocumentshavehigherprioritythanallNon-RelevantDocuments.AnAUCscoreof50%meansthePrioritizationisnobetterthanchance.


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ArtificialIntelligence(AI)

Acategoryofcomputersciencedealingwiththeabilityofmachinestoperforminamannerassociatedwithhumanbeings,suchasreasoning,learning,orunderstandinglanguage.Currentlyassociatedwithvoicerecognitiontechnologyand,toalesserdegree,opticalcharacterrecognition(OCR).


Anumbrellatermforcomputermethodsthatemulatehumanjudgment.TheseincludeMachineLearningandKnowledgeEngineering,aswellasPatternMatching(e.g.,voice,face,andhandwritingrecognition),robotics,andgameplaying.


ASCII

See: AmericanStandardCodeforInformationInterchange(ASCII)

ASP

See: ApplicationServiceProvider(ASP)

AspectRatio

Therelationshipoftheheightandwidthofanyimage.Thismustalwaysbepreservedtopreventdistortion.


Aspects

Themajorelementscommontoeache-discoveryPhasearoundwhichidentifiablemetricsactivityaggregates:Custodians,Systems,Media,Status,Format,QA&Control,andActivities.


ASR

See: AutomatedSpeechRecognition(ASR)


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Asset

ThespecificcontainerofinformationthatITstoresandsecuresundertheirmanagement.Theprimarydriveristoincrease“Efficiency”andlowercostsassociatedwiththisfunction.

Source: IGRMWhitePaper

AssociationforInformationandImageManagement,The

See: AIIM(AssociationforInformationandImageManagement)

AssociativeRetrieval

Whencertaintermsappearfrequentlyinthevicinityofthetermsforwhichtheuserissearching,theseassociativewordsmayprovidecluesforfurthersearching.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

Attachment

Anyfiletypeassociatedwithorattachedtoane-mail.


Amemorandum,letter,spreadsheet,oranyotherelectronicdocumentappendedtoanotherdocumentoremail.




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Filesattachedtomailmessage(orsometimesembeddedintomailmessage).


Anenclosuretoatransmittalletteroranexhibittoaprimarydocument.


Anyelectronicdocumentappendedtoanotherdocument,typicallyemail.


Anattachmentisarecordorfileassociatedwithanotherrecordforthepurposeofstorageortransfer.Theremaybemultipleattachmentsassociatedwithasingle“parent”or“master”record.Theattachmentsandassociatedrecordmaybemanagedandprocessedasasingleunit.Incommonuse,thistermreferstoafile(orfiles)associatedwithane-mailfortransferandstorageasasinglemessageunit.Becauseincertaincircumstancesthecontextoftheattachment—forexample,theparente-mailanditsassociatedmetadata—canbeimportant,anorganizationshouldconsiderwhetheritspolicyshouldauthorizeorrestrictthedisassociationofattachmentsfromtheirparentrecords.


AttachmentField

Adatafieldusedtorecordinformationaboutenclosuresand/orattachmentstoa“parent”document.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield

Beginningdocumentnumber

Beginningnumberfield

Copyeefield

Cross-referencefield

Customizeddatafield

Customizedfielddefinition

Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia

Namesmentionedintext

Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text


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AttorneyNotesField

Adatafieldusedforongoingattorneynotesandcomments.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

Attribute

Adataattributeisacharacteristicofdatathatsetsitapartfromotherdata,suchaslocation,length,ortype.Thetermattributeissometimesusedsynonymouslywith“dataelement”or“property.”


Audio-VideoInterleave(AVI)

AMicrosoftstandardforWindowsanimationfiles.Theformatinterleavesaudioandanimationtoprovidemediumqualitymultimedia.


AuditTrail

Incomputersecuritysystems,achronologicalrecordofwhenusersloggedin,howlongtheywereengagedinvariousactivities,whattheyweredoing,andwhetheranyactualorattemptedsecurityviolationsoccurred.Anaudittrailisanautomatedormanualsetofchronologicalrecordsofsystemactivitiesthatmayenablethereconstructionandexaminationofasequenceofeventsand/orchangesinanevent.



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Authentication

Authenticationistheactofestablishingorconfirmingsomething(orsomeone)asauthentic.Thismightinvolveconfirmingtheidentityofaperson,theoriginsofanartifact,orassuringthatacomputerprogramisatrustedone.


Author

Theauthorofadocumentistheperson,officeordesignatedpositionresponsibleforitscreationorissuance.Inthecaseofadocumentintheformofaletter,theauthorororiginatorisusuallyindicatedontheletterheadorbysignature.Insomecases,thesoftwareapplicationproducingthedocumentmaycapturetheauthor’sidentityandassociateitwiththedocument.


AuthorField

Adatafieldusedforrecordingnamesofindividualsand/orbusinessentitieswhowrote,sent,ortransmittedadocument.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

Auto-Categorization

Theprocessofusingmachinelearningorotherrule-basedsystemsforcategorizingdocumentswithoutdirecthumanintervention.Forexample,emailsmaybeauto-categorizedastheyarriveatanarchiveastotheirretentionperiod.Thecategoriesmaybebasedonataxonomyorontology.



©2016EDRMLLC 19

AutoFunction

ThisfunctiondynamicallyupdatesfieldcodevaluesenteredbyapplicationusersinMicrosoftOfficeandAutoCADdocuments.


Autoexec.bat

Usuallypronouncedautoexecdotbat,thisisaspecialbatchfileusedonPCsthatrunswhenthecomputeristurnedonandtellsthecomputerwhatprogramstoexecutefirst.


AutomatedLitigationSupport(ALS)

See: ALS(AutomatedLitigationSupport)

AutomatedSpeechRecognition(ASR)

Alsocalledautomatedvoicerecognition(AVR).Aprogramthatwill“translate”wordsspokenintoamicrophoneconnectedtoacomputerintowrittentextinaword-processingprogramorperformafunctioninadatabaseprogram.


AutomatedVoiceRecognition(AVR)


AutomaticDocumentFeeder(ADF)

See: ADF(AutomaticDocumentFeeder)

AVI

See: Audio-VideoInterleave(AVI)

AVR


B

Back-End/Front-End

Expressionsthatdescribeprogramsrelativetotheuser.Afront-endprogramisonethatusersinteractwithdirectly,whileaback-endprogramsupportsthefront-endservices.



©2016EDRMLLC 20

Backfile

Anexistingpaperormicrofilmfile.


Backup

Tocreateacopyofdataasaprecautionagainstthelossordamageoftheoriginaldata.Mostusersbackupsomeoftheirfiles,andmanycomputernetworksutilizeautomaticbackupsoftwaretomakeregularcopiesofsomeorallofthedataonthenetwork.Somebackupsystemsusedigitalaudiotape(DAT)asastoragemedium.


Aduplicateofinformationasapreventativemeasureagainstthepotentiallossofdatathatisdoneregularlybymanycomputerusers.Manyorganizationsalsoutilizeautomaticbackupsoftwarethatregularlystoresdata.


Acopyofinactivedata,intendedforuseintherestorationofdatalosttocatastrophicfailureofsystemmemory.



Seealso:

Backup

Backuptape

DAT-digitalaudiotape

Dataextraction

Digitalaudiotape

Disasterrecoverytape

DLT-digitallineartape

Magneticstoragemedia

Media

QIC-quarterinchcartridge

Tape

BackupData

Backupdataisinformationthatisnotpresentlyinusebyanorganizationandisroutinelystoredseparatelyuponportablemedia,tofreeupspaceandpermitdatarecoveryintheeventofdisaster.



Informationstoredseparatelyfromthecomputersystemtopermitdatarecoveryintheeventofdisaster.


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BackupTape

Tapedevicesthattransferactivedatatoinactivedata,intendedforuseindatarestoration.Backuptapestypicallyusedatacompression,whichmakesrestorationtime-consumingandexpensive,especiallygiventhelackofuniformstandardsgoverningdatacompression.


Backupordisasterrecoverytapesareportablemediausedtostoredatathatisnotpresentlyinusebyanorganizationtofreeupspacebutstillallowfordisasterrecovery.


Tapemediausedtobackupdata.



Oneofvarioustypesofmagneticrecordingtapesthatareusedtosaveasnapshotofthecurrentstateofafilesystem.Backuptapesaredesignedtobeabletorestorethecontentofafilesystemifitshouldbecomecorrupted.

Seealso:

Backup

Backuptape


Dataextraction

Digitalaudiotape




Media


Tape

BackupTapeRecycling

Theprocesswherebyanorganization'sbackuptapesareoverwrittenwithnewarchiveddatausuallyonafixedschedule(e.g.,theuseofnightlybackuptapesforeachdayoftheweekwiththedailybackuptapeforaparticulardaybeingoverwrittenonthesamedaythefollowingweek;weeklyandmonthlybackupsbeingstoredoffsiteforaspecifiedperiodoftimebeforebeingplacedbackintherotation).


Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingAppliedDiscovery'sBoneuponBackup,http://www.lexisnexis.com/applieddiscovery/NewsEvents/PDFs/BoneUpOnBackup.pdf

Backuptaperecyclingistheprocesswherebyanorganization’sbackuptapesareoverwrittenwithnewbackupdata,usuallyonafixedschedule(i.e.,theuseofnightlybackuptapesforeachdayoftheweekwiththedailybackuptapeforaparticulardaybeingoverwrittenonthesame


©2016EDRMLLC 22

daythefollowingweek;weeklyandmonthlybackupsbeingstoredoffsiteforaspecifiedperiodoftimebeforebeingplacedbackintherotation).


Theactbywhicholdbackuptapesareoverwrittenwithnewdata.

Source: Vinson&ElkinsLLPPracticeSupport,EDDGlossary

BagandTag

Theprocessofreceiving,recording,andsecuringclientsourcedataasevidence.Thefirstlinkinthechainofcustody.


BagofWords

AFeatureEngineeringmethodinwhichtheFeaturesofeachDocumentcomprisethesetofwordscontainedinthatDocument.DocumentsaredeterminedtobeRelevantorNotRelevantdependingonwhatwordstheycontain.ElementaryKeywordSearchandBooleanSearchmethods,aswellassomeMachineLearningmethods,usetheBagofWordsmodel.


Bandwidth

Thequantityofinformationthatcanbesentoveranetworkinacertainamountoftime.


Theamountofinformationordatathatcanbesentoveranetworkconnectioninagivenperiodoftime.Bandwidthisusuallystatedinbitspersecond(bps),kilobitspersecond(kbps),ormegabitspersecond(mps).


BarCode

Asmallpatternofverticallinesthatisreadbyalaseroranopticalscanner,andwhichcorrespondstoarecordinadatabase.Anadd-oncomponenttoimagingsoftware,thisfeatureisdesignedtoincreasethespeedwithwhichdocumentscanbearchived.


BasicDe-Duplication

Performedonaselectandlimitedbasis,suchasforfilenamesandtypes,andisusuallybasedonthehashvalueoftheentireelectronicdocument.


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Seealso:

Casede-duplication

Custodiande-duplication

De-duplication

Duplicate

Dynamicde-duplication

GlobalDeduplication

HorizontalDeduplication

Productionde-duplication

VerticalDeduplication

BasicInputOutputSystem(BIOS)

Aspecialprogramcontainedinthecomputer’sROMthatcontrolsthecomponentsofthecomputerandhowtheyinteractandworktogether.


ThespecificPCinput/output"rules"andtheprogramswhichexecutethesetoallowthetransferofinformationto/fromthe"centralprocessingunit"ofthePC.


Batch

Afilecontainingoneormorecommandsthatexecuteconsecutively,oneatatime.


Acollectionofmaterialforinputintothecomputer,suchasabatchofdocumentssegregatedforcodingorabatchofdatarecordstoberestoredfromabackuptape.


BatchPrinting

Theprocessofprintingagroupofdocuments,usuallyfromtheTIFF’sorPDF’s.

BatchProcessing

Thenameofthetechniqueusedtoinputalargeamountofinformationinasinglestep,asopposedtoindividualprocesses.


Batchload

Aclient-specificdocumentloadfile,generatinganoutputdirectorystructurefordeliverables(usuallyTIFForPDFimages,metadataandtextrepresentationsoffiles,butsometimesfilesintheirnativeformat).


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BatesNumber

Adocumentidentificationtechniqueinwhicheverypage(orimage)ofeverydocumentinadocumentcollectionisassignedaunique,sequentialidentificationnumber.Batesnumbersmaybethenprintedontothedocumentpagebeforethepageisdistributedtomultiplepartiestoensurethateachdistributedpagecanbeidentifiedandcomparedtotheoriginal.


TheBate®numberisanumberthatuniquelyidentifieseachpageofadocument.


Abatesproductionnumberisatrackingnumberassignedtoeachpageofeachdocumentintheproductionset.


Auniquenumberthatisattachedtoeachpageofadocument(inelectronicormanualform)toidentifyit.ThewordBatescomesfromtheBatesCompany,whichwasoneoftheoriginatorsofnumeric(andalpha)stampingmachines.

Seealso:

Batesnumber

Batesprefix

Batesstamp

Batesstamping

Documentnumber

BatesPrefix

Aproject-specific,clientspecificationintheformofanalphanumericprefixthatprecedesaproject’scontrolnumber(thedigitalequivalentofaBatesnumber).Alsocalled"controlnumberprefix."


Seealso:

Batesnumber

Batesprefix

Batesstamp

Batesstamping

Documentnumber

BatesStamp

Seealso:

Batesnumber

Batesprefix

Batesstamping

Documentnumber

©2016EDRMLLC

BatesStamping

TheprocessofaddinganimagerepresentationofaBatesnumbertoapageorimage(thisincludesPDFsandTIFFs).


Seealso:

Batesnumber

Batesprefix

Batesstamp

Batesstamping

Documentnumber

Baud

Aunitofdata-transmissionspeedusedindiscussingmodems.Onebaudequalsonebitpersecond(bps).Divideby10togetcharacterspersecond(e.g.,a9600baudmodemsendsdataat960characterspersecond).


Seealso:

Baud

Fileserver

Laptopcomputer

Microcomputer

Minicomputer

Notebookcomputer

Personalcomputer

Workstation

BaudRate

Seealso:

Baud

Fileserver

Laptopcomputer

Microcomputer

Minicomputer

Notebookcomputer

Personalcomputer

Workstation

Bayes/Bayesian/Bayes’Theorem

AgeneraltermusedtodescribeAlgorithmsandothermethodsthatestimatetheoverallProbabilityofsomeeventuality(e.g.,thataDocumentisRelevant),basedonthecombinationofevidencegleanedfromseparateobservations.InElectronicDiscovery,themostcommonevidencethatiscombinedistheoccurrenceofparticularwordsinaDocument.Forexample,aBayesianAlgorithmmightcombinetheevidencegleanedfromthefactthataDocumentcontainsthewords“credit,”“default,”and“swap”toindicatethatthereisa99%ProbabilitythattheDocumentconcernsfinancialderivatives,butonlya40%Probabilityifthewords“credit”and“default,”butnot“swap,”arepresent.ThemostelementaryBayesianAlgorithmisNaïveBayes;howevermostAlgorithmsdubbed“Bayesian”aremorecomplex.BayesianAlgorithmsarenamedafterBayes’Theorem,coinedbythe18thcenturymathematician,


©2016EDRMLLC 26

ThomasBayes.Bayes’TheoremderivestheProbabilityofanoutcome,giventheevidence,from:(i)theprobabilityoftheoutcome,independentoftheevidence;(ii)theprobabilityoftheevidence,giventheoutcome;and(iii)theprobabilityoftheevidence,independentoftheoutcome.


BayesianCategorizer

Aninformationretrievaltoolthatcomputestheprobabilitythatadocumentisamemberofacategoryfromtheprobabilitythateachwordisindicativeofeachcategory.Theseestimatesarederivedfromexampledocuments.Usestheprobabilityofeachwordgiveneachcategorytocomputetheprobabilityofeachcategorygiveneachword.AlsocalledanaïveBayesianCategorizer.


BayesianClassifier

Bayesianclassifierisaprocessofidentifyingconceptsusingacertainrepresentativedocumentsinaparticularcategory.Theclassifierhastheabilitytodiscernotherresponsivedocumentsinthelargercollectionandplacetheminacategory.Typically,acategoryisrepresentedbyacollectionofwordsandtheirfrequencyofoccurrencewithinthedocument.Theprobabilitythatadocumentbelongstoacategoryisbasedontheproductofeachwordofthedocumentappearinginthatcategoryacrossalldocuments.Thus,thelearningclassifierisabletoapplywordspresentinasamplecategoryandapplythatknowledgetoothernewdocuments.Inthee-discoverycontext,aBayesianclassifiercanquicklyplacedocumentsintoconfidential,privileged,responsivedocumentsandotherwell-knowncategories.

Source: EDRMSearchGlossary

BayesianClassifier/BayesianFilter/BayesianLearning

AcolloquialtermusedtodescribeaMachineLearningAlgorithmthatusesaBayesianAlgorithmNaïveBayes.


BBS(BulletinBoardSystem)

Abulletinboardsystem(BBS)isacomputeroranapplicationdedicatedtothesharingorexchangeofmessagesorotherfilesonanetwork.Originallyanelectronicversionofthetypeofbulletinboardfoundonthewallinmanykitchensandworkplaces,theBBSwasusedtopostsimplemessagesbetweenusers.TheBBSbecametheprimarykindofonlinecommunitythroughthe1980sandearly1990s,beforetheWorldWideWebarrived.


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Source: WhatIs.comdefinition,bulletinboardsystem(BBS),http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/bulletin-board-system-BBS

Abulletinboardsystem,orBBS,isacomputerserverrunningcustomsoftwarethatallowsuserstoconnecttothesystemusingaterminalprogram.Onceloggedin,theusercanperformfunctionssuchasuploadinganddownloadingsoftwareanddata,readingnewsandbulletins,andexchangingmessageswithotherusersthroughemail,publicmessageboards,andsometimesviadirectchatting.ManyBBSesalsoofferon-linegames,inwhichuserscancompetewitheachother,andBBSeswithmultiplephonelinesoftenprovidechatrooms,allowinguserstointeractwitheachother.BulletinboardsystemswereinmanywaysaprecursortothemodernformoftheWorldWideWeb,socialnetworksandotheraspectsoftheInternet.Low-cost,high-performancemodemsdrovetheuseofonlineservicesandBBSesthroughtheearly1990s.Infoworldestimatedtherewere60,000BBSesserving17millionusersintheUnitedStatesalonein1994,acollectivemarketmuchlargerthanmajoronlineserviceslikeCompuServe.

Source: Wikipedia,Bulletinboardsystem,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulletin_board_system

BeginningDocumentNumber

Thefirstpageofadocumentorrecord.OftenBegDoc#.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

BeginningNumberField

Adatafieldforrecordingthenumberofthefirstpageofadocument.Alsousedasadocumentidentifiertofindhardcopiesortoretrieveimages.


©2016EDRMLLC 28


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

Bibliographic/ObjectiveCoding

Objectiveinformation,oftenmanuallyrecordedfromdocumentssuchasthedocumentdate,theauthorsorrecipientsofthedocuments,orthetitleofadocument.Bibliographiccodingusuallytakesplaceagainstdocumentsoriginatingaspaperwithnoelectronicallystoredinformation.


Theenteringofobjectiveinformationsuchasdate,documentnumber,anddocumenttypeintodatafields.


Extractinginformationfromelectronicdocumentssuchasdatecreated,authorrecipient,CCandlinkingeachimagetotheinformationinpre-definedobjectivefields.IndirectoppositiontoSubjectivecodingwherelegalinterpretationsofdatainadocumentarelinkedtoindividualdocuments.Alsocalledobjectivecoding.

Source: FormerlyAmericanDocumentManagement,GlossaryofTerms,now5iSolutionsGlossary

Seealso:

BibliographicCoding

Coding

Indexing

IssueCode

Issuecoding

Levelcoding

Objectivecoding

Subjectivecoding

Tag

Taxonomiccoding

Verbatimcoding

©2016EDRMLLC

BigData

Anill-definedtermforlargecollectionsofdataofvarioussorts.Bigdatamaybebigbecauseitincludesalargenumberofrecords(e.g.,allofthetransactionsonAmazon),becauseitincludesalargenumberofvariables(allofthecharacteristicsorfeaturesthatabankknowsabouteachcustomer),orboth.Bigdataoftensuffersfromthe4-Vs:Velocity,Variety,Volume,andVeracity.Bigdataaccumulateveryrapidly,theyconsistofmanydifferentkindsofdata,athighvolume,andthequalityofthedataoftenpresentsachallenge.Bigdatacanalsorefertoverylargecollectionsofelectronicallystoredinformation.


Bigram

AnN-GramwhereN=2(i.e.,a2-gram).


Binary

Mathematicalbase2,ornumberscomposedofaseriesofzerosandones.Sincezero'sandone'scanbeeasilyrepresentedbytwovoltagelevelsonanelectronicdevice,thebinarynumbersystemiswidelyusedindigitalcomputing.


BinomialCalculator/BinomialEstimation

AstatisticalmethodusedtocalculateConfidenceIntervals,basedontheBinomialDistribution,thatmodelstherandomselectionofDocumentsfromalargePopulation.BinomialEstimationisgenerallymoreaccurate,butlesswellknown,thanGaussianEstimate.ABinomialEstimateissubstantiallybetterthanaGaussianEstimate(which,incontrast,reliesontheGaussianorNormalDistribution)whentherearefew(orno)RelevantDocumentsintheSample.WhentherearemanyRelevantandmanyNon-RelevantdocumentsintheSample,BinomialandGaussianEstimatesarenearlyidentical.


BinomialDistribution

TheProbabilitythataRandomSamplefromalargePopulationwillcontainanyparticularnumberofRelevantDocuments,giventhePrevalenceofRelevantDocumentsinthePopulation.UsedasthebasisforBinomialEstimation.


©2016EDRMLLC 30


BinomialEstimate

AStatisticalEstimateofaPopulationcharacteristicusingBinomialEstimation.ItisgenerallyexpressedasaPointEstimateaccompaniedbyaMarginofErrorandaConfidenceLevel,orasaConfidenceIntervalaccompaniedbyaConfidenceLevel.


BIOS

See: BasicInputOutputSystem(BIOS)

Bit

Abitisthesmallestunitofinformationrecognizedbyacomputer;itcorrespondstoachoicebetweenoneandzero,thebasisforallinformationstorageinbinarylanguagecomputers.Eightbitsmakeupabyte.


Ameasurementofdata.Itisthesmallestunitofdata.Abitiseitherthe"1"or"0"componentofthebinarycode.Acollectionofbitsisputtogethertoformabyte.

Source: KrollOntrack,GlossaryofTerms,http://www.krollontrack.com/glossaryterm

Singlepositioninbase2arithmetic(2n)–eitheron(1)oroff(0).


Seealso:

Byte

KB-kilobyte

MB-megabyte

GB-gigabyte

TB-terabyte

PB-petabyte

EB-exabyte

BitMap

Bitmapimages,alsocalledrasterorpaintimages,aremadeofindividualdotscalledpixels(pictureelements)thatarearrangedandcoloreddifferentlytoformapattern.Whenyouzoomin,youcanseetheindividualsquaresthatmakeupthetotalimage.Increasingthesizeofabitmaphastheeffectofincreasingindividualpixels,makinglinesandshapesappearjagged.Reducingthesizedistortstheoriginalimagebecausepixelsareremovedtoreducetheoverall


©2016EDRMLLC 31

imagesize.Becauseabitmapiscreatedasacollectionofarrangedpixels,itspartscannotbemanipulated(e.g.,moved)individually.


Creatingcharactersorimagesbycreatinga"picture"(matrix)ofindividualbits(pixels).Theindividualbitsmayjustbebinary(blackandwhite)orhighdefinitioncolor.Incolorsystems,the"z-axis"ofeachpixelhasavaluewhichrepresentsthe"shadeofgray"orcolorofthebit.Thisvaluecanbeashighas32bitsforveryhighresolutioncolor.Thisresultsinalarge,uncompressedfile.Forinstance,a300dpi,E-Sizedrawingbitmapisapproximately16MB.


Bit-by-BitCopy

See: BitstreamCopy

Bitmap

Bitmapimages,alsocalledrasterorpaintimages,aremadeofindividualdotscalledpixels(pictureelements)thatarearrangedandcoloreddifferentlytoformapattern.Whenyouzoomin,youcanseetheindividualsquaresthatmakeupthetotalimage.Increasingthesizeofabitmaphastheeffectofincreasingindividualpixels,makinglinesandshapesappearjagged.Reducingthesizedistortstheoriginalimagebecausepixelsareremovedtoreducetheoverallimagesize.Becauseabitmapiscreatedasacollectionofarrangedpixels,itspartscannotbemanipulated(e.g.,moved)individually.


Creatingcharactersorimagesbycreatinga"picture"(matrix)ofindividualbits(pixels).Theindividualbitsmayjustbebinary(blackandwhite)orhighdefinitioncolor.Incolorsystems,the"z-axis"ofeachpixelhasavaluewhichrepresentsthe"shadeofgray"orcolorofthebit.Thisvaluecanbeashighas32bitsforveryhighresolutioncolor.Thisresultsinalarge,uncompressedfile.Forinstance,a300dpi,E-Sizedrawingbitmapisapproximately16MB.


Bitonal

Animageorfilecomprisedofpixelordotvaluesofeitherblackorwhite.


Bi-tonal(blackandwhiteonly,onebitperpixel).ABi-tonalimageiscreatedbyathresholdingprocessfromagrayscaleinput,eitherduringthescanningprocessorsubsequently.Thresholdingisanirreversibleprocesswhichresultsinspeckledimageswithnoticeably"stair-stepped"diagonallines.


©2016EDRMLLC 32


BitsPerInch(BPI)

Thisdefinesdatadensitiesindiskandmagnetictapesystems.


BitsPerSecond(BPS)

Indatacommunications,bitspersecond(abbreviatedbpsorbit/sec)isacommonmeasureofdataspeedforcomputermodemsandtransmissioncarriers.Asthetermimplies,thespeedinbpsisequaltothenumberofbitstransmittedorreceivedeachsecond.

Source: TechTargetdefinition,bitspersecond(bpsorbit/sec),http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/bits-per-second

BitstreamCopy

Bitstreambackup(alsoreferredtoasmirrorimagebackup)involvesthebackupofallareasofacomputerharddiskdriveoranothertypeofstoragemedia.Suchabackupexactlyreplicatesallsectorsonagivenstoragedevice.Thus,allfilesandambientdatastorageareasarecopied.Bitstreambackups-sometimesalsoreferredtoas"evidencegrade"backups-differsubstantiallyfromtraditionalcomputerfilebackupsandnetworkserverbackups.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingNTI'sComputerForensicsDefinitions,http://www.forensics-intl.com/def2.html

BitstreamImage

Asector-by-sector,bit-by-bitcopyofaphysicalharddriveoralogicaldrive.

Source: EDRMCollectionStandards

SeeBitstreamcopy:Bitstreambackup(alsoreferredtoasmirrorimagebackup)involvesthebackupofallareasofacomputerharddiskdriveoranothertypeofstoragemedia.Suchabackupexactlyreplicatesallsectorsonagivenstoragedevice.Thus,allfilesandambientdatastorageareasarecopied.Bitstreambackups-sometimesalsoreferredtoas"evidencegrade"backups-differsubstantiallyfromtraditionalcomputerfilebackupsandnetworkserverbackups.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingNTI'sComputerForensicsDefinitions,http://www.forensics-intl.com/def2.html

BlairandMaron

Authorsofaninfluential1985studystudy(DavidC.Blair&M.E.Maron,AnEvaluationofRetrievalEffectivenessforaFull-TextDocument-RetrievalSystem,28COMMC’NSACM289(1985)),showingthatattorneyssupervisingskilledparalegalsbelievedtheyhadfoundatleast


©2016EDRMLLC 33

75%oftheRelevantDocumentsfromaDocumentCollection,usingSearchTermsanditerativesearch,whentheyhadinfactfoundonly20%.Thatis,thesearchersbelievedtheyhadachieved75%Recall,buthadachievedonly20%Recall.IntheBlairandMaronstudy,theattorneysandparalegalsusedaniterativeapproach,examiningtheretrievedDocumentsandrefiningtheirsearchtermsuntiltheybelievedtheyweredone.ManycurrentcommentatorsincorrectlydistinguishtheBlairandMaronstudyfromcurrentiterativeapproaches,failingtonotethattheBlairandMaronsearchersdidinfactrefinetheirsearchtermsbasedontheirreviewoftheDocumentsthatwerereturnedinresponsetotheirqueries.


Blog

Aweblog.Ajournalavailableonawebpage,typicallyonaspecificsubjectandupdateddaily.Legalblogsaresometimescalled“Blawgs.”


Blogs,alsoreferredtoasWeblogs,arefrequent,chronologicalWebpublicationsconsistingoflinksandpostings.Themostrecentpostingappearsatthetopofthepage.


Blowback

Printingelectronicfilestopaperforrevieworproductioninhardcopyform.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingAlbertBarsocchini,DataCollectionStandards(LTN1/15/04),http://www.law.com/special/supplement/e_discovery/data_collection.shtml

Theto-be-printedelectronicfilesmayhavepreviouslybeenscannedfrompaperintoelectronicform(hencetheterm"blowback")and/ororiginatedinnativeelectronicform.Ineitherevent,somewherealongthewaythefilesmayhavebeenconvertedinto.pdfor.tifand/orendorsedwithBatesnumbers,privilegestamps,confidentialityredactionoverlays,etc.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).

Printingtifforpdfimagesonpaper.Itiscalledblowbackbecauseoriginallypaperdocumentsmaybescannedandthenreprintedonpaperfromthescannedimages.

BMP

AnativefileformatofWindowsforstoringimagescalledbitmaps.



©2016EDRMLLC 34

BooleanSearch

AsearchtechniquethatutilizesBooleanLogictoconnectindividualkeywordsorphraseswithinasinglequerysuchasAND,OR,andNOT,within(w/5),andNOTwithinN(notw/5).

Source: EDRMSearchGuideGlossary.


AKeywordSearchinwhichtheKeywordsarecombinedusingoperatorssuchas“AND,”“OR,”and“[BUT]NOT.”TheresultofaBooleanSearchispreciselydeterminedbythewordscontainedintheDocuments.(SeealsoBagofWordsmethod.)


Theterm"Boolean"referstoasystemoflogicdevelopedbyanearlycomputerpioneer,GeorgeBoole.InBooleansearching,an"and"operatorbetweentwowordsresultsinasearchfordocumentscontainingbothofthewords.An"or"operatorbetweentwowordscreatesasearchfordocumentscontainingeitherofthetargetwords.A"not"operatorbetweentwowordscreatesasearchresultcontainingthefirstwordbutexcludingthesecond.


Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingAppliedDiscovery'sGlossary,http://www.lexisnexis.com/applieddiscovery/clientResources/glossary_B.asp


AsearchtypeusingBooleanlogicoperatorsbetweensearchtermsthatindicatearelationshipbetweenthem.An"AND"operatorbetweentwowordsorothervalues(forexample,"pearANDapple")meansoneissearchingfordocumentscontainingbothofthewordsorvalues,notjustoneofthem.An"OR"operatorbetweentwowordsorothervalues(forexample,"pearORapple")meansoneissearchingfordocumentscontainingeitherofthewords.


MathematicalquerylanguagedevelopedbyEnglishmathematicianGeorgeBooleinthe19thcentury.Booleansearchingoftextisbasedontheunderlyinglogicfunctionsofvarioustrue/falsestatements.CommonBooleanoperatorsare“and,”“butnot,”and“within.”


Asearchforinformationusing“AND,”“OR”and“NOT”commands,suchas“TombutnotJones”or“bankruptcyandtrustee.”



©2016EDRMLLC 35

Theuseoftheterms“AND,”“OR”and“NOT”inconductingsearches.Usedtowidenornarrowthescopeofasearch.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

Boot

Theprocesswherebyacomputerautomaticallyloadsitsstartupsoftwarewhenithasbeenturnedon.Alsocalled“bootup,”thetermderivesfromthephrase“toliftoneselfupbyone’sownbootstraps.”


Box

Asquaregraphicelementonaformusedtoenterasinglecharacter,usuallyusedinstringsforenteringconstraineddata.


BPI

See: BitsPerInch

BPS(BitsPerSecond)

See: BitsPerSecond(BPS)


©2016EDRMLLC 36

Briefcase

Amethodtosimplifythetransportofagroupofdocumentsfromonecomputertoanother.


BulkCoding

TheprocessofCodingallmembersofagroupofDocuments(identified,forexample,byDeduplication,Near-Deduplication,EmailThreading,orClustering)basedonthereviewofonlyoneorafewmembersofthegroup.AlsoreferredtoasBulkTagging.


BulletinBoardSystem

See: BBS(BulletinBoardSystem)

Bum

Slangformaking(burning)aCD-ROMcopyofdata,whetheritismusic,software,orotherdata.


Seealso:

Burn CDburning

Burn

TheprocessofcreatingacopyofinformationontoaCD-RomorDVD.


TorecordorwritedataonaCDorDVD.


Seealso:

Bum CDburning

Bus

Apathwaybetweenhardwaredevices,whichmaybeinternal,asisthecasewithcomponentsofacomputer,orexternal,asisthecasewithcomputersinanetwork.


The"highway"whichconnectsthevariouscomponentsofacomputersystem.


©2016EDRMLLC 37

Source:FormerlyAmericanDocumentManagement,GlossaryofTerms,now5iSolutionsGlossary.

BusinessProcessOutsourcing

Businessprocessoutsourcingoccurswhenanorganizationturnsoverthemanagementandoptimizationofabusinessfunction,suchasaccountspayableorpurchasing,toathirdpartythatconductstheactivitybasedonasetofpredeterminedperformancemetrics.


Byte

Aunitofmeasureconsistingofeightbitsthatisthebasicmeasurementofmostcomputerdataasmultiplesofthebytevalue.Onemillionbytesareequivalenttoa"megabyte"whileonebillionbytesisa"gigabyte."


Eightbits.

Source:LegalElectronicDocumentInstitute,BasicPrinciplesofAutomatedLitigationSupport(2005).

Acomputerwordorasequenceofbitsusedasoneunit,usuallyeightbitslong.Inwordprocessing,asinglecharacter,suchasaletter,isusuallyonebyteinsize.

Source:LegalElectronicDocumentInstitute,BasicPrinciplesofAutomatedLitigationSupport(2005).

Eightbits.TheASCIIstandardtodefineletters,numbersandcharacters–maximumof256.KB–Kilo-bytes,athousandbytes(actually210or1024bytes).MB–Megabytes,amillionbytes,(actually220or1,024KBor1,048,576bytes)GB–Gigabytes,abillionbytes(actually230or1024MBor1,073,741,824bytes).


Eightbits.Abyteisacollectionofbitsusedbycomputerstorepresentacharacter(i.e.,"a","1",or"&").A"megabyte"isonemillionbytesoreightmillionbitsora"gigabyte"isonebillionbytesoreightbillionbits.1gigabyte=1,000megabytes.1terabyte=1,000gigabytes.


Standardunitofmeasureforcomputerstorage.Abyteis8bits(binarydigits)andcorrespondstoabout1Englishcharacter.

Seealso:

Bit

KB-kilobyte

MB-megabyte

GB-gigabyte

TB-terabyte

PB-petabyte


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EB-exabyte

ByteLevelDeletion

Deletionistheprocesswherebydataisremovedfromactivefilesandotherdatastoragestructuresoncomputersandrenderedinaccessibleexceptusingspecialdatarecoverytoolsdesignedtorecoverdeleteddata.Deletionoccursinseverallevelsonmoderncomputersystems:

1. Fileleveldeletion:Deletiononthefilelevelrendersthefileinaccessibletotheoperatingsystemandnormalapplicationprogramsandmarksthespaceoccupiedbythefile'sdirectoryentryandcontentsasfreespace,availabletoreusefordatastorage.

2. Recordleveldeletion:Deletionontherecordleveloccurswhenadatastructure,likeadatabasetable,containsmultiplerecords;deletionatthislevelrenderstherecordinaccessibletothedatabasemanagementsystem(DBMS)andusuallymarksthespaceoccupiedbytherecordasavailableforreusebytheDBMS,althoughinsomecasesthespaceisneverreuseduntilthedatabaseiscompacted.Recordleveldeletionisalsocharacteristicofmanye-mailsystems.

3. Byteleveldeletion:Deletionatthebyteleveloccurswhentextorotherinformationisdeletedfromthefilecontent(suchasthedeletionoftextfromawordprocessingfile);suchdeletionmayrenderthedeleteddatainaccessibletotheapplicationintendedtobeusedinprocessingthefile,butmaynotactuallyremovethedatafromthefile'scontentuntilaprocesssuchascompactionorrewritingofthefilecausesthedeleteddatatobeoverwritten.


Deletionistheprocesswherebydataisremovedfromactivefilesandotherdatastoragestructuresoncomputersandrenderedinaccessibleexceptusingspecialdatarecoverytoolsdesignedtorecoverdeleteddata.


Removingactivefilesmakingthemunavailable.Specialdatarecoverytoolscanstillretrievethesefiles.


C

Cache

Aformofhigh-speedmemoryusedtotemporarilystorefrequentlyaccessedinformation;oncetheinformationisstored,itcanberetrievedquicklyfrommemoryratherthanfromtheharddrive.



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Adedicated,highspeedportionofcomputermemorywhichcanbeusedforthetemporarystorageoffrequentlyuseddatatomaketheapplicationrunfaster(preventshavingtoconstantlyaccessthedatafromdisk/tapestorage).


Atypeacomputermemorythattemporarilystoresfrequentlyusedinformationforquickaccess.


Caching

Ofimages:Thetemporarystorageofimagefilesonaharddiskforlatermigrationtopermanentstorage,likeanopticalorCDjukebox.


CAR

See: ComputerAssistedReview(CAR)

CaseDe-Duplication

Retainsonlysinglecopiesofdocumentspercase.Forexample,ifanidenticaldocumentresideswithMr.A,Mr.BandMr.C,onlythefirstoccurrenceofthefilewillbesaved(Mr.A's).Contrastwithcustodiande-duplicationandproductionde-duplication.




Seealso:

Basicde-duplication


De-duplication

Duplicate


GlobalDeduplication




CaseManagementSystem(CMS)

Softwaredesignedtoregulatealllawofficefunctionsperformedwithcomputersfromonecentralapplication.


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CaseSearch/SpecifyingCase

Specifyingthatthesearchmustbecasesensitivewillmatchtheexactcaseforalllettersinthekeywordandinthedocuments.Forexample,acase-sensitivesearchonRosewillmatchthename“RoseJones”butitwillnotmatchthephrase“rosegarden”.


CCD(ChargeCoupledDevice)

Acomputerchip(withsay2048cells)whoseoutputisproportionaltothelightorcolorpassedbyit.IndividualCCD'sorarraysoftheseareusedinscannersasahigh-resolution,“digitalcamera"to"read"documents.Thesedevicesaremicro-chipsizeandtheirresolutionsrunashighas1000pixelsperinch.


CCITT(ConsultativeCommitteeforInternationalTelephone&Telegraphy)

Setsstandardsforphones,faxes,modemsetc.Thestandardexistsprimarilyforfaxdocuments.


Seealso:

CCITTGroup4

CCITTGroup4

Acompressiontechnique/formatthatreducesafilegenerally,about5:1overRLEand40:1overbitmap.Forexample,ata300bpiscanrate,theapproximatestoragerequirementsare:SizeRawRLEGroup4A1MB200K40KB2MB400K75KC4MB820K150KD8MB1.6MB300KE16MB3.2MB580K.


Seealso:

CCITT

CD(CompactDiscorCompactDisk)

A43/4"diameterdevicewhichcanbereadbyalaserbeam.


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Aremovableopticaldiskthatcanbeusedtostoredocumentsorotherdata.CDsareavailablethatcanbebothreadandwrittenusingwidelyavailableCD“burners.”ItiscommontotransferlargeamountsofdatafromonecomputertoanotherusingCDs.

Seealso:

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

CDBurning

TheprocessofwritingoutputtoCD-ROMsorDVDs.


Seealso:

Bum Burn

CDPublishing

Analternativetophotocopyinglargevolumesofpaperdocuments.ThismethodinvolvescouplingimageandtextdocumentswithviewersoftwareonCDs.SometimessearchsoftwareisincludedontheCDstoenhancesearchcapabilities.


CD-R(CD-Recordable)

ThisisaCDthatcanbewritten(orrecorded)onlyonce.Itcanbecopiedtodistributealargeamountofdata.CD-RscanbereadonanyCD-ROMdrivewhetheronastandalonecomputerornetworksystem.Thismakesinterchangebetweensystemseasier.


OftenalsousedasanacronymforCD-ROM'sthatcanbewrittenmorethanonce.Thesucceedingwritingsmustutilizeunusedsectionsoftheoriginal,withalibraryodirectoryofthetotaluse.OpticalstoragetechnologyusingformatscompatiblewithCD-ROM's.CD-ROMdiscs


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mustbe"pre-mastered"toinsurethatthedataiscorrectlyformatted.Usinga"doublespeed"recorder,ittakesaboutahalfhourtoburnacomplete650MBdisc.


Seealso:

CD

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

CD-Recordable

See: CD-R(CD-Recordable)

CD-ROM(ComputerDiskReadOnlyMemory)

OpticaldiskstorageusingthesametechnologyasaudioCDs.AcomputercanreadaCD-ROMdiscbutcannotwriteonit.Typicallyusedtodistributelargeamountsoftextualinformation,sinceoneCD-ROMholdsabout650MBofdata,orapproximately15,000pagesoftext.


Atypeofhighdensityopticaldiskwitha4"diameteranda650MBcapacity.Theinformation(1'sor0's)ispermanentlyetchedbyalaserintothesurfaceofthediskandreadbyalaserbeam.TheISO9660standarddefineshowaCD-ROMiswrittenforcomputerinterface.Itisnotrewritable.Itislegallyacceptedandwrittenonasingle-side.


WrittenonalargescaleandnotonastandardcomputerCDburner(CDwriter),theyareanopticaldiskstoragemediapopularforstoringcomputerfilesaswellasdigitallyrecordedmusic.


Datastoragemediumthatusescompactdiscstostoreabout1,500floppydiscs’worthofdata.


Seealso:

©2016EDRMLLC

CD

CD-R

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

CD-ROMDrive

Acomputerdrivethatreadscompactdiscs.


CD-RW(CompactDiscRe-Writable)

Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

CDMA(Code-DivisionMultipleAccess)

Anemergingwirelesscommunicationtechnologyforalldigitalvoiceanddatanetworks.


CDPD(CellularDigitalPacketData)

Adatacommunicationstandardwhichusestheunusedcapacity(bandwidth)ofcellularvoiceproviders.



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CDR(ComputerDiskRecorder)

Themachinethatactually“burns”informationontoaCD.


CellularDigitalPacketData

See: CDPD(CellularDigitalPacketData)

CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)

The“brain”ofthecomputer.InaPC,theCPUiscontainedonasinglemicroprocessorchipandperformsalllogicaloperationstorunprogramsandsolveproblems.


Theportionofacomputerwhichperformsmostofthelogicalandarithmeticfunctions.


CentronicsInterface

Aparallelinterfacestandardforconnectingprintersandotherdevicestocomputers.PioneeredbytheCentronicsInc.,aprintermanufacturerinNewHampshire.Usesa36pinconnector.SeeSPP.


CertifiedForensicExaminer

Apersonholdingoneofanumberofcommonlyrecognizedcertificationsinthefield.Duetoalackofindustrywidecertificationsitiscriticaltoresearchthecertificationsandanyrequirementswithinyourstateorjurisdiction.


CGA(ColorGraphicsAdapter)

ShortforColorGraphicsAdapter,CGAwasanearlyIBMvideoadapterthatreplacedmonochromeandwasfirstintroducedin1981.CGAhasthehighestresolutionof640x200,colordepthof4-bit,andsupports16colors(24=16).

Source: ComputerHope,CGAdefinition,http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/cga.htm

TheColorGraphicsAdapter(CGA),originallyalsocalledtheColor/GraphicsAdapterorIBMColor/GraphicsMonitorAdapter,introducedin1981,wasIBM'sfirstgraphicscardandfirst


©2016EDRMLLC 45

colordisplaycardfortheIBMPC.Forthisreason,italsobecamethatcomputer'sfirstcolorcomputerdisplaystandard.

Source: Wikipedia,ColorGraphicsAdapter,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter

Seealso:

VGA

ChainofCustody

Allinformationonafile'stravelsfromitsoriginalcreationversiontoitsfinalproductionversion.Adetailedaccountofthelocationofeachdocument/filefromthebeginningofaprojectuntiltheend.Asoundchainofcustodyverifiesthatyouhavenotalteredinformationeitherinthecopyingprocessorduringanalysis.Ifyoucannotshowthechainofcustody,youmayhaveadifficulttimedisprovingthatoutsideinfluencesmighthavetamperedwiththedata.Achainofcustodyfailure—i.e.,themishandlingofelectronicevidence(evenfullyrecoveredfiles)—cancausealitigationdefeat.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingFeldman,TheEssentialsofComputerDiscovery,ComputerForensicsInc.(1/1/2001),http://www.forensics.com/pdf/Essentials_of_Discovery.pdf#page=12

Aprocessusedtomaintainanddocumentthechronologicalhistoryofthehandlingofelectronicevidence.Achainofcustodyensuresthatthedatapresentedis"asoriginallyacquired"andhasnotbeenalteredpriortoadmissionintoevidence.Someprovidersmaintainanelectronicchain-of-custodylinkbetweenallelectronicdataanditsoriginalphysicalmediathroughouttheproductionprocess.



Anaccountingofthecontrol(custody)ofrealevidenceatalltimesuntilthemomentitisofferedinevidence.Chainofcustodyhelpstoshowthattheevidencebeingofferedhasnotbeentamperedwithandisauthentic.Chainofcustodyisimportantforelectronicevidencebecauseitcanbeeasilyaltered.


Chainofcustodyreferstothechronologicaldocumentationand/orpapertrailshowingtheseizure,custody,control,transfer,analysis,anddispositionofevidence,physicalorelectronic.Becauseevidencecanbeusedincourttoconvictpersonsofcrimes,itmustbehandledinascrupulouslycarefulmannertoavoidlaterallegationsoftamperingormisconduct,whichcancompromisethecaseoftheprosecutiontowardacquittalorbecomegroundsforoverturningaguiltyverdictuponappeal.Theideabehindrecordingthechainofcustodyistoestablishthattheallegedevidenceisinfactrelatedtotheallegedcrime-ratherthan,forexample,havingbeenplantedfraudulentlytomakesomeoneappearguilty.


©2016EDRMLLC 46

Establishingchainofcustodyisespeciallyimportantwhentheevidenceconsistsoffungiblegoods.Inpractice,thismostoftenappliestoillegaldrugsthathavebeenseizedbylawenforcementpersonnel.Insuchcases,thedefendantmaydisclaimanyknowledgeofpossessionofthecontrolledsubstanceinquestion.Accordingly,thechainofcustodydocumentationandtestimonyispresentedbytheprosecutiontoestablishthatthesubstanceinevidencewasinfactinthepossessionofthedefendant.

Anidentifiablepersonmustalwayshavethephysicalcustodyofapieceofevidence.Inpractice,thismeansthatapoliceofficerordetectivewilltakechargeofapieceofevidence,documentitscollection,andhanditovertoanevidenceclerkforstorageinasecureplace.Thesetransactions,andeverysucceedingtransactionbetweenthecollectionoftheevidenceanditsappearanceincourt,shouldbecompletelydocumentedchronologicallyinordertowithstandlegalchallengestotheauthenticityoftheevidence.Documentationshouldincludetheconditionsunderwhichtheevidenceisgathered,theidentityofallevidencehandlers,durationofevidencecustody,securityconditionswhilehandlingorstoringtheevidence,andthemannerinwhichevidenceistransferredtosubsequentcustodianseachtimesuchatransferoccurs(alongwiththesignaturesofpersonsinvolvedateachstep).


Seealso:

Chainofevidence Forensicallysoundprocedures

ChainofEvidence

The"sequencing"ofthechainofevidencefollowsthisorder:identificationandcollection;analysis;storage;preservation;transportation;presentationincourt;returntoowner.Thechainofevidenceshows:whoobtainedtheevidence;whereandwhentheevidencewasobtained;whosecuredtheevidence;whohadcontrolorpossessionoftheevidence.1

Seealso:

Chainofcustody Forensicallysoundprocedures

CharacterEncoding

Electronicdataisrepresentedassequencesofbits,ornumbers.Eachalphabetorscriptusedinalanguageismappedtoauniquenumericvalue.Thisisreferredtoascharacterencoding.SeealsoUnicode.


CharacterTreatment

Theuseofallcapsoranotherstandardformoftreatinglettersinacodingproject.



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CharactersPerInch(CPI)

ChargeCoupledDevice

See: CCD(ChargeCoupledDevice)

Chip

Apieceofsiliconcontainingelectroniccircuitsthatperformcomputingfunctionsprocessedbythechip.Thechipismountedontoasocketthathasanumberofprojectingpinsandfitsintoareceptacleonthemotherboard.


CIE(CommissionInternationaldel’Eclairage)

Theinternationalcommissiononcolormatchingandilluminationsystems.


Cine-Mode

Datarecordedonafilmstripsuchthatitcanbereadbyahumanwhenheldvertically.


Cinepak

Acompressionalgorithm,seeMPEG.


CITIS(ContractorIntegratedTechnicalInformationService)

TheDepartmentofDefensenowrequirescontractorstohaveanelectronicdocumentimageandmanagementsystem.


CivilProcedureRules(CPR)

TheprocessformerlyknownasdiscoverybywhichdocumentsareexchangedbetweenpartiesinlitigationinEnglandandWales.Technicallytheprocesshasthreephases-a)disclosure-makingitknownthatthedocumentsexistbyprovidingtheotherpartywithalist,b)inspection-allowingtheotherpartytolookatthedocumentsc)theprovisionofcopies.Typicallyallthree


©2016EDRMLLC 48

phasesaredealtwithtogether.UnliketheUS,productionofdocumentsisinitiallydrivenby"push"i.e.thereisanobligationonapartytodisclosetheirdocumentswhicharematerialtothecase.ForfulldetailsseeCPR31andPD31.

Source: LitSavantLtd.,Glossary,http://www.litsavant.com/full-glossary.aspx

Classical,Gaussian,orNormalCalculator/Classical,Gaussian,orNormalEstimation

AmethodofcalculatingConfidenceIntervalsbasedontheassumptionthatthequantitiestobemeasuredfollowaGaussian(Normal)Distribution.Thismethodismostcommonlytaughtinintroductorystatisticscourses,butyieldsinaccurateConfidenceIntervalswhenthePrevalenceofitemswiththecharacteristicbeingmeasuredislaw.(C.f.BinomialCalculator/BinomialEstimation.)


Classifier/Classification/Classified/Classify

Toarrangeordesignateaccordingtocategorizationsuchaspotentiallyresponsiveorprivilegedversusnon-responsiveornot-privileged.


AnAlgorithmthatLabelsitemsastowhetherornottheyhaveaparticularproperty;theactofLabelingitemsastowhetherornottheyhaveaparticularproperty.InTechnology-AssistedReview,ClassifiersarecommonlyusedtoLabelDocumentsasResponsiveorNon-Responsive.


Classify/Classification



CleanInstall

Acleaninstallisasoftwareinstallationinwhichanypreviousversioniseradicated.Thealternativetoacleaninstallisanupgrade,inwhichelementsofapreviousversionremain.

Source: http://searchitchannel.techtarget.com/definition/clean-install.

Client/ServerNetwork

Acomputersystemfunctionallydistributedacrossseveralnodesonanetwork,sometimescalledadistributedapplication.Thebasictheoryisthatthevariouscomponentsofthesystem


©2016EDRMLLC 49

canbetailoredtoperformspecificfunctions,hopefullyforthegoodoftheentirenetwork.Client/Serversystemsarealsotypifiedbyahighdegreeofparallelprocessingacrossdistributednodes.UsuallytheclientsareindividualPC'sconnectedtoserver(s)whichactascentralstorehousesand"trafficcops"forinformationandapplications.

Comparewithfile-sharingapplications,whereallsearchesoccurontheworkstation,whilethedocumentdatabaseresidesontheserver.Withclient-serverarchitecture,CPUintensiveprocesses(suchassearchingandindexing)arecompletedontheserver,whileimageviewingandOCRoccurontheclient.File-sharingapplicationsareeasiertodevelop,buttheytendtogeneratetremendousnetworkdatatrafficindocumentimagingapplications.Theyalsoexposethedatabasetocorruptionthroughworkstationinterruptions.Client-serverapplicationsarehardertodevelop,butdramaticallyreducenetworkdatatrafficandinsulatethedatabasefromworkstationinterruptions.


Seealso:

LAN-localareanetwork

MAN-metropolitanareanetwork

Network

Peer-to-peernetwork

SAN-storageareanetwork

Standalonecomputer

WAN-wideareanetwork

ClockSpeed

Thespeedwithwhichthecomputerprocessesinformation.PCclockspeedismeasuredinmegahertz,e.g.,60megahertz.


CloudComputing

Massiveandsharedcomputingresourceswhereeachuserobtainsthecomputingandstorageresourcestheyneedfromacommonpool,usuallyownedbyathird-partydataserviceandhousedintheirdatacenter.Cloudcomputingis,insomeways,reminiscentoftimesharingmain-framecomputing,whereafewbigcompaniescontrolledtocomputationalresourcesformostusers.


Cluster

Inoperatingsystemsthatuseafileallocationtable(FAT)architecture,thesmallestunitofstoragespacerequiredfordatawrittentoadrive.Alsocalledanallocationunit.



©2016EDRMLLC 50


Thesmallestunitofstoragespacerequiredforcomputerdatatobewrittentoadrive.Sometimescalledanallocationunit.


Cluster(File):Thesmallestunitofstoragespacethatcanbeallocatedtostoreafileonoperatingsystemsthatuseafileallocationtable(FAT)architecture.WindowsandDOSorganizeharddiscsbasedonclusters(alsoknownasallocationunits),whichconsistofoneormorecontiguoussectors.Discsusingsmallerclustersizeswastelessspaceandstoreinformationmoreefficiently.

Cluster(System):Acollectionofindividualcomputersthatappearasasinglelogicalunit.Alsoreferredtoasmatrixorgridsystems.

Clustering

AnUnsupervisedLearningmethodinwhichDocumentsaresegregatedintocategoriesorgroupssothattheDocumentsinanygrouparemoresimilartooneanotherthantothoseinothergroups.Clusteringinvolvesnohumanintervention,andtheresultingcategoriesmayormaynotreflectdistinctionsthatarevaluableforthepurposeofasearchorrevieweffort.1


Groupingdocumentsorotherobjectsbysimilarity.Thesimilaritybetweentwodocumentsinaclusterisgreaterthanthesimilarityofdocumentsintwodifferentclusters.


Source: HerbRoitblat,PredictiveCodingGlossary

CMS

See: CaseManagementSystem(CMS)

CMYK(Cyan,Magenta,YellowandBlack)

Asubtractivemethodusedinfourcolorprintinganddesktoppublishing.

Sourec: FormerlyAmericanDocumentManagement,GlossaryofTerms,now5iSolutionsGlossary.


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Co-Processor

Anadditionalprocessor,whichperformsspecifictaskswhilethemainprocessorrunstheprimaryfunctionsofthesystem.Amathco-processor,forexample,performsarithmeticoperationstotakethatburdenoffthemainprocessorresultinginfasteroperations.


Code/Coded/Coding

TheactionofLabelingaDocumentasRelevantorNon-Relevant,orthesetofLabelsresultingfromthataction.Sometimesinterpretednarrowlytoincludeonlytheresult(s)ofaManualRevieweffort;sometimesinterpretedmorebroadlytoincludeautomatedorsemi-automatedLabelingefforts.Codingisgenerallythetermusedinthelegalindustry;LabelingistheequivalentterminInformationRetrieval.


Code-DivisionMultipleAccess

See: CDMA(Code-DivisionMultipleAccess)

Coder

Anindividualassignedtoinputinformationfromdocumentsintoadocumentdatabase.

Sourec: LegalElectronicDocumentInstitute,BasicPrinciplesofAutomatedLitigationSupport(2005).

Coding

Anautomatedorhumanprocesswheretextcontentiscomparedtopre-determinedcodes,andtheresultsofthosecomparisonsarelogged.Codingusuallyidentifiesnames,dates,andrelevanttermsorphrases.Codingmaybestructured,i.e.,aYes/Nooptionastoanissueortheselectionofoneofthefinitenumberofchoices,orunstructured,i.e.,anarrativecommentaboutadocument.Codingmaybeobjective,i.e.,thenameofthesenderorthedate,orsubjective,i.e.,evaluationastothedocuments.


Ameansofcapturingspecific,standardizeddatafromacollectionofdocumentsandcreatingadatabaselinkingthedatatotheimages.Theterm“coding”isgenerallyusedinthelegalandmedicalmarkets.Itissimilarto“indexing”inthecommercialmarketplace.



©2016EDRMLLC 52

Documentcodingistheprocessofcapturingcase-relevantinformation(i.e.author,dateauthored,datesent,recipient,dateopened,etc.)fromapaperdocument.


Seealso:

BibliographicCoding

Indexing

IssueCode

Issuecoding

Levelcoding

Objectivecoding

Subjectivecoding

Tag

Taxonomiccoding

Verbatimcoding

CodingManual

Asetofinstructionsprovidedtocodersthatincludesadescriptionoftheproject,subjectcodes,andrulesfordataconformanceandconsistency.


CognitiveComputing

Astyleofcomputingintendedtomimicthewaythehumanmindworks.Itisintendedtoaddressthekindsofproblemswherehumanjudgmenthaspreviouslybeenrequired,problemsinvolvinghighamountsofambiguityanduncertainty.Cognitivecomputingtypicallyinvolvessophisticatedformsofnaturallanguageprocessingandautomaticreasoning.


COLD(ComputerOutputtoLaserDisk)

ThecomputersystemcontainsfilesofASCIIdata(frominputorapplicationprograms)orbit-mappedfilespreviouslyscannedfrommicrofilmdocumentsorpictures.Theseoutputfilesarecompressedbyafactorof5-20:1fromtheoriginaldocumentsandstoredonWORMoptical/laserdisks.Thestoreddataisthenavailabletoallonthenetwork.Generally,theformatofthesedatabasesarecompatiblewithSQLandimagingformats.


Collection

Agroupofdocuments.Thesecanbedocumentsgatheredforaparticularmatterorpurpose.Informationretrievalscientiststenduseseveralwell-knowndocumentcollections(e.g.,RCV1)fortestingandcomparisonpurposes.



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CollectionPhase

GatheringESIforfurtheruseinthee-discoveryprocess(fromEDRMStageswebpage).

Source: EDRMStages

CorrespondstoUTBMSCodeL620-L629.Collection/Recovery,MediaCosts,Media/ESITransfer,Receipt,Inventory,QualityAssuranceandControl.


ColorGraphicsAdapter

See: CGA(ColorGraphicsAdapter)

COM(ComputerOutputtoMicrofilm)

Thecomputerconvertsandstoresdatadirectlyonmicrofilm/fichefromavarietyofavailableinputs.Thisoldertechnologyischeaperandmoreconvenientthanpaper,butoneofthemostdifficulttouseinactuallystoringandretrievingthedata.


Comb

Aseriesofboxeswiththeirtopsmissing.Tickmarksguidetextentry.Usedinformsprocessingratherthanboxes.


CombinedWordSearch

Awordsearchthatcombinessynonym,proximity,and/orBooleansearches.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming


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Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

ComicMode

Human-readabledata,recordedonastripoffilmwhichcanbereadwhenthefilmismovedhorizontallytothereader.


CommissionInternationaldel’Eclairage

See: CIE(CommissionInternationaldel’Eclairage)

CommonUserInterface(CUI)

IBM’sanswertotheAppleMacintosh,itisastandardformenusandwindowsdevelopedbyIBM.


CompactDisc

See: CD(CompactDiscorCompactDisk)

CompactDiscRe-Writable

See: CD-RW(CompactDiscRe-Writable)

CompactDiscRecordable

See: CD-R(CD-Recordable)

CompactDisk

See: CD(CompactDiscorCompactDisk)

Compatibility

Acharacteristicofacomputerorsoftwarebywhichdatapreparedinanothercomputerorsoftwarecanbeprocessed.


Theinterchangeabilityofcomputercomponents,eitherhardwareorsoftware.


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ComplianceSearch

Searchingforthepurposesofidentificationofspecifiedrelevantinformationinresponsetoadiscoveryrequest.AcompliancesearchshouldbepairedwithamethodologysearchasAd-HocorIterativesearching.


Comply

Usedinthecontextofadiscoveryrequest.Whenonecomplieswithadiscoveryrequest,itisthroughaproduction(ofeitherawitnessordocument).


CompositeVideo

Avideostreamthatcombinesred,green,blueandsynchronizationsignalsintoonesoitonlyrequiresoneconnector.CompositevideoisusedbymosttelevisionsandVCR's.Separateluminosityandcolorsignalsthatprovidethehighestpossiblesignalquality.DistinctfromvideostandardssuchasNTSCorPAL.


CompoundDocument

Adocumentthatcontainslinkedorembeddedobjectsaswellasitsowndata.


Compression

Atechnologyforstoringdatainfewerbits,itmakesdatasmallersolessdiskspaceisneededtorepresentthesameinformation.CompressionprogramslikeWinZipandUNIXcompressarevaluabletonetworkusersbecausetheysavebothtimeandbandwidth.Datacompressionisalsowidelyusedinbackuputilities,spreadsheetapplications,anddatabasemanagementsystems.



Atechnologyforstoringdatainfewerbits,itmakesdatasmallersolessdiskspaceisneededtorepresentthesameinformation.Datacompressioniswidelyusedtobackuputilities,spreadsheetapplications,anddatabasemanagementsystems.Compressedfilesmustbedecompressedinordertobeuseable.


©2016EDRMLLC 56


Atechnologythatreducesthesizeofafile.


Anymethodwhichreducestheamountofdatanecessarytotransmitinformationfromonepointtoanother.Compressiongenerallyeliminatesredundantinformationand/orpredictswherechangeswilloccur."Lossless"compressiontechniquestotallypreservetheintegrityoftheinput."Lossy"methodsdisregardsomeoftheoriginals.Theratioofthefilesizesofacompressedfiletoanuncompressedfile,e.g.,witha20:1compressionratio,anuncompressedfileof1MBiscompressedto50KB.


Atechnologythatreducesthesizeofafile.Compressionprogramsarevaluabletonetworkusersbecausetheyhelpsavebothtimeandbandwidth.


Computer

Includesbutisnotlimitedtonetworkservers,desktops,laptops,notebookcomputers,employees’homecomputers,mainframes,PDAs(personaldigitalassistants,suchasPalmPilot,Cassiopeia,HPJornadaandothersuchhandheldcomputingdevices),digitalcellphonesandpagers.


Seealso:

Fileserver

Laptopcomputer

Microcomputer

Minicomputer

Notebookcomputer

Personalcomputer

Workstation

ComputerAssistedReview(CAR)

Anyofanumberoftechnologiesthatusecomputerstofacilitatethereviewofdocumentsfordiscovery.


Seealso:

CAR PredictiveCoding TAR

ComputerDiskReadOnlyMemory

See: CD-ROM(ComputerDiskReadOnlyMemory)


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ComputerDiskRecorder

See: CDR(ComputerDiskRecorder)

ComputerEvidence

Computerevidenceisratheruniquewhencomparedtootherformsofmoretraditionaldocumentaryevidence.Unlikepaperdocumentation,computerevidenceisextremelyfragileanditoccursintheformofanidenticalcopyofaspecificdocumentthatisstoredinacomputerfile.Inaddition,thelegal"bestevidence"rulesdifferfortheprocessingofcomputerevidence.However,thereisthepotentialforunauthorizedcopiestobemadeofimportantcomputerfileswithoutleavingbehindatracethatacopywasmade.Computerevidenceisnotlimitedtodatastoredincomputerfiles,rathermostrelevantcomputerevidenceisuncoveredinuncommonlyknownlocations.Forexample,onMicrosoftWindowsandWindowsNT-basedcomputersystems,largequantifiesofevidencecanbefoundintheWindowsswapfilesorPageFiles.Inadditioncomputerevidencecanalsobeuncoveredinfileslackandunallocatedfilespace.


Seealso:

Computerforensics

Computerinvestigations

Discovery

Electronicdiscovery/e-discovery

Electronicevidence

Forensicanalysis

Forensics

Mirroring

ComputerForensics

Computerforensicsistheuseofspecializedtechniquesforrecovery,authenticationandanalysisofelectronicdatawhenacaseinvolvesissuesrelatingtoreconstructionofcomputerusage,examinationofresidualdata,andauthenticationofdatabytechnicalanalysisorexplanationoftechnicalfeaturesofdataandcomputerusage.Computerforensicsrequiresspecializedexpertisethatgoesbeyondnormaldatacollectionandpreservationtechniquesavailabletoend-usersorsystemsupportpersonnel.



Similartoallformsofforensicscience,computerforensicsiscomprisedoftheapplicationofthelawtocomputerscience.Computerforensicsdealswiththepreservation,identification,extraction,anddocumentationofcomputerevidence.Likemanyotherforensicsciences,computerforensicsinvolvestheuseofsophisticatedtechnologicaltoolsandproceduresthatmustbefollowedtoguaranteetheaccuracyofthepreservationofevidenceandtheaccuracyofresultsconcerningcomputerevidenceprocessing.


Theuseofspecializedtechniquesforrecovery,authentication,andanalysisofcomputerdata,typicallyofdatawhichmayhavebeendeletedordestroyed.


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Seealso:

Computerevidence


Discovery


Electronicevidence

Forensicanalysis

Forensics

Mirroring

ComputerInvestigations

Computercrimesarespecificallydefinedbyfederaland/orstatestatutesandanycomputerdocumentaryevidenceutilizedduringacomputerinvestigationmayincludecomputerdatastoredonfloppydiskettes,zipdisks,CDsandcomputerharddiskdrives.Theevidencenecessarytoprovecomputer-relatedcrimescanpotentiallybelocatedononeormorecomputerharddiskdrivesinvariousgeographiclocations.Thisevidencecanresideoncomputerstoragemediaasbytesofdataintheformofcomputerfilesandambientdata,however,ambientdataisusuallyunknowntomostcomputerusersandisthereforeoftenveryusefultocomputerforensicinvestigators.Computerinvestigationsrelyuponevidencestoredasdataandthetimelineofdatesandtimesthatfileswerecreated,modified,and/orlastaccessedbyacomputeruser.Timelinesofactivitiescanbeessentialwhenmultiplecomputersandindividualsareinvolvedinthecommissionofacrime.Inaddition,computerinvestigationsgenerallyinvolvethereviewofInternetlogfilestodetermineInternetaccountabuses.Usingcomputerforensicprocedures,processes,andtools,computerforensicsinvestigatorscanidentifypasswords,networklogons,Internetactivity,andfragmentsofemailmessagesthatweredumpedfromcomputermemoryduringpastWindowsworksessions.


Seealso:

Computerevidence

Computerforensics

Discovery


Electronicevidence

Forensicanalysis

Forensics

Mirroring

ComputerOutputtoLaserDisk

See: COLD(ComputerOutputtoLaserDisk)

ComputerOutputtoMicrofilm

See: COM(ComputerOutputtoMicrofilm)

ConceptSearch

Asearchtechniquethatprovideswordswhicharesimilarinconcepttoaqueryword.Aconceptsearchwillreturndocumentsthatrelatetothesameconceptasthequeryword,regardlessofwhetherthequerywordexistsinthesearchresultsdocuments.Conceptsearchescanbe


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implementedasasimplethesaurusmatch,orbyusingsophisticatedstatisticalanalysismethods.Effectivenessofconceptsearchinane-discoveryprojectdependsgreatlyonthetypeofalgorithmusedanditsimplementation.



Anindustry-specifictermgenerallyusedtodescribeKeywordExpansiontechniques,whichallowsearchmethodstoreturnDocumentsbeyondthosethatwouldbereturnedbyasimpleKeywordorBooleanSearch.MethodsrangefromsimpletechniquessuchasStemming,ThesaurusExpansion,andOntologysearch,throughstatisticalAlgorithmssuchasLatentSemanticIndexing.


Mapsrelationshipsbetweeneachwordandeveryotherwordinlargesetsofdocumentsandthenassociateswordsbasedonthecontextinwhichtheyareused.Twotechniquescanbeusedtoperformconceptsearches:theuseofamanuallyconstructedthesauruswhichrelatescertainwordstoothersorsemanticindexing,afullyautomatedmethodtoshowassociationsamongwordsbased,inpart,onstatisticalanalysisoftheoccurrenceofproximityofcertainwordstoothers.


Alsocalled"thesaurus"or"related"searching;sometimescalled"synonymsearching."Searchesthatprovideotherwordssimilarorcloseinmeaningtotheprimaryword.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch


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ConfidenceInterval

AspartofaStatisticalEstimate,arangeofvaluesestimatedtocontainthetruevalue,withaparticularConfidenceLevel.


Theexpectedrangeofresults.Ifyoudrewrepeatedsamplesfromthesamepopulation,youwouldexpecttheresulttobewithintheconfidenceintervalabouttheproportionoftimesgivenbytheconfidencelevel.Forexample,inanelectionpoll,thedifferenceintheproportionofpeoplefavoringeachcandidateisdescribedasbeingwithinarangeof,say,plusorminus5%.Allotherthingsbeingequal,thesmallertheconfidenceinterval,thelargerthesamplesizeneedstobe.Saidanotherway,thelargerthesamplesize,thesmallertheconfidenceinterval.



Seealso:

MarginofError

ConfidenceLevel

AspartofaStatisticalEstimate,thechancethataConfidenceIntervalderivedfromaRandomSamplewillincludethetruevalue.Forexample,“95%Confidence”meansthatifoneweretodraw100independentRandomSamplesofthesamesize,andcomputetheConfidenceIntervalfromeachSample,about95ofthe100ConfidenceIntervalswouldcontainthetruevalue.ItisimportanttonotethattheConfidenceLevelisnottheProbabilitythatthetruevalueiscontainedinanyparticularConfidenceInterval;itistheProbabilitythatthemethodofestimationwillyieldaConfidenceIntervalthatcontainsthetruevalue.


Howoftenwewouldachieveasimilarresultifwerepeatedthesameprocessmanytimes.Ifwedidthesamekindoftestfromthesamepopulationmorethanonce,theconfidencelevelwouldtellushowoftenwewouldgetaresultthatiswithinacertainrange(theconfidenceinterval)ofthetruevalueforthepopulation.Mostscientificstudiesemployaminimumconfidencelevelof0.95,meaningthat95percentofthetimewhenyourepeatedtheexperimentyouwouldfindasimilarresult.Thehighertheconfidencelevelthelargerthesamplesizethatisrequired.Technically,itistheproportionoftimeswhenthetruepopulationvaluewouldbeincludedwithintheconfidenceinterval.




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Config.sys

ADOSconfigurationfile,whichisusedwhenthecomputerboots,toloadspecificdevicedriverstorunhardwareorsoftwarecomponents.


ConfusionMatrix

Atwo-by-twotablelistingvaluesforthenumberofTrueNegatives(TN),FalseNegatives(FN),TruePositives(TP),andFalsePositives(FP)resultingfromasearchorrevieweffort.Asshownbelow,allofthestandardevaluationmeasuresarealgebraiccombinationsofthefourvaluesintheConfusionMatrix.AlsoreferredtoasaContingencyTable.AnexampleofaConfusionMatrix(orContingencyTable)isprovidedimmediatelybelow.

CodedRelevant CodedNon-Relevant

TrulyRelevant TruePositives(TP) FalseNegatives(FN)

TrulyNon-Relevant FalsePositives(FP) TrueNegatives(TN)

Accuracy=100%–Error=(TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN)

Elusion=100%–NegativePredictiveValue=FN/(FN+TN)

Error=100%–Accuracy=(FP+FN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN)

Fallout=FalsePositiveRate=100%–TrueNegativeRate=FP/(FP+TN)

FalseNegativeRate=100%‒TruePositiveRate=FN/(FN+TP)

NegativePredictiveValue=100%–Elusion=TN/(TN+FN)

Precision=PositivePredictiveValue=TP/(TP+FP)

Prevalence=Yield=Richness=(TP+FN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN)

Recall=TruePositiveRate=Sensitivity=TP/(TP+FN)

TrueNegativeRate=Specificity=TN/(TN+FP)


ConsultativeCommitteeforInternationalTelephone&Telegraphy

See: CCITT(ConsultativeCommitteeforInternationalTelephone&Telegraphy)

Container

Anapplicationorobjectthatcontainsotherfilesorobjectswhichcanberepresentedasfiles.Acontainermightbeanarchiveoracompounddocumentwithanembeddedorlinkedobject.


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Seealso:

EML

Mailcontainer

Mailbox

MSG

Multi-mailcontainer

NSF

OST

PST

RFCcompliantemail

RFC822

Single-mailarchive

Single-mailcontainer

SMTP

ContingencyTable

Atableofthefourresponsestatesinacategorizationtask.Therowsofthetablemaycorrespondtothecorrectortruecategoryvaluesandthecolumnsmaycorrespondtothechoicesmadebysystem.Forexample,thetoprowmaybethetrulypositivecategory(e.g.trulyresponsivedocuments)andthesecondrowmaybethetrulynegativecategory(e.g.,trulynon-responsivedocuments).Thecolumnsthenrepresentthepositivedecisionsmadebythesystem(e.g.,putativelyresponsive)andthenegativedecisionsmadebythesystem(e.g.,putativelynon-responsive).Theentriesinthesecellsarethecountsofdocumentscorrespondingtoeachresponsestate(e.g.,truepositives,falsenegatives,falsepositives,truenegatives).Contingencytablesareoftendisplayedalongwiththetotalsforeachrowandforeachcolumn.Sometimestherowsandcolumnsarereversed,sothecolumnsreflectthetruevaluesandtherowsreflectthechoices.


ContinuousTone

Animage(e.g.aphotograph)whichhasallthevaluesofgrayfromwhitetoblack.


ContractorIntegratedTechnicalInformationService

See: CITIS(ContractorIntegratedTechnicalInformationService)

ControlNumber

See:BatesNumber

ControlNumberPrefix

Aproject-specific,clientspecificationintheformofanalphanumericprefixthatprecedesaproject’scontrolnumber(thedigitalequivalentofaBatesnumber).Alsocalled"controlnumberprefix."


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Seealso:

Batesnumber

Batesprefix

Batesstamp

Batesstamping

Documentnumber

ControlSet

ARandomSampleofDocumentsCodedattheoutsetofasearchorreviewprocess,thatisseparatefromandindependentoftheTrainingSet.ControlSetsareusedinsomeTechnology-AssistedReviewprocesses.TheyaretypicallyusedtomeasuretheeffectivenessoftheMachineLearningAlgorithmatvariousstagesoftraining,andtodeterminewhentrainingmaycease.


Convergence

WheretheRGBsignals"converge"onasinglepixel.ThatpixelshouldbewhiteatfullbrightnessoftheRGBcomponents.


Cookie

Adatasetthatawebsiteservergivestoabrowserthefirsttimeauservisitsasite,updatedwitheachreturnvisit.TheremoteserversavescookiedataaboutauserastextfilesstoredinNetscapeorMSInternetExplorersystemfolders.Cookiesmaycontainuserorsessionspecificdatasuchasusername,dateofvisit,statisticandanythingthatserverknowsaboutremoteuser.Cookiesmaybeupdatedoneormoretimeseachvisit,oronlyonce.

Source: IbisConsulting,Glossary

Holdsinformationonthetimesanddatesauserhasvisitedwebsites.Otherinformationcanalsobesavedtoyourharddriveinthesetextfiles,includinginformationaboutonlinepurchases,validationinformationabouttheuserfor"MembersOnly"websites,etc.


Smalldatafilewrittentoauser’sharddrivebyawebserverwhichcontainsinformationthewebsiteusestoidentifytheuserinsubsequentvisits.


Smalldatafileswrittentoauser'sharddrivebyaWebserver.Thesefilescontainspecificinformationthatidentifiesusers(i.e.,passwordsandlistsofpagesvisited).



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Copy/Paste

Tocopyapieceofdatatoatemporarylocationandthenmakeanewcopyoftheobjectinanewlocation.Thisisusuallydonebyclickingtherightmousebuttonwhileholdingthemousecursorovertherelevantfileandthenclicking“copy”fromthemenuthatappears.Themousepointeristhenmovedtothedestinationlocation,arightmouseclickbringsupthesamefunctionmenuand“paste”isselectedtocopythefile(s)tothenewlocation.


CopyeeField

Adatafieldusedtorecordthenamesofindividualsand/orbusinessentitieswhoreceivedacopyofadocument,whenthenameisnototherwiserecordedintheaddresseeorrecipientfield.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield




Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

Corpus

Acollectionofobjects,typicallydocumentsthatarethesubjectofanalysis,machinelearning,orcategorization.


CorruptFile

Afilewithdeteriorateddataasaresultofsomeexternalagent.Hazardstodataintegrityincludenotonlycomputer-basedproblemssuchasviruses,hardwareorsoftwareincompatibilities,flaws,orfailures.Alsoenvironmentalthreatssuchaspoweroutages,dust,water,andextremetemperaturescancausehardwarefailurethatadverselyaffectfiledata.



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Cost

Costreferstothemeasurabledollarsassociatedwitheachidentifiabletask,activityoraction.CostisalsoavariableelementofTimeandVolume.CostmayalsoincludediscreteelementsthatmaybeindependentofTimeorVolume.


CoverageBias

CoverageBiascanoccurifthesamplesarenotrepresentativeofthepopulationduetothemethodologyused.Ine-discovery,suchcoveragebiasoccurswhenlargeportionsofESIgetexcludedfrombasedonmeta-dataortypeofESI.Asanexample,PatentLitigationmayrequiresamplingtechnicaldocumentsintheirsourceform,andcareshouldbetakentoincludethesedocumentsinthesampleselectionprocess.


CPI

See: CharactersPerInch(CPI)

CPR

See: CivilProcedureRules(CPR)

CPU

See: CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)

CRC(CyclicalRedundancyChecking)

Usedindatacommunicationstocreateachecksumcharacter(hexadecimal)attheendofadatablock.


CrimeSceneReconstruction

Crimescenereconstructionistheuseofscientificmethods,physicalevidence,deductivereasoning,andtheirinterrelationshipstogainexplicitknowledgeoftheseriesofeventsthatmayhaveleduptothecrimeandwhatexactlyhappenedataspecificcrimescene.Itisadisciplinedandprincipledapproachtowardsobjectivelyunderstandingacrimescene.Crimereconstructionhelpsinterpretphysicalevidence.Itisanaidtohelpformulateahypothesisandarriveataconclusionaboutacertaincrime.Forensicspecialistsallcometogetherwiththeirdifferentformsofevidencesuchasphotos,sketches,andotherusefulthingsgatheredfromthecrimescenetopaintavividpicturewhichmakesitpossibletoretraceacrimethattookplace.Usingevidencefoundatapropercrimesceneyoucanreconstructwhathappenedandpossiblyfindmoreclues.


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Whenfocusingonothertypesofforensics,therearethreeareasofimportanceinfindingtheanswersanddeterminingthecomponentsofacrimescene:(1)specificincidentreconstruction,whichdealswithtrafficaccidents,bombings,homicides,andthingsofthatnature;(2)eventreconstruction,whichanalyzesconnections,sequence,andidentity;andthemostimportantcomponent,(3)physicalevidencereconstruction,whichfocusesonfirearms,blood,glass,andotherobjectsthatcanbestrippedforDNA.


Cross-ReferenceField

Adatafieldusedtorecordinformationthatiscross-referencedtothespecificdocumentrecord.Maybeusedtocross-reference:

1. Parentdocumentswithattachments;2. Separatetextpagestooneanother;and3. Documentswithdifferentidentifyingnumbers.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield

Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

CrossoverTrial

AnExperimentalDesignforcomparingtwosearchorreviewprocessesusingthesameDocumentCollectionandInformationNeed,inwhichoneprocessisappliedfirst,followedbythesecond,andthentheresultsofthetwoeffortsarecompared.(Cf.ParallelTrial.)


CUI

See: CommonUserInterface(CUI)


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Culling

Thepracticeofnarrowingalargerdatasettoasmallerdatasetforthepurposesofreview,basedonobjectivecriteria(suchasfiletypesordaterestrictors),orsubjectivecriteria(suchasKeywordSearchTerms).Documentsthatdonotmatchthecriteriaareexcludedfromthesearchandfromfurtherreview.


Cursor

AsymbolusedonthecomputerscreeninDOSsystemstoshowwheredataaretobeentered.


Custodian

Acommonelementwithineache-discoveryPhasewhichreferstotheindividual(s)responsiblefordatatypesorrepositoriesforagivenentity.Individualsinpossessionofdatathatispotentiallyrelevanttoacase.


Seealso:

Datacustodian

CustodianDe-Duplication

Cullsadocumentifmultiplecopiesofthatdocumentresidewithinthesamecustodian'sdataset.Forexample,ifMr.AandMr.Beachhaveacopyofaspecificdocument,andMr.Chastwocopies,thesystemwillmaintainonecopyeachforMr.A,Mr.B,andMr.C.Contrastwithcasede-duplicationandproductionde-duplication.





Seealso:

Basicde-duplication

Casede-duplication

De-duplication

Duplicate


GlobalDeduplication



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Productionde-duplication VerticalDeduplication

CustodianSearch

Custodiansearchisacommonformofconstrainingsearchresults.Tosearchbasedonacustodian,themetadatasearchusingthemetadataname“Custodian”canbeused.CustodiansearchmayrelyonassigningcustodianstocollecteddataduringtheIdentificationPhasesothatsearchingdoesn’tmissoutoncustodians.Forexample,instantmessageswithbuddy-namesmaybemissedifthesearchtermisspecifiedaslast-name/first-nameorasemailaddresses.


Custodians

Acommonelementwithineache-discoveryPhasewhichreferstotheindividual(s)responsiblefordatatypesorrepositoriesforagivenentity.Individualsinpossessionofdatathatispotentiallyrelevanttoacase.


Seealso:

Datacustodian

Customer-AddedMetadata

Dataorworkproductcreatedbyauserwhilereviewingadocument.Forexample,annotationtextofadocumentorsubjectivecodinginformation.Contrastwithvendor-addedmetadata.




Seealso:

Documentmetadata

Emailmetadata

Extrinsicdata

Fileparameters

Filesystemmetadata

File-specificmetadata

Generalmetadata

Metadata

Vendor-addedmetadata

CustomizedDataField

Aspeciallynamedanddefineddatafieldinadatabase.


Seealso:

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Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield



Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

CustomizedFieldDefinition

Theprocessofdefiningthecharacteristicsofcustomizeddatafieldsinadatabase,includingfieldstructure(date,text,orintegerfield),fieldsize(numberofcharacters),multiplevalues(morethanonenameorcodeinafield),andfieldname.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield

Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

CutandPaste

Tohighlightablockoftextthenmoveorcopyit,eithertoanotherareaofthesamedocumentortoacompletelyseparatedocument.



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Cutoff

AgivenscoreorrankinaPrioritizedlist,resultingfromaRelevanceRankingsearchorMachineLearningAlgorithm,suchthattheDocumentsabovetheCutoffaredeemedtobeRelevantandDocumentsbelowtheCutoffaredeemedtobeNon-Relevant.Ingeneral,ahigherCutoffwillyieldhigherPrecisionandlowerRecall,whilealowerCutoffwillyieldlowerPrecisionandhigherRecall.AlsoreferredtoasaThreshold.


Cyan

Acoloredink.Reflectsblue&green&absorbsred.


Cyan,Magenta,YellowandBlack

See: CMYK(Cyan,Magenta,YellowandBlack)

CyclicalRedundancyChecking

See: CRC(CyclicalRedundancyChecking)

D

DaSilvaMoore

DaSilvaMoorev.PublicisGroupe,CaseNo.11Civ.1279(ALC)(AJP),2012WL607412(S.D.N.Y.Feb.24,2012),aff’d2012WL1446534(S.D.N.Y.Apr.26,2012).ThefirstfederalcasetorecognizeComputerAssistedReviewas“anacceptablewaytosearchforrelevantESIinappropriatecases.”TheopinionwaswrittenbyMagistrateJudgeAndrewJ.PeckandaffirmedbyDistrictJudgeAndrewL.Carter.


DAC(DigitaltoAnalogConverter)

Changesdigitalnumberstoanelectricalwaveform.



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DAT(DigitalAudioTape)

Althoughgenerallyusedforaudio,aDAT(120meterslong)canholdupto10gigabytesifusedfordigitaldatastorage.Hasthedisadvantageofbeingaserial,ratherthanarandomaccessdevice.


Usedasastoragemediuminsomebackupsystems.


Recordsaudiosignalsontotapeinadigitalformat.Mayalsobeusedasabackuptapeinsomesystems.

Seealso:

Backup

Backuptape

Dataextraction

Digitalaudiotape




Media


Tape

Data

Numbers,characters,images,orothermethodofrecording,inaformwhichcanbeassessedbyahumanor(especially)inputintoacomputer,storedandprocessedthere,ortransmittedonsomedigitalchannel.


Anyinformationstoredonacomputer.



Ageneralphraseforallinformation(facts,numbers,letters,graphics,etc.)thatcanbeprocessedbyacomputer.


Informationstoredonthecomputersystemandusedbyapplicationstoaccomplishtasks.


DataAttribute

Adataattributeisacharacteristicofdatathatsetsitapartfromotherdata,suchaslocation,length,ortype.Thetermattributeissometimesusedsynonymouslywith“dataelement”or“property.”


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DataCenter

Asecuresiteusedtohousecomputerapplicationsforusebyoneormoreclients.Usuallyincludesahigherlevelofsecurity,powersupply(generators,back-upswitches,etc.)andtelecommunicationsthanisfoundinastandardcomputerroom.


DataCustodian

Personhavingadministrativecontrolofadocumentorelectronicfile;forexample,thedatacustodianofanemailistheownerofthemailboxwhichcontainsthemessage.




Seealso:

Custodian

DarkData

Datathatarestored,perhapsinadatalake,inthehopethatsomedayitmightbeusefultotheorganization.Darkdataistypicallybigdatathatareunstructured,unanalyzed,uncategorized,and,mostimportantly,unusedforanyvaluablebusinessactivity.Hoardeddata,alsocalleddustydata.


DataEntry

Theprocessofenteringinformationintoadatabase.


DataExtraction

Theprocessofremovingfilesandmeta-datafrombackuptapes.


Theprocessofrestoringfilesandmeta-datafrombackuptapesinordertomakethemaccessible.



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Theprocessofpullinginformationoutofeitherhardcopyorelectronicdocuments.Theprocessmaybemanual(readandkey)orelectronicviaapatternrecognitionmethodology.


Seealso:

Backup

Backuptape


Digitalaudiotape




Media


Tape

DataField

Anameforanindividualpieceofstandardizeddatatobeextractedfromanimagecollection.Fieldscanbetheauthorofadocument,arecipient,thedateofadocumentoranyotherpieceofdatacommontomostdocumentsinanimagecollection.


Aunitofinformationinadatabase.Databaserecords,forexample,consistofanorderedlistoffieldswhereaspecifickindofinformationisstoredineachfield.Fieldsareoftenprintedascolumnsindatabasereports.

Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

DataFieldDefinition

Datafielddefinitionusuallyincludesfieldstructure(sizeofeachfieldandwhetheritisadate,aninteger,oratextfield)andfieldorganization(namesandlocationsofdatafieldswithinadocumentrecord).


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Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

DataFormat

Theorganizationofinformationfordisplay,storage,orprinting.Dataismaintainedincertaincommonformatssothatitcanbeusedbyvariousprograms,whichmayonlyworkwithdatainaparticularformat.Thistermiscommonlyusedintheindustrywhenaskinganotherpersonaboutthestateinwhichparticularinformationexists.Forexample,"Whatformatisitin,PDForHTML?"

Source: Fios,E-DiscoveryGlossary,http://discoveryresources.org/01_electronic_discovery_glossary.html↩


Dataintegrity

Referstothevalidityofdata.Dataintegritycanbecompromisedinanumberofways,including:humanerrorswhendataisentered,errorsthatoccurwhendataistransmittedfromonecomputertoanother,softwarebugsorviruses,hardwaremalfunctions,suchasdiskcrashesandnaturaldisasters,suchasfiresandfloods.Therearemanywaystominimizethesethreatstodataincluding:backingupdataonaregularbasis,controllingaccesstodataviasecuritymechanisms,designinguserinterfacesthatpreventtheinputofinvaliddata,andusingerrordetectionandcorrectionsoftwarewhentransmittingdata.


DataLake

Astoragerepositoryholdinglargevolumesofrawdata.Awarehousefordataofanysizeortypethatisminimallyprocessedandlargelyunanalyzed.Datalakeseliminatetheup-frontcostofprocessingdatauntilthosedataareneeded.Datalakesareintendedtoremoveinformation


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silosbycombiningdatafrommultiplesourcesintoasinglerepositoryandtoavoidfiltering,structuring,orotherwise“prejudging”thedatabeforetheycanbefullyanalyzed.


DataMapping

Datamappingfindsorsuggestsassociationsbetweenfileswithinalargebodyofdata,whichmaynotbeapparentusingothertechniques.


DataMining

“Datamining”generallyreferstotechniquesforextractingsummariesandreportsfromanorganization’sdatabasesanddatasets.Inthecontextofelectronicdiscovery,thistermoftenreferstotheprocessesusedtocullthroughacollectionofelectronicdatatoextractevidenceforproductionorpresentationinaninvestigationorinlitigation.Dataminingcanalsoplayanimportantroleincomplyingwithdataretentionobligationsunderanorganization’sformaldocumentmanagementpolicies.


Theprocessofextractingusefuldatafromavolumeofunstructuredinformation.Dataminingisusedtosearchforpatternsandsystematicrelationshipsinbigdatacollectionstoextractotherusefulpiecesofinformationfromthesecollections.


DataProtectionAct(DPA)

ThisactimplementsaEuropeanDirectivewhichamongotherthingsprotectsprivacyandsetslimitsonwhatcanbedonewithanindividual'spersonaldata.Inparticular,itplaceslimitationsonthetransferofsuchdatabetweenjurisdictions.


DataRate

Thespeedofadatacommunicationschannel,measuredinbitspersecond.


DataSet

Anygroupoffilesprocessedasaunit,andgenerallycontainedinonedirectory.


DataStream

Datastreamsallowmultipleformsofdatatobeassociatedwithafile,includinganynumberofgraphicfiles,databases,programs,spreadsheets,wordprocessingdocuments,orotherdata


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typesassociatedwithagivenfiletoaltersomeoftherulesconcerningcomputersecurityissuesandcomputerforensicsinvestigations.


DataValidation

Asystemforensuringaccuracyindataentryandconsistencyinformattingnamesanddates.Oftenaccomplishedbytheuseofvalidationtablestorestrictentryofinconsistentorinaccuratedata(e.g.,dateenteredas10/2/50,whenitshouldbe01/02/50).


Database

Asetofinterrelatedfilesstoredelectronicallyonacomputer.


Acollectionofrelateddataenteredintoindividualrecordsconsistingofanumberofdifferentfields.


Informationarrangedinthecomputerinarigorous,definedformattoalloweaseofrecordingandretrieval.


Acollectionofdataarrangedintablesalongwithreports,queries,andforms.Modernrelationaldatabasesemploycomplexlinkagesamongthedatainthetablessothatinformationcanbeenteredonlyonce,butstillusedtopresentcoherentreports.Atableislikeaspreadsheet,inwhichthecolumnscorrespondtofieldsandtherowstorecords,forexample,individuals.Eachfieldorcolumnoftherecordindicatesonepieceofinformationaboutthatindividual.

Seealso:

Flatfiledatabase

Fulltextdatabase

Relationaldatabase

SQL

WAIS-wideareainformationserver

DatabaseAdministrator

Adatabaseadministrator(shortformDBA)isapersonresponsiblefortheinstallation,configuration,upgrade,administration,monitoringandmaintenanceofdatabasesinanorganization.


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Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_administrator.

DatabaseDesign

Theprocessofdecidingwhatdatabasestructuretouse.Typicallyinvolvestheconstructionofspecificdatafieldsandtheoveralldesignofbowthefieldsaretobeused.


DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)

Softwarethatcontrolstheorganizationofadatabaseandprocessesrequestsfordatabaseinformationfromotherapplications.


DateField

Adatafieldinadatabasethatcontainsthedateofthedocument.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

DateFilter

Afilteroptionthatallowsforincluding/excludingspecificdatesordaterangesforapplicationand/ormailusers.


Seealso:

Extensions/sizesfilter

Filter

MD5-knownfilter

Sender/recipientfilter

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DateRangeSearch

Daterangesearchutilizesadocument’smetadatatofindsearchresultswherethecreationdates,accessdates,ormodificationdatesofdocumentsfallwithinaspecifiedrangeofdates.RefertospecifictechnologyutilizedtoprocessESItodeterminetheavailabledatesbasedonfiletypesandconsiderthehandlingoftimezonesduringESIprocessing.


DBMS

See: DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)

DBX

MicrosoftOutlookExpressstoresyourmessagesinafolderthatcontainsseveraldifferent.dbxfiles.Thesefiles(folders.dbx,inbox.dbx,outbox.dbx)containallyourmessages.

Source: ImportmessagesintoWindowsMailfromOutlookExpress,http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/import-messages-into-windows-mail-from-outlook-express.

ddFile

A"dd"fileisarawimagefilecreatedusingtheddforensicimagingtool,acommandlineprogramthatusescommandlineargumentstocontroltheimagingprocess.

Source: http://www.forensicswiki.org/wiki/Dd

De-Duplication

De-duplication(“de-duping”)istheprocessofcomparingelectronicrecordsbasedontheircharacteristicsandremovingduplicaterecordsfromthedataset.



Theprocessofprovidingoneinstanceofanitemwhentherewasoncetwoormoreidenticalcopies.Thisprocessusuallyinvolveslandingallfilesintoadatabaseandthensearchingforduplicatefiles.


Theprocessofidentifying(orsomevendorsincludesactuallyremoving)additionalcopiesofidenticaldocumentsinadocumentcollection.Therearethreetypesofde-duplication:case,custodian,andproduction.




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Theprocessofidentifying(and/orremoving)additionalcopiesofidenticaldocumentsinadocumentcollection.Therearethreetypesofde-duplication:case,custodian,andproduction.


Themethodofdatareductionthatexcludesduplicatemessages(withtheirattachments)andfilesfromfurtherprocessing.


Theprocessofremovingduplicaterecordsfromacollectionofdata.


Theprocessofdeterminingwhichdocumentsareduplicates.Filesystemscancontainmanycopiesofthesamedocument,whichneedtobeidentifiedforefficiency’ssake.Everytimeanemailissentittypicallycreatestwoadditionalcopiesoftheemailanditsattachments,oneinthesender’ssent-itemsfolderandonceintherecipient’sinbox.Anemailmayalsobesenttomultiplerecipients,therebycreatingmorecopies.

Seealso:

Basicde-duplication

Casede-duplication


Duplicate


GlobalDeduplication




De-Shade

RemoveshadedareastorenderimagesmoreeasilyrecognizablebyOCR.De-shadingsoftwaretypicallysearchesforareaswitharegularpatternoftinydots.


De-Skew

Aprocesswherethecomputerdetectsandcorrectstheskewinanimagefile.


Theprocessofstraighteningskewed(off-center)images.De-skewingisoneoftheimageenhancementsthatcanimproveOCRaccuracy.Documentsoftenbecomeskewedwhentheyarescannedorfaxed.


Seealso:

Skew


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De-Speckle

Removeisolatedspecklesfromanimagefile.Specklesoftendevelopwhenadocumentisscannedorfaxed.


DecisionTree

Astep-by-stepmethodofdistinguishingbetweenRelevantandNon-RelevantDocuments,dependingonwhatcombinationofwords(orotherFeatures)theycontain.ADecisionTreetoidentifyDocumentspertainingtofinancialderivativesmightfirstdeterminewhetherornotaDocumentcontainedtheword“swap.”Ifitdid,theDecisionTreemightthendeterminewhetherornottheDocumentcontained“credit,”andsoon.ADecisionTreemaybecreatedeitherthroughKnowledgeEngineeringorMachineLearning.


Decryption

Decryptionistheprocessofconvertingencrypteddatabackintoitsoriginalform,soitcanbeunderstood.


Seealso:

Encryption

Deduplication

AmethodofreplacingmultipleidenticalcopiesofaDocumentbyasingleinstanceofthatDocument.Deduplicationcanoccurwithinthedataofasinglecustodian(alsoreferredtoasVerticalDeduplication),oracrossallcustodians(alsoreferredtoasHorizontalDeduplication).


DeepLearning

Anapproachtobuildingandtrainingneuralnetworks.Deeplearningtypicallyinvolvesahierarchicalneuralnetworkwhereeachofthelevelsinthehierarchyistrainedseparately.



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Default

Avalueoroptionassignedtodatabyasystemwhennospecificvaluehasbeenspecifiedbyanoperator.


DeletedData

Deleteddataisdatathat,inthepast,existedonthecomputeraslivedataandwhichhasbeendeletedbythecomputersystemorend-useractivity.Deleteddataremainsonstoragemediainwholeorinpartuntilitisoverwrittenbyongoingusageor“wiped”withasoftwareprogramspecificallydesignedtoremovedeleteddata.Evenafterthedataitselfhasbeenwiped,directoryentries,pointers,orothermetadatarelatingtothedeleteddatamayremainonthecomputer.


Deleteddataaredatathat,inthepast,existedonthecomputeraslivedataandwhichhavebeendeletedbythecomputersystemorend-useractivity.Deleteddataremainonstoragemediainwholeorinpartuntiltheyareoverwrittenor“wiped.”Evenafterthedataitselfhavebeenwiped,directoryentries,pointersorothermetadatarelatingtothedeleteddatamayremainonthecomputer.


Recoverableinformationfromdeletedfilesanddatamaybestoredinunallocatedorslackspaceonacomputerharddrive.


Datathatatonetimeexistedonacomputersystemaslivedatabutthathasbeendeleted,however,suchdeleteddatainhabitsstoragemediainsomeformuntilitisoverwrittenor"wiped"withasoftwareprogramspecificallydesignedtoremovedeleteddata.Oncethestoragemediahasbeenwiped,directoryentries,pointers,orothermetadataoftenremain.


Datathatonceexistedonacomputerandhassubsequentlybeendeletedbytheuser.Deleteddataactuallyremainsonthecomputeruntilitisoverwrittenbynewdataor“wiped”withaspecificsoftwareprogram.(Evenafterwiping,metadatasuchasdirectoryentriesorpointersmaystillremain.)


Deletion

Deletionistheprocesswherebydataisremovedfromactivefilesandotherdatastoragestructuresoncomputersandrenderedinaccessibleexceptusingspecialdatarecoverytools


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designedtorecoverdeleteddata.Deletionoccursinseverallevelsonmoderncomputersystems:



3. Byteleveldeletion:Deletionatthebyteleveloccurswhentextorotherinformationisdeletedfromthefilecontent(suchasthedeletionoftextfromawordprocessingfile);suchdeletionmayrenderthedeleteddatainaccessibletotheapplicationintendedtobeusedinprocessingthefile,butmaynotactuallyremovethedatafromthefile'scontentuntilaprocesssuchascompactionorrewritingofthefilecausesthedeleteddatatobeoverwritten.






Descender

Theportionofacharacterwhichfallsbelowthemainpartoftheletter(e.g.g,p,q).


Desktop

UsuallyreferstoanindividualPC--auser'sdesktopcomputer.


DesktopPublishing

PCsystemsusedtopreparedirectprintoutputoroutputsuitableforprintingpresses.


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DestinationFile

Thefilethatalinkedorembeddedobjectisinsertedinto,orthatdataissavedto.Thesourcefilecontainstheinformationthatisusedtocreatetheobject.Whenyouchangeinformationinadestinationfile,theinformationisnotupdatedinthesourcefile.

Source: Glosbe,destinationfile,https://en.glosbe.com/en/en/destination%20file

DIA/DCA(DocumentInterchangeArchitecture)

AnIBMstandardfortransmissionandstorageofvoice,textorvideoovernetworks.


DiacriticSpecification

Adiacriticspecificationisaphoneticmarkeraddedtoletter(aboveorbelow)indicatingachangeinthewayitistobepronouncedorstressed.Forlanguagesthatincludediacriticcharactersoncertaincharacters(suchasvowels),specifyingwhetherthediacriticsshouldmatchisasearchoption.


DigitalAudioTape

See: DAT(DigitalAudioTape)

DigitalLinearTape(DLT)

Digitallineartapeisaformofmagnetictapeanddrivesystemusedforcomputerdatastorageandarchiving.DLTisoneofseveraltechnologiesdevelopedinrecentyearstoincreasethedata-transferratesandstoragecapacitiesofcomputertapedrives.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingSearchStorage.com,http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci759350,00.html.

Adocumentstoragemediuminacartridge.DLTtapesareoftenusedforbackuptapes.

Seealso:

Backup

Backuptape


Dataextraction

Digitalaudiotape



Media


Tape

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DigitalSignalProcessor(Processing)(DSP)

Aspecialpurposecomputer(ortechnique)whichdigitallyprocessessignalsandelectrical/analogwaveforms.


DigitaltoAnalogConverter

See: DAC(DigitaltoAnalogConverter)

DigitalVersatileDisc(DVD)

Aplasticdisc,likeaCD,onwhichdatacanbewrittenandread.DVDsarefaster,canholdmoreinformation,andcansupportmoredataformatsthanCDs.


AnopticallyencodedremovablediscsimilartoaCD,butwithmuchhighercapacity.

Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

DigitalVideoDisc(DVD)

See: DigitalVersatileDisc(DVD)

DimensionalityReduction

AFeatureEngineeringmethodusedtoreducethetotalnumberofFeaturesconsideredbyaMachineLearningAlgorithm.SimpleDimensionalityReductionmethodsincludeStemmingandStopWordelimination.MorecomplexDimensionalityReductionmethodsincludeLatentSemanticIndexingandHashing.



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Directory

Adirectoryis,ingeneral,anapproachtoorganizinginformation,themostfamiliarexamplebeingatelephonedirectory.

Source: TechTarget,directorydefinition,http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/definition/directory

DirtyOCR

Electronicdocumentsresultingfrominaccurateopticalcharacterrecognitions.

Seealso:

ICR

OCR

OpticalCharacterRecognition

Patternrecognition

DisasterRecoveryPlan

Aplandevisedbyanorganizationtoavoiddatalossorbusinessdisruptionfollowingapowerloss,anaturaldisaster,oranactofterrorism.Agooddisasterrecoveryplancallsfordailybackupfunctionsandcontingencyplanstominimizedatalossandbusinessinterruption.


DisasterRecoveryTape

Portablemediausedtostoredatathatisnotpresentlyinusebyanorganizationtofreeupspacebutstillallowfordisasterrecovery.Mayalsobecalled"backuptapes."


Seealso:

Backup

Backuptape


Dataextraction

Digitalaudiotape



Media


Tape

Disc

Anopticaldisc.


Round,flatstoragemediawithlayersofmaterialwhichenabletherecordingofdata.



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Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

Disclosure

Disclosuremeansthegivingoutofinformation,eithervoluntarilyortobeincompliancewithlegalregulationsorworkplacerules.


Discovery

Apre-trialprocessinwhicheachpartytriestofindalltheinformationheldbytheotherpartyandbycertainthirdpartiesthatisrelevant,probativeandcanbeadmittedintoevidenceattrial.Eachpartyisrequiredtocooperatewiththeothertotheextentrequiredbytherelevantrulesofcivilprocedure.


Thepre-trialprocedurebywhicheachpartygainsinformationheldbytheadversepartyconcerningacase.Discoveryisalsothedisclosureoffacts,documents,electronicallystoredinformationandtangibleobjectsbyanadverseparty.


TheprocessofprovidingdocumentstoanopposingpartyinUSlitigation.UnliketheUK,theUSprocessisdrivenby"pull"i.e.apartyneedstospecifythedocumentstheywanteachopposingpartytoproduce.


Seealso:

Computerevidence

Computerforensics



Electronicevidence

Forensicanalysis

Forensics

Mirroring

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DiscoveryRequest

Anofficialrequest,bytheopposingattorney,todeliverdocumentsrelevanttoparticularcaseissues.

Seealso:

Documentrequest Interrogatory Requestforadmission

DiscoveryTracking

Theuseofadatabasetomonitortheprogressofdiscoveryaswellasthecontentandconsistencyofdiscoveryresponses.


Disk

Astoragemediumcapableofstoringlargeamountsofdata.Disktypesincludemagneticdisks(bothharddisksandfloppydisks)andopticaldisks.


Amagneticfloppyorharddisk.


Round,flatstoragemediawithlayersofmaterialwhichenabletherecordingofdata.


Itmaybeafloppydisk,oritmaybeaharddisk.Eitherway,itisamagneticstoragemediumonwhichdataisdigitallystored.AdiscmayalsorefertoaCD-ROM.


Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

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DiskDrive

Thedevicethathousesadiskandcontrolstheconnectionbetweenthecomputerandthemagneticdisk.


Seealso:

Floppydiskdrive

Jazdrive

Magneto-opticaldrive

Portabledrive

Storagedevice

Tapedrive

Zipdrive

DiskMirroring

Whenfilesarestoredonacomputersystem'sharddisk,a"mirror"copyismadeonanadditionalharddiskoraseparatepartofthesamedisktosafeguardinformationincaseofdisaster.


Amethodofdatabackupthatcopiesor“mirrors”eachsavedfileonaharddiskontoasecondharddisk.


DiskOperatingSystem(DOS)

Acronymfordiskoperatingsystem.ThetermDOScanrefertoanyoperatingsystem,butitismostoftenusedasashorthandforMS-DOS(Microsoftdiskoperatingsystem).OriginallydevelopedbyMicrosoftforIBM,MS-DOSwasthestandardoperatingsystemforIBM-compatiblepersonalcomputers.

Source: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DOS.html

Asetofprogramsthatcontrolsthecomputerandsupportssoftwareapplications.MS-DOS(MicrosoftDiskOperatingSystem)ispopularbecauseitwasthesystemusedintheoriginalIBMPCandsubsequentclones.


Seealso:

Linux

MicrosoftDOS

MicrosoftWindows

Networkoperatingsystem

NOS

Operatingsystem

OS

UNIX

Windows


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Xenix

Diskette

Synonymfor“floppydisk.”


Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

DistributedData

Datathatresidesonportablemediaandnon-localdevicessuchaslaptopcomputers,homecomputers,CD-ROMs,floppydisks,zipdrives,wirelesscommunicationdevices,personaldigitalassistants(PDAs),webpages,InternetrepositoriessuchasemailhostedbyInternetserviceprovidersorportals,andthelikethatbelongstotheorganizationandnottheuser.


Informationwhichresidesonnon-localdevicessuchashomecomputers,laptopcomputers,PDAs,orevenInternetrepositories.


Distributeddataisthatinformationbelongingtoanorganizationwhichresidesonportablemediaandnon-localdevicessuchashomecomputers,laptopcomputers,floppydisks,CD-ROMs,personaldigitalassistants(“PDAs”),wirelesscommunicationdevices(i.e.,Blackberry),zipdrives,Internetrepositoriessuchase-mailhostedbyInternetserviceprovidersorportals,Webpages,andthelike.Distributeddataalsoincludesdataheldbythirdpartiessuchasapplicationserviceprovidersandbusinesspartners.


Dithering

Creatingtheillusionofnewcolorsandshadesbyvaryingthepatternofdots.Newspaperphotographs,forexample,aredithered.Ifyoulookclosely(seeexamplebelow),youcansee


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thatdifferentshadesofgrayareproducedbyvaryingthepatternsofblackandwhitedots.Therearenograydotsatall.Themoreditherpatternsthatadeviceorprogramsupports,themoreshadesofgrayitcanrepresent.Inprinting,ditheringisusuallycalledhalftoning,andshadesofgrayarecalledhalftones.

Source: LegalElectronicDocumentInstitute,BasicPrinciplesofAutomatedLitigation

Support(2005).

DLT

See: DigitalLinearTape(DLT)

DMS(DocumentManagementSystem)

Essentiallyadatabasetostoreandretrievefirmdocumentsbyclient/matternumber,title,author,dateand/orkeywords.


Document

Anyfileproducedbyasoftwareapplication.


Anyfileproducedbyasoftwareapplication.Includesbutisnotlimitedtoanyelectronicallystoreddataonmagneticoropticalstoragemediaasan"active"fileorfiles(readilyreadablebyoneormorecomputerapplicationsorforensicssoftware);any"deleted"butrecoverableelectronicfilesonsaidmedia;anyelectronicfilefragments(filesthathavebeendeletedandpartiallyoverwrittenwithnewdata);andslack(datafragmentsstoredrandomlyfromrandomaccessmemoryonaharddriveduringthenormaloperationofacomputer[RAMslack]orresidualdataleftontheharddriveafternewdatahasoverwrittensomebutnotallofpreviouslystoreddata).


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SeeRule34oftheFederalRulesofCivilProcedure.


Oneorseveralsinglepagesofimagesthatmakealogicalsinglecommunicationofinformation.Examplesincludealetter,areport,amemooranairlineticket.A"document"maybeanymeansofcommunicating,informingoreducating,includinghard-copypaper,electronicdocuments,e-mail,voicemail,video,x-rays,drawings,etc.


Adocumentisapageorcollectionofpagesthatarephysicallyorlogically(orboth)linked.


Fed.R.Civ.P.34(a)definesadocumentas“includingwritings,drawings,graphs,charts,photographs,phonorecords,andotherdatacompilations.”Intheelectronicdiscoveryworld,adocumentalsoreferstoacollectionofpagesrepresentinganelectronicfile.E-mails,attachments,databases,worddocuments,spreadsheets,andgraphicfilesareallexamplesofelectronicdocuments.


InthecontextofElectronicDiscovery,adiscreteitemofElectronicallyStoredInformationthatmaybethesubjectorresultofasearchorrevieweffort.


DocumentAssembly

Softwarefunctionthatgathersfactsaboutaclient,thenmergesdataandtexttodraftauniquedocumentforthatclientthatvariesdependingonthefactsofeachcase.Typicallyisperformedbyansweringaseriesofquestionsorextractingdatafromadatabase.


DocumentBoundaries

Thebeginningandendingpagesofadocument.Afolderfullofpapersmayhavenoobviousindicationwhereonedocumentendsandanotherbegins(e.g.,ifthestaplesorpaperclipsthatheldthedocumentstogetherwereremoved).Whenpaperdocumentsarescanned,theboundariesbetweenthedocumentsusuallyhastobedeterminedandnoted.


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DocumentCollection

TheprocessofgatheringElectronicallyStoredInformationforsearch,review,andproduction;thesetofDocumentsresultingfromsuchaprocess.Inmanycases,theDocumentCollectionandDocumentPopulationarethesame;however,itisimportanttonotethatDocumentPopulationreferstothesetofDocumentsoverwhichaparticularStatisticalEstimateiscalculated,whichmaybetheentireDocumentCollection,asubsetoftheDocumentCollection(e.g.,thedocumentswithaparticularfiletypeormatchingparticularSearchTerms),asupersetoftheDocumentCollection(e.g.,theuniversefromwhichtheDocumentCollectionwasgathered),oranycombinationthereof.


DocumentDate

Theoriginalcreationdateofadocumentusuallynotedonthedocumentitself.Inthecaseofaletter,whentheletterwaswrittenindicatedbythedateoftheletter.Onanemailindicatedbythedate-stampoftheemail.


DocumentDepository

Alibraryofhardcopiesofalldocumentsinaspecificcase,sometimestheoriginals,andoftenrununderguidelinesspecifiedbythecourt.


Acentrallibraryofalldocumentsinacase,eitherhardcopiesorimages,withsomeformofelectronicaccess.


DocumentEnhancement

Acontext-sensitiveannotationtoafull-textdocument.


DocumentInterchangeArchitecture

See: DIA/DCA(DocumentInterchangeArchitecture)


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DocumentManagementSystem

See: DMS(DocumentManagementSystem)

DocumentMetadata

Datastoredinadocumentaboutthedocument.Oftenthisdataisnotimmediatelyviewableinsoftwareapplicationusedtocreate/editthedocument,butoftencanbeaccessedviaa"properties"view.Contrastwithfilesystemmetadataandemailmetadata.




Datastoredinadocumentaboutthedocument.Oftenthisdataisnotimmediatelyviewableinsoftwareapplicationusedtocreate/editthedocument,butoftencanbeaccessedviaa"properties"view.Example:LastAccessedDate,LastEditedBy,Users,etc.

Seealso:

Customer-addedmetadata

Emailmetadata

Extrinsicdata

Fileparameters

Filesystemmetadata


Generalmetadata

Metadata


DocumentNumber

SimilartoaBatesnumber,adocumentnumberisauniqueidentifierassignedtoadocumentorfile.Documentnumbersareusedtotrackdocumentsorfilesthroughoutoneormorelawsuitsorsimilarproceedings.

Seealso:

Batesnumber

Batesprefix

Batesstamp

Batesstamping

DocumentPopulation

ThesetofElectronicallyStoredInformationorDocumentsaboutwhichaStatisticalEstimationmaybemade.



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DocumentRequest

Inalawsuitorsimilarproceeding,awrittenrequestfromaparttoanotherpartyortoanon-partyaskingtherecipienttoproduceorpermittheinspectionofdocuments,electronicallystoredinformation,ortangibleobjects.

Externallinks:

Rule34.ProducingDocuments,ElectronicallyStoredInformation,andTangibleThings,orEnteringontoLand,forInspectionandOtherPurposes,https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_34

Seealso:

DiscoveryRequest Interrogatory Requestforadmission

DocumentRetentionPolicy

Asetofrulesfordetermininghowlongdocumentsofdifferenttypesneedtoberetainedforbusinessorlegalpurposes.Theserulesvarybybusinesstype,documenttype,andcounselstrategies.Adocumentretentionpolicyisonepartofarecordsmanagementscheme.

DocumentSegments

Documentsmaybesplitintomultiplesegments(suchasAbstract,Body,Title,References,Citation,etc.).TheBooleanoperatorsmaybelimitedtoaspecificdocumentsegment.Inthesesituations,youmayneedtospecifythesearchscopeofthedocument.


DocumentSizes

(U.S.):

• ASize8.5"by11"(A4)• BSize11"by17"(A3)• CSize17"by22"(A2)• DSize24"by36"(A1)• ESize36"by48"(A0)


DocumentTemplate

Setsofindexfieldsfordocuments.



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DocumentType

Atypicalfieldusedinbibliographicalcoding.Typicaldocumenttypeexamplesincludeletter,memo,report,articleandothers.OftenreferredtoasDocType.


DOS

See: DiskOperatingSystem(DOS)

DOSPrompt

Usuallyadiskdriveletterfollowedbythegreaterthan(>)symbol.ItisthepositionfromwhichDOSfunctionsareexecutedmanuallyifthecomputerhasnocommonuserinterface(CUI)orGraphicalUserInterface(GUI).


DotPitch

DistanceofonepixelinaCRTtothenextpixelontheverticalplane.Thesmallerthenumber,thehigherqualitydisplay.


DotsPerInch(DPI)

Ameasurementofscannerresolution.Thenumberofpixelsascannercanphysicallydistinguishineachverticalandhorizontalinchofanoriginalimage.Documentsarenormallyscannedataresolutionofbetween200dpiand400dpi.

SOURCE:RSI,Glossary.

Double-SidedScanner

Double-sidedscanningusesasingle-sidedscannertoscandouble-sidedpages,scanningonecollatedstackofpaper,thenflippingitoverandscanningtheotherside.


Seealso:

Duplexscanner

Flatbedscanner

Scanner

Simplexscanner

©2016EDRMLLC

Download

Totransferdatatotheuser’scomputerfromanothercomputer.


DPA

See: DataProtectionAct(DPA)

DPI

See: DotsPerInch(DPI)

Drag-and-Drop

Acommonwaytomoveorcopyafileorfolderistohighlightitandliterally“drag”acopiedversionofittoanotherlocation.Firstthemousewouldbeusedtohighlightthefile.Thenwhileholdingdowntheleftmousebutton,thenameofthefilewouldbedraggedtoanewlocation.Inthebackground,theoperatingsystemcreatesanewcopyandplacesitinthenewlocation.Forexample,youcandragafiletotheRecycleBintodeletethefile,ortoafoldertocopyormoveittothatlocation.


Themovementofon-screenobjectsbydraggingthemacrossthescreenwiththemouse.


DRAM(DynamicRandomAccessMemory)

Amemorytechnologywhichisperiodically"refreshed"orupdated–asopposedto"static"RAMchipswhichdonotrequirerefreshing.Thetermisoftenusedtorefertothememorychipsthemselves.Varietiesare:

• CDRAM:CacheDRAM(containsstaticcache)• EDODRAM:ExtendeddataoutDRAM• EDRAM:EnhancedDRAM(containsastaticmemorybufferandcachecontroller)• SDRAM:SynchronousDRAM(addedclockandburstaddressingcapability)• SGRAM:SynchronousGraphicsRAM(asingleportSDRAM)• WRAM:WindowRAM(dualportvideoRAM)• VRAM:VideoRAM(adualportedDRAM,goodforgraphics)


Seealso:

Memory RAM ROM

©2016EDRMLLC

DroppedItems

AnotherformofvalidationutilizedtoensurethatResponsiveitemsarenotbeinginadvertentlyomittedthroughchangestothesearchcriteria.Asthesearchcriteriasetisbeingupdatedandmodifiedduringtheinitialinvestigationandanalysis,acomparisonwouldsampledocumentsthatwereoriginallyresultsofonesearchcriteriasetbutarenolongerresultsofthemodifiedsearchcriteriaset.IfResponsivedocumentsarefounduponreviewofdroppeditems,specialattentionshouldbepaidtodeterminewhetheradditionaltermsneedtobecreatedtocapturetheseitemsorifmodificationsmadetothecriteriashouldbechangedsotheseorsimilaritemswouldbeincludedintheresults.


DSP

See: DigitalSignalProcessor(Processing)(DSP)

DucesTecum

Latinfor"bringwiththee."Usuallymeanscometoadepositionorcourtappearancewithdocuments.


DumbTerminal

Anetworkterminalwithkeyboard,monitor,andnetworkinterfacebutnoharddriveforindependentprocessingcapability.


Duplex

Theabilityofascannertoscanbothsidesofasheetsimultaneously.Requirestwoscannercamerasandoftentwoprocessingboards.


Two-sidedpage(s).


DuplexScanner

Duplexscannersautomaticallyscanbothsidesofadouble-sidedpage,producingtwoimagesatonce.



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Seealso:

Double-sidedscanner

Flatbedscanner

Scanner

Simplexscanner

Duplicate

Anexactduplicateofanotherdocumentinadatabase.Duplicatestypicallyarisewhenmultipledocumentproductionsfromseparatesourcesarecodedandcontaincopiesofthesamedocuments.


Seealso:

Basicde-duplication

Casede-duplication


De-duplication


GlobalDeduplication




Duty

Legalobligationformanagingthe“Risk”associatedwithspecificinformation.LegalandRIMhavetheresponsibilityforlegaldutiesandobligations(i.e.,legalholdpreservationandregulatoryretentionobligations).


DVD

See: DigitalVersatileDisc(DVD)

DVD-ROM

Digitalversatiledisc-readonlymemory(DVD-ROM)isaread-onlydigitalversatiledisc(DVD)commonlyusedforstoringlargesoftwareapplications.Itissimilartoacompactdisk-readonlymemory(CD-ROM)buthasalargercapacity.ADVD-ROMstoresaround4.38GBofdata.ACD-ROMusuallystores650MBofdata.

Source: Technopedia,DigitalVersatileDisc-ReadOnlyMemory(DVD-ROM),https://www.techopedia.com/definition/24480/digital-versatile-disc-read-only-memory--dvd-rom

Seealso:

CD CD-R CD-ROM


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CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

DynamicDe-Duplication

Aproprietarydynamicde-duplicationtechnologydesignedtohandlelargevolumesofinformationandensurethatuniquemeta-dataandoriginalcontentarestoredonlyonce.Thisdynamicde-duplicationprocessisexecutedasthedataflowsoffthetapes,inordertoavoidlargeandexpensiveprocessingandstoragerequirements.


Seealso:

Basicde-duplication

Casede-duplication


De-duplication

Duplicate


DynamicRandomAccessMemory

See: DRAM(DynamicRandomAccessMemory)

E

E-Mail(ElectronicMail)

Electronicmail,commonlyreferredtoas"e-mail"or"email,"isanelectronicmeansforcommunicatinginformationunderspecifiedconditions,generallyintheformoftextmessages,throughsystemsthatwillsend,store,process,andreceiveinformationandinwhichmessagesareheldinstorageuntiltheaddresseeaccessesthem.


Asimpletextmessage--apieceoftextsenttoarecipient.Inthebeginningandeventoday,e-mailmessagestendtobeshortpiecesoftext,althoughtheabilitytoaddattachmentsnowmakesmanye-mailmessagesquitelong.Evenwithattachments,however,e-mailmessagescontinuetobetextmessages.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingHowStuffWorks,http://computer.howstuffworks.com/email.htm/printable.


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Thewholeofanelectronicdocumentcontainingthemessageenvelopeandmessagecontent(attachments,etc.).


Electronicmail,orcomputer-basedmail.



Anydatasetorgroupoffilesoriginatingfrommailcontainersore-mailsystems.Thisincludessingle-mailitemsoutsideoftheirmailapplications,likeMSG(Outlook)andEMLfiles(RFC822singlemailcontainers),RFC822mailfoldersaswellasmulti-mailarchives(PST,NSF,etc.).


EarlyCaseAssessment(ECA)

Anindustry-specifictermgenerallyusedtodescribeavarietyoftoolsormethodsforinvestigatingandquicklylearningaboutaDocumentCollectionforthepurposesofestimatingtherisk(s)andcost(s)ofpursuingaparticularlegalcourseofaction.


Awidelyabusedterminwhichcorporatedataissiftedandcategorisedwithaviewtodetermininganorganisation'sexposureinthecontextofadispute.ThebestECAsystemsallowthesiftingtotakeplacewithinacorporation'sowndatastoreandcanbeusedtodrilldownrapidlytoidentifythemostpertinentevidentiarymaterialandtofacilitatedecisionswhethertolitigateorsettle.


EB(Exabyte)

1millionterabytes.TheUSbusinesscommunityisestimatedtohavecreated35-50exabytesofelectronicdatain2004.


Seealso:

Bit

Byte

KB-kilobyte

MB-megabyte

GB-gigabyte

TB-terabyte

PB-petabyte

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EDI-OracleStudy

Anongoinginitiative(asofJanuary2013)oftheElectronicDiscoveryInstitutetoevaluateparticipatingvendors’searchanddocumentrevieweffortsusingaDocumentCollectioncontributedbyOracleAmerica,Inc.


EDMS(ElectronicDocumentManagementSystem)

EDMS-electronicdocumentmanagementsystemisasoftwareprogramthatmanagesthecreation,storageandcontrolofdocumentselectronically.TheprimaryfunctionofanEDMSistomanageelectronicinformationwithinanorganizationworkflow.AbasicEDMSshouldincludedocumentmanagement,workflow,textretrieval,andimaging.AnEDMSmustbecapableofprovidingsecureaccess,maintainingthecontext,andexecutingdispositioninstructionsforallrecordsinthesystem.

Source: EDMS-ElectronicDocumentManagementSystem,http://www.edms.net

EDRM

EDRMisanorganizationthatcreatespracticalresourcestoimprovee-discoveryandinformationgovernance.Since2005thee-discoverycommunityhasreliedonEDRMforleadership,standards,bestpractices,tools,guidesandtestdatasetstoimproveelectronicdiscoveryandinformationgovernance.Memberindividuals,lawfirms,corporationsandgovernmentorganizationsactivelycontributetothedirectionofEDRM.

EDRMDiagram

TheEDRMdiagramisconceptual,non-linear,iterativemodelofthee-discoveryprocess.

Itrepresentsaconceptualviewofthee-discoveryprocess,notaliteral,linearorwaterfallmodel.Onemayengageinsomebutnotallofthestepsoutlinedinthediagram,oronemayelecttocarryoutthestepsinadifferentorderthanshownhere.

Thediagramalsoportraysaniterativeprocess.Onemightrepeatthesamestepnumeroustimes,honinginonamoreprecisesetofresults.Onemightalsocyclebacktoearliersteps,refiningone’sapproachasabetterunderstandingofthedataemergesorasthenatureofthematterchanges.

Source: EDRMDiagramElements

EDRMFramework

See: EDRMDiagram


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EDRMFrameworkGuides

TheEDRMframeworkguidesareaseriesofpracticalguidesdevelopedforeachstageofthee-discoveryprocessasdepictedintheEDRMframework.

EDRMPhases

TheElectronicDiscoveryReferenceModel,alsoreferredtoasEDRMortheEDRMdiagram,outlinesthekeyprocessesandstagesofthee-discoveryprocessintheformofnineinterrelatedphases:InformationGovernance,Identification,Preservation,Collection,Processing,Review,Analysis,Production,andPresentation.Eachphaserepresentsacorestageofthee-discoveryprocess.Bybreakingthee-discoveryprocessintophases,practitionerscanleveragecoreresources(i.e.people,technology,andprocesses)inamoreorganizedfashiontoachievedesiredresults.


EGA(EnhancedGraphicsAdapter)

ShortforEnhancedGraphicsAdapter,EGAisavideostandardmanufacturedbyIBMin1984withahigherresolution(640x350)andmorecolors(16fromapaletteof64)whencomparedtoearlierstandardssuchasCGA.

Source: ComputerHope,EGAdefinition,http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/e/ega.htm

TheEnhancedGraphicsAdapter(EGA)isahistoricalIBMPCcomputerdisplaystandardfrom1984thatsupersededandexceededthecapabilitiesoftheCGAstandardintroducedwiththeoriginalIBMPC,andwasitselfsupersededbytheVGAstandardin1987.

Source: Wikipedia,EnhancedGraphicsAdapter,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter

EIA(ElectronicIndustriesAssociation)

Atradeassociation.


EISA(ExtendedIndustryStandardArchitecture)

OneofthestandardbusesusedforPCs.


ElectronicDiscovery/E-Discovery

Discoverydocumentsproducedinelectronicformatsratherthanhardcopy.Theproductionmaybecontainedonharddrives,tapes,CDs,DVDs,externalharddrives,etc.Oncereceived,


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thesedocumentsareconvertedto.tifformat.Itisduringtheconversionprocessthatmetadatacanbeextracted.


Aprocessthatincludeselectronicdocumentsandemailintoacollectionof"discoverable"documentsforlitigation.Usuallyinvolvesbothsoftwareandaprocessthatsearchesandindexesfilesonharddrivesorotherelectronicmedia.Extractsmetadataautomaticallyforuseasanindex.Mayincludeconversionofelectronicdocumentstoanimageformatasifthedocumenthadbeenprintedoutandthenscanned.


Thediscoveryofelectronicdocumentsanddataincludinge-mail,Webpages,wordprocessingfiles,computerdatabases,andvirtuallyanythingthatisstoredonacomputer.Technically,documentsanddataare“electronic”iftheyexistinamediumthatcanonlybereadthroughtheuseofcomputers.Suchmediaincludecachememory,magneticdisks(suchascomputerharddrivesorfloppydisks),opticaldisks(suchasDVDsorCDs),andmagnetictapes.


Theprocessoffinding,identifying,locating,retrieving,andreviewingpotentiallyrelevantdataindesignatedcomputersystems.

Theprocessofidentifying,preserving,collecting,processing,searching,reviewingandproducingElectronicallyStoredInformationthatmaybeRelevanttoacivil,criminal,orregulatorymatter.


Seealso:

Computerevidence

Computerforensics


Discovery

Electronicevidence

Forensicanalysis

Forensics

Mirroring

ElectronicDocument

Adocumentthathasbeenscanned,orwasoriginallycreatedonacomputer.Documentsbecomemoreusefulwhenstoredelectronicallybecausetheycanbewidelydistributedinstantly,andallowsearching.HTMLandPDFarewellknownelectronicdocumentformats.


ElectronicDocumentDiscovery

See: ElectronicDiscovery/E-Discovery


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ElectronicDocumentManagementSystem

See: EDMS(ElectronicDocumentManagementSystem)

ElectronicEvidence

AccordingtoBlack’slawdictionary,evidenceis“anyspeciesofproof,orprobativematter,legallypresentedatthetrialofanissue,bytheactofthepartiesandthroughthemediumofwitnesses,records,documents,exhibits,concreteobjects,etc.forthepurposeofinducingbeliefinthemindsofthecourtorjuryastotheircontention.”Electronicinformation(likepaper)generallyisadmissibleintoevidenceinalegalproceeding.


Anycomputer-generateddatathatisrelevanttoacase.Includedareemail,textdocuments,spreadsheets,images,databasefiles,deletedemailandfilesandback-ups.Thedatamaybeonfloppydisk,zipdisk,harddrive,tape,CDorDVD.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingNorcrossGroupFAQ's,http://norcrossgroup.com/faq.html#5.

Seealso:

Computerevidence

Computerforensics


Discovery


Forensicanalysis

Forensics

Mirroring

ElectronicIndustriesAssociation

See: EIA(ElectronicIndustriesAssociation)

ElectronicMail

See: E-Mail(ElectronicMail)

ElectronicMailMessage

Commonlyreferredtoas“e-mail”,anelectronicmailmessageisadocumentcreatedorreceivedviaanelectronicmailsystem,includingbriefnotes,formalorsubstantivenarrativedocuments,andanyattachments,suchaswordprocessingandotherelectronicdocuments,whichmaybetransmittedwiththemessage.


ElectronicRecord

Informationrecordedinaformthatrequiresacomputerorothermachinetoprocessitandthatotherwisesatisfiesthedefinitionofarecord.



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Elusion

ThefractionofDocumentsidentifiedasNon-RelevantbyasearchorrevieweffortthatareinfactRelevant.ElusionisestimatedbytakingaRandomSamplefromtheNullSetanddetermininghowmany(orwhatProportionof)DocumentsareactuallyRelevant.AlowElusionvaluehascommonlybeenadvancedasevidenceofaneffectivesearchorrevieweffort(see,e.g.,Kleen),butthatcanbemisleadingbecauseitquantifiesonlythoseRelevantDocumentsthathavebeenmissedbythesearchorrevieweffort;itdoesnotquantifytheRelevantDocumentsfoundbythesearchorrevieweffort(i.e.,Recall).Consider,forexample,aDocumentPopulationcontainingonemillionDocuments,ofwhichtenthousand(or1%)areRelevant.Asearchorrevieweffortthatreturned1,000Documents,noneofwhichwereRelevant,wouldhave1.001%Elusion,belyingthefailureofthesearch.Elusion=100%–NegativePredictiveValue.


Aninformationretrievalmeasureoftheproportionofresponsivedocumentsthathavebeenmissed.Mostoftenusedasaqualityassurancemeasureinwhichasampleofnon-retrieveddocumentsisevaluatedtodeterminewhetherareviewhasmetreasonablecriteriaforcompleteness.


Em

Inanyprintfontorsizeisequaltothewidthoftheletter"M"inthatfontandsize.


Email


EmailAddress

Anelectronicmailaddress.Emailaddressesfollowtheformula:[email protected],auser'semailaddressis"aliased"orrepresentedbytheirnaturalnameratherthantheirfullyqualifiedemailaddress.Forexample,[email protected].



EmailAttachment

Electronicfilesthataresentalongwithanemail.


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EmailMessageStore

Atopmoste-mailmessagestoreisthelocationinwhichane-mailsystemstoresitsdata.Forinstance,anOutlookPST(personalstoragefolder)isatypeoftopmostfilethatiscreatedwhenauser’sMicrosoftOutlookmailaccountissetup.AdditionalOutlookPSTfilesforthatusercanbecreatedforbackingupandarchivingOutlookfolders,messages,formsandfiles.Similartoafilingcabinet,whichisnotconsideredpartofthepaperdocumentscontainedinit,atopmoststoregenerallyisnotconsideredpartofafamily.

Source” KrollOntrack,GlossaryofTerms,http://www.krollontrack.com/glossaryterms

EmailMetadata

Datastoredinanemailabouttheemail.Oftenthisdataisnotevenviewableinemailclientapplicationusedtocreatetheemail.Theamountofemailmetadataavailableforaparticularemailvariesgreatlydependingontheemailsystem.Contrastwithfilesystemmetadataanddocumentmetadata.


Source: RSI,Glossary

Datastoredinanemailabouttheemail.Oftenthisdataisnotevenviewableinemailclientapplicationusedtocreatetheemail.Theamountofemailmetadataavailableforaparticularemailvariesgreatlydependingontheemailsystem.Example:Subject,SentDate,To,Attachment,etc.

Seealso:


Documentmetadata

Extrinsicdata

Fileparameters

Filesystemmetadata


Generalmetadata

Metadata


EmailThreading

Groupingtogetheremailmessagesthatarepartofthesamediscourse,sothattheymaybeunderstood,reviewed,andcodedconsistentlyasaunit.


Embed

Toinsertanobjectinitsnativeformatintoacompounddocument.



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EmbeddedChart

Achartoragraphthatwouldnormallybedisplayedwithinaspreadsheet,butthatmayblockunderlyingtextordata.

EmbeddedObject

Adatacontainerwithoutfilepropertiesallocatedwithinanotherfilesuchasagraphic,MSWord,orMSExcelfile(havingthepropertiesofthatobject),typicallyrepresentedbyanapplication-specificiconinthebodyofanyTIFF'edcontent.Thisincludesinformationthatiscontainedinasourcefileandinsertedintoadestinationfile.Onceembedded,theobjectbecomesapartofthedestinationfile.


Seealso:

Bibliographiccoding

Linkobject

Linksource

Linkedobject

Object

EML

EMLisafileextensionforane-mailmessagesavedtoafileintheMIMERFC822standardformatbyMicrosoftOutlookExpressaswellassomeotheremailprograms.

Source: EMLFileFormat,http://whatis.techtarget.com/fileformat/EML-Microsoft-Outlook-Express-mail-message-MIME-RFC-822.

AsingleRFC822mailfilemessage.

Source: IbisConsulting,Glossary

Anemailfileformat,usuallycontainingasingleemailmessage.

Seealso:

Container

Mailcontainer

Mailbox

MSG

Multi-mailcontainer

NSF

OST

PST

RFCcompliantemail

RFC822

Single-mailarchive


SMTP

EmptyFile

Afilewithnocontent,butwithfileproperties,structure,andtypicallyalsometadata(includingcommercialapplicationdata).



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Emulate

Toimitateadevicewithaseconddeviceusingagraphicaluserinterface.


En

HalfthewidthofanEm.


EncapsulatedPostScript(EPS)

Uncompressedfilesforimages,textandobjects.OnlyprintonPostScriptprinters.


Encryption

Atechnologythatrendersthecontentsofafileunintelligibletoanyonenotauthorizedtoreadit.Encryptionisusedtoprotectinformationasitmovesfromonecomputertoanother.


Atechnologythatrendersthecontentsofafileunintelligibletoanyonenotauthorizedtoreadit.Encryptionisusedtoprotectinformationasitmovesfromonecomputertoanother,andisanincreasinglycommonwayofsendingcreditcardnumbersovertheInternetwhenconductinge-commercetransactions.



Theconversionofdataintoaformcalledciphertextthatcannotbeeasilyunderstoodbyunauthorizedpeople/applications.


Thecodingofmessagestoincreasesecurityandmaketransmissiononlyreadablebyrecipientswiththeabilitytodecodeonlybyusingthesamealgorithms.


Aprocedurethatrendersthecontentsofamessageorfileunintelligibletoanyonenotauthorizedtoreadit.



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Seealso:

Decryption

EndDocumentNumber

Thelastsinglepageimageofadocument.OftencalledEndDoc#.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

EndofFile(EOF)

Adistinctivecodewhichuniquelymarkstheendofadatafile.


EndUserProgram

Theprogramusedtoperformsearches,viewingandretrievalofascannedand/orcodedcollectionofimages.ExamplesincludeSummation,Concordance,JFSLitigatorsNotebook,Ringtail,Paradox,InMagicDB/Textworksandmanyothers.


Endorser

Alittleprinterinascannerthataddsadocument-controlnumbertoeachscannedsheet.Someformscontrolprocessingsoftwarecancontrolthisprinter.



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EnhancedGraphicsAdapter

See: EGA(EnhancedGraphicsAdapter)

EnhancedParallelPort(EPP)

AlsoknownasFastModeParallelPort.Anew,industrystandardparallelport,havinghightransfertimescompetitivewithSCSI.


EnhancedSmallDeviceInterface(ESDI)

Adefined,commonelectronicinterfacefortransferringdatabetweencomputersandperipherals,particularlydiskdrives.


EOF

See: EndofFile(EOF)

EORHB

EORHBv.HOAHoldingsLLC,Civ.ActionNo.7409-VCL,tr.andslipop.(Del.Ch.Oct.19,2012).ThefirstcaseinwhichacourtsuaspontedirectedthepartiestousePredictiveCodingasareplacementforManualReview(ortoshowcausewhythiswasnotanappropriatecaseforPredictiveCoding),absenteitherparty’srequestemployPredictiveCoding.ViceChancellorJ.TravisLasteralsoorderedthepartiestousethesameE-DiscoveryvendorandtoshareaDocumentrepository.


EPP

See: EnhancedParallelPort(EPP)

EPS

See: EncapsulatedPostScript(EPS)

eRecall

AnestimateofRecallcomputedfromprevalenceandproductionfrequency.



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Error/ErrorRate

ThefractionofallDocumentsthatareincorrectlycodedbyasearchorrevieweffort.NotethatAccuracy+Error=100%,andthat100%–Accuracy=Error.WhilealowErrorRateiscommonlyadvancedasevidenceofaneffectivesearchorrevieweffort,itsusecanbemisleadingbecauseitisheavilyinfluencedbyPrevalence.Consider,forexample,aDocumentPopulationcontainingonemillionDocuments,ofwhichtenthousand(or1%)areRelevant.AsearchorrevieweffortthatfoundnoneoftherelevantDocumentswouldhave1%Error,belyingthefailureofthesearchorrevieweffort.


EscapingMechanism

Tosearchakeywordwhichcontainsawildcardcharactersuchasaquestionmark,anescapingmechanismisneededtosearch.Availabilityofmulti-characterwildcardsmaybelimitedinsomesystems.Somesearchenginesrequireacertainnumberofleadingcharactersanddonotsupportsearchtermsthatstartwithawildcard.


ESDI

See: EnhancedSmallDeviceInterface(ESDI)

ESI/ElectronicallyStoredInformation

ElectronicallyStoredInformationorESIisinformationthatisstoredelectronicallyonenumerabletypesofmediaregardlessoftheoriginalformatinwhichitwascreated.



ElectronicallyStoredInformation:thisisanallinclusivetermreferringtoconventionalelectronicdocuments(e.g.spreadsheetsandwordprocessingdocuments)andinadditionthecontentsofdatabases,mobilephonemessages,digitalrecordings(e.g.ofvoicemail)andtranscriptsofinstantmessages.Allofthismaterialneedstobeconsideredfordisclosure.


UsedinFederalRuleofCivilProcedure34(a)(1)(A)torefertodiscoverableinformation“storedinanymediumfromwhichtheinformationcanbeobtainedeitherdirectlyor,ifnecessary,aftertranslationbytherespondingpartyintoareasonablyusableform.”AlthoughRule34(a)(1)(A)references“DocumentsorElectronicallyStoredInformation,”individualunitsofreviewandproductionarecommonlyreferredtoasDocuments,regardlessofthemedium.


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Ethernet

AcommonwayofnetworkingPCstocreateaLAN.


EvaluationOrder

Whiletheevaluationordershouldbeimmaterial,somesearchenginesproducedifferentresultsiftheorderisspecifieddifferently.Inotherimplementations,theperformanceofsearchisimpactedbytheorderofspecification.


Exabyte

See: EB(Exabyte)

ExceptionsReport

Areportlistingdocumentsthatcouldnotbeprocessedwithintheparametersofthenormalelectronicdiscoveryprocessing.Forvariousreasons,thedocumentslistedintheexceptionsreportcouldnotbeopened,theirtextextracted,ortheycouldnotbeproperlyimaged.Effectivesystemsminimizeexceptions,becausethesedocumentsmayrequirespecialprocessingmakingthemmoreexpensiveanddelayingtheproductionprocess.

ExpansionSlot

Aspaceinsideacomputerusedtoconnectaboardthatcontrolsotherfunctions,suchasascannerormodem,tothemotherboard.


ExperimentalDesign

Astandardprocedureacceptedinthescientificcommunityfortheevaluationofcompetinghypotheses.Therearemanyvalidexperimentaldesigns.SomethatcanbeappropriateforevaluatingTechnology-AssistedReviewprocessesincludeCrossoverTrialsandParallelTrials.



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ExploratorySearch

Adhocorsinglelogicalquery,likelytobeemployedinknowledgemanagementeffortontheleftside,orasadhocsearchaspartofcaseassessment,revieworpost-reviewwitnessprep.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

ExtendedIndustryStandardArchitecture

See: EISA(ExtendedIndustryStandardArchitecture)

ExtensibleMarkupLanguage(XML)

Codewhichdescribesthecontentofdata.

AsubsetofSGMLthatisusedtodescribethestructureandcontentofdocuments.The“extensible”partofitsnameindicatesthatitcanbeusedtocreatenewdatastructures,whichmakesitmorepowerfulthanHTML.


Seealso:

HTML

Java

JavaScript

SGML

SGML/HyTime

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Extensions/SizesFilter

Afilteroptionthatallowsforincluding/excludingfileswithembeddedobjects,forincludingorexcludingcertainfiletypesornon-maile-mailitems(suchasCalendar,Appointments,Tasks,Contacts,etc),aswellasestablishingthresholdsforfilesize.


Seealso:

Datefilter

Filter

MD5-knownfilter


ExternalDrive

See: Portabledrive

Extranet

Anintranetconnectionthatismadeaccessibletoauthorizedusersoutsideofthenetwork.


Anintranettowhichtheownersprovidelimitedaccesstooutsideuserssuchasclientsorco-counsel.


AnInternetbasedaccessmethodtoacorporateintranetsitebylimitedortotalaccessthroughasecurityfirewall.Thistypeofaccessistypicallyutilizedincasesofjointventureandvendorclientrelationships.


ExtrinsicData

Informationaboutafile,suchasfilesignature,author,size,name,path,andcreatingandmodificationdates.Thisdataistheaccumulationofwhatisinthefile,onthemedialabel,discoveredbytheoperator,andcontributedbytheuser.Collectively,itrepresentsoneofthevaluesofexamininganelectronicfileasopposedtotheprintedversion.


Seealso:


Documentmetadata

Emailmetadata

Fileparameters

Filesystemmetadata


Generalmetadata

Metadata


©2016EDRMLLC

F

F

vanRijsbergen’sF.Aformulaforcombiningprecisionandrecallintoasinglenumbertomakeiteasiertocomparetheinformationretrievalaccuracyofdifferentsystems.


F1

TheHarmonicMeanofRecallandPrecision,oftenusedinInformationRetrievalstudiesasameasureoftheeffectivenessofasearchorrevieweffort,whichaccountsforthetradeoffbetweenRecallandPrecision.InordertoachieveahighF1score,asearchorrevieweffortmustachievebothhighRecallandhighPrecision.


OneformofvanRijsbergen’sFformulaforcombiningprecisionandrecallintoasinglenumbertomakeiteasiertocomparetheinformationretrievalaccuracyofdifferentsystems.F1istheweightedharmonicmeanofprecisionandrecall=2*precision*recall/(precision+recall).


FacetedQuery

Asearchquerywhereinthesystemreturnsasetofalternativevaluesthataretypicallysubcategoriesoftheoriginalquery.Forexample,onawebsitesellingtelevisionsets,ausermightenteraninitialqueryconsistingoftheword“TV.”ThesystemwillthenpresentalistofvarioussubclassesofTVs,categorized,forexample,bythesizeofthescreen.IneDiscovery,asystemmightreturnalistofemailsendersinresponsetoaninitialquery.Afacetedqueryisatypeofqueryexpansion,wheretheexpandedqueriesarecategorizedandcanbeselected.


Facsimile

Aprocessoftransmittingdocumentsbyscanningthemtodigital,convertingtoanalog,transmittingoverphonelinesandreversingtheprocessattheotherendandprinting."Group3"indicatesthe3rdgenerationoffaxeswhichtransmitsapageat9600baudinaboutaminute–withanormalresolutionof203x98dpiandafineresolutionof203x196.



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FalseNegative(FN)

ARelevantDocumentthatisMissed(i.e.,incorrectlyidentifiedasNon-Relevant)byasearchorrevieweffort.AlsoknownasaMiss.


Oneoffourresponsestatesinacategorizationtask.Truepositiveresponsesarethosethataretrulyinthepositivecategoryandareclassifiedasnegative.


Seealso:

FalsePositive(FP) TrueNegative(TN) TruePositive(TP)

FalseNegativeRate(FNR)

Thefraction(orProportion)ofRelevantDocumentsthatareMissed(i.e.,incorrectlyidentifiedasNon-Relevant)byasearchorrevieweffort.NotethatFalseNegativeRate+Recall=100%,andthat100%–Recall=FalseNegativeRate.


FalsePositive(FP)

ANon-RelevantDocumentthatisincorrectlyidentifiedasRelevantbyasearchorrevieweffort.


Oneoffourresponsestatesinacategorizationtask.Falsepositiveresponsesarethosethataretrulyinthenegativecategoryandareclassifiedaspositive.


Seealso:

FalseNegative(FN) TrueNegative(TN) TruePositive(TP)

FalsePositiveRate(FPR)

Thefraction(orProportion)ofNon-RelevantDocumentsthatareincorrectlyidentifiedasRelevantbyasearchorrevieweffort.NotethatFalsePositiveRate+TrueNegativeRate=100%,andthat100%–TrueNegativeRate=FalsePositiveRate.InInformationRetrieval,alsoknownasFallout.


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FamilyRange

AfamilyrangedescribestherangeofdocumentsfromthefirstBatesproductionnumberassignedtothefirstpageofthetopmostparentdocumentthroughthelastBatesproductionnumberassignedtothelastpageofthelastchilddocument.


FamilyRelationship

Afamilyrelationshipisformedamongtwoormoredocumentsthathaveaconnectionorrelatednessbecauseofsomefactor.


FastModeParallelPort

See: EnhancedParallelPort(EPP)

FAT(FileAllocationTable)

AninternaldatatableonDOS-baseddisksthatliststhecontentsandaddressofeachfileonthedisk.


Seealso:

Filesystem NTfilingsystem NTFS

FaxBoard

Anadapterthatisinstalledinsideacomputertoallowdirectfaxing.


Feature

Acharacteristicofanitem.Intext,afeatureisusuallyaword,butitcouldbeaphraseorothergroupingofwords.Inasearchengine,featuresaretheitemsthatarespecificallyindexed.


FeatureEngineering

TheprocessofidentifyingFeaturesofaDocumentthatareusedasinputtoaMachineLearningAlgorithm.TypicalFeaturesincludewordsandphrases,aswellasmetadatasuchassubjects,


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dates,andfiletypes.OneofthesimplestandmostcommonFeatureEngineeringtechniquesisBagofWords.MorecomplexFeatureEngineeringtechniquesincludetheuseofOntologiesandLatentSemanticIndexing.


Features

TheunitsofinformationusedbyaMachineLearningAlgorithmtoClassifyorPrioritizeDocuments.TypicalFeaturesincludetextfragmentssuchaswordsorphrases,andmetadatasuchassender,recipient,andsentdate.SeealsoFeatureEngineering.


FiberOptics

Transmittingwithlightpulsesovercablesmadefromthinstrandsofglass.


Field

Anameforanindividualpieceofstandardizeddatatobeextractedfromanimagecollection.Fieldscanbetheauthorofadocument,arecipient,thedateofadocumentoranyotherpieceofdatacommontomostdocumentsinanimagecollection.


Aunitofinformationinadatabase.Databaserecords,forexample,consistofanorderedlistoffieldswhereaspecifickindofinformationisstoredineachfield.Fieldsareoftenprintedascolumnsindatabasereports.

Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient


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Subjectcategory Summary Text

FieldSeparator

Acode,usuallyacomma,thatseparatesthefieldsinarecord.(Also,adelimiter.)


FieldedSearch

Fieldedsearchesarebasedonvaluesstoredasmetadataratherthanactualcontentofanelectronicasset.Searchescanberefinedusingmetadatainformationextractedduringprocessing,suchassenderorreceiver,creationdate,modifieddate,author,filetypeandtitle,aswellassubjectiveuser-definedvaluesthatmaybeascribedtoadocumentaspartofdownstreamreview.SeealsoParametricSearch.


File

Adocumentorprogramaswellasaunitofstorageorfilemanagement.Eachfileisasetofbytes(eachbytetypicallyconsistsof8bits)thatisstoredonsomemedia,orinsideanarchive.FilescanbetransmittedovercommunicationlinesusingcommunicationprotocolssuchasSMTP/POP3(Mail),FTP,HTTP.Filesmay(ormaynot)havedifferentattributes(metadata).Therearemanydifferenttypesoffiles:datafiles,textfiles,programfiles,directoryfiles,andsoon.Differenttypesoffilesstoredifferenttypesofinformation.Forexample,programfilesstoreprograms,whereastextfilesstoretext.


Anelementofdatastorageinafilesystem.Acollectionofdataorinformationthathasaname,calledthefilename.Almostallinformationstoredinacomputermustbeinafile.Therearemanydifferenttypesoffiles:datafiles,textfiles,programfiles,directoryfiles,andsoon.




Inwordprocessing,apieceoftextthatisusuallyonedocumentlong.


Inadatabase,acompletecollectionofrecordstreatedasoneunit.


Acollectionoflogicallyrelateddatarecords.


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Acollectionofdataofinformationstoredunderaspecifiednameonadisk.


FileAllocationTable

See: FAT(FileAllocationTable)

FileCompression

Atechnologyforstoringdatainfewerbits,itmakesdatasmallersolessdiskspaceisneededtorepresentthesameinformation.CompressionprogramslikeWinZipandUNIXcompressarevaluabletonetworkusersbecausetheysavebothtimeandbandwidth.Datacompressionisalsowidelyusedinbackuputilities,spreadsheetapplications,anddatabasemanagementsystems.



Atechnologyforstoringdatainfewerbits,itmakesdatasmallersolessdiskspaceisneededtorepresentthesameinformation.Datacompressioniswidelyusedtobackuputilities,spreadsheetapplications,anddatabasemanagementsystems.Compressedfilesmustbedecompressedinordertobeuseable.


Atechnologythatreducesthesizeofafile.


Anymethodwhichreducestheamountofdatanecessarytotransmitinformationfromonepointtoanother.Compressiongenerallyeliminatesredundantinformationand/orpredictswherechangeswilloccur."Lossless"compressiontechniquestotallypreservetheintegrityoftheinput."Lossy"methodsdisregardsomeoftheoriginals.Theratioofthefilesizesofacompressedfiletoanuncompressedfile,e.g.,witha20:1compressionratio,anuncompressedfileof1MBiscompressedto50KB.


Atechnologythatreducesthesizeofafile.Compressionprogramsarevaluabletonetworkusersbecausetheyhelpsavebothtimeandbandwidth.



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FileExtension

Distinguishesafile'sformatfortheapplicationusedtocreatethefileandcanbeusedtosimplifytheprocessoflocatingdata.


Atagofthreeorfourletters,precededbyaperiod,whichidentifiesadatafile'sformatortheapplicationusedtocreatethefile.Fileextensionscanstreamlinetheprocessoflocatingdata.Forexample,ifoneislookingforincriminatingpicturesstoredonacomputer,onemightbeginwiththe.gifand.jpgfiles.


Thelast(typically3characters)followingaperiodinafilenamethatindicateswhatkindoffileitis.MSworddocumentstypicallyendwith".doc,"etc.Fileextensionsareusedbytheoperatingsystemtodeterminethedefaultapplicationtousetoopenafile.

InDOSandsomeotheroperatingsystems,oneorseverallettersattheendofafilename.Filenameextensionsusuallyfollowaperiod(dot)andindicatethetypeofinformationstoredinthefile.Forexample,inthefilenameLETTER.DOC,theextensionisDOC,whichindicatesthatthefileisawordprocessingfile.

FileParameters

Filedatawhichcanbereadfromthefilesystem,includingfolderlocationname,filename,creationdate,lastmodifieddate,lastaccesseddate,andfilesize.


Seealso:


Documentmetadata

Emailmetadata

Extrinsicdata

Filesystemmetadata


Generalmetadata

Metadata


FileServer

UtilizedwhenmanycomputersystemsareconnectedtogetheraspartofaLAN,afileservercanretainemailmessages,financialdata,wordprocessinginformation,orbeusedtobackupthenetwork.


Acomputerthatisthecentralstorageunitforalocalareanetwork(LAN).


WhenseveralormanycomputersarenetworkedtogetherinaLANsituation,onecomputermaybeutilizedasastoragelocationforfilesforthegroup.Fileserversmaybeemployedtostoree-mail,financialdata,wordprocessinginformationortoback-upthenetwork.


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Seealso:

Computer

Laptopcomputer

Microcomputer

Minicomputer

Notebookcomputer

Personalcomputer

Workstation

FileSet

Anygroupoffilestobeprocessed,eitherinoroutsideofacontainer.


FileSharing

Sharingofcomputerdataorspaceonanetwork.Filesharingallowsmultipleuserstousethesamefilebybeingabletoread,modify,copyand/orprintit.Filesharingusersmayhavethesameordifferentlevelsofaccessprivilege.


Oneofthekeybenefitsofanetworkistheabilitytosharefilesstoredontheserveramongseveralusers.


FileSignature

Withinafile,thefilesignatureistheinformationaboutthetrueprogram-relatedoriginofthefile,andtherefore,itstype.Toolsforreadingfilesignaturesidentifythetrueprogramsource,evenifthefileextensionhasbeenchanged.


FileSystem

Thesystemthatanoperatingsystemorprogramusestoorganizeandkeeptrackoffiles.Forexample,ahierarchicalfilesystemisonethatuses[Directory|directories}]toorganizefilesintoatreestructure.Typesoffilesystemsincludefileallocationtable(FAT)andWindowsNTfilesystem(NTFS).



Seealso:

FAT NTfilingsystem NTFS

©2016EDRMLLC

FileSystemMetadata

Datathatcanbeobtainedorextractedaboutafilefromthefilesystemstoringthefile.Contrastwithdocumentmetadataandemailmetadata.



Seealso:


Documentmetadata

Emailmetadata

Extrinsicdata

Fileparameters


Generalmetadata

Metadata


FileTransferProtocol(FTP)

TheprotocolforexchangingfilesovertheInternet.FTPworksinthesamewayasHTTPfortransferringWebpagesfromaservertoauser'sbrowserandSMTPfortransferringelectronicmailacrosstheInternet--inthat,likethesetechnologies,FTPusestheInternet'sTCP/IPprotocolstoenabledatatransfer.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingWebopediaComputerDictionary,http://www.pcwebopedia.com/TERM/F/FTP.html.

AnInternetprotocolthatenablesyoutotransferfilesbetweencomputersontheInternet.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingAppliedDiscovery'sGlossary,http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/courtweb/pdf/D02NYSC/03-04265.PDF#page=24


Aprotocolusedontheinternetforexchangingfiles.


AnInternetprotocoltomovefilesfromonecomputertoanother.


File-SpecificMetadata

File-specificmetadataisdefinedasdataaboutthefileitself,suchastitle,subject,author,keywords,comments,etc.forapplicationfilesandMessageID,header,text,timereceived,numberofattachments,etc.formailitems.


Seealso:

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Documentmetadata

Emailmetadata

Extrinsicdata

Fileparameters

Filesystemmetadata

Generalmetadata

Metadata


Filename

Thenamegiventoacomputerfileinordertodistinguishitfromotherfiles;maycontainanextensionthatindicatesthetypeoffile.


Thenameofafile.Allfileshavenames.Differentoperatingsystemsimposedifferentrestrictionsonfilenames.Mostoperatingsystems,forexample,prohibittheuseofcertaincharactersinafilenameandimposealimitonthelengthofafilename.Inaddition,manysystems,includingDOSandUNIX,allowafilenameextensionthatconsistsofoneormorecharactersfollowingtheproperfilename.Thefilenameextensionusuallyindicateswhattypeoffileitis.



Thenameofafile.Allfileshavenames.Differentoperatingsystemsimposedifferentrestrictionsonfilenames.Mostoperatingsystems,forexample,prohibittheuseofcertaincharactersinafilenameandimposealimitonthelengthofafilename.Inaddition,manysystems,includingDOSandUNIX,allowafilenameextensionthatconsistsofoneormorecharactersfollowingtheproperfilename.Thefilenameextensionusuallyindicateswhattypeoffileitis.ThelineofusuallyRomanalphabetcharactersplusafileattribute'sFILEEXTENSION(zip,doc,info,xwy)separatedbythesymbol'.'orafileattribute'sFILEEXTENSION(zip,doc,info,xwy).Thismay(orMAYNOT)beanindicatorofFILEFORMATFILEFORMAT.Fileformatspecificationallowsdifferentapplicationstounderstandthesamefiles.


FilenameExtension

InDOSandsomeotheroperatingsystems,oneorseverallettersattheendofafilename.Filenameextensionsusuallyfollowaperiod(dot)andindicatethetypeofinformationstoredinthefile.Forexample,inthefilenameLETTER.DOC,theextensionis.DOC,whichindicatesthatthefileisawordprocessingfile.





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Filter

Variousmethodsofreducingadataset.


Seealso:

Datefilter


MD5-knownfilter


Filtering

Themethodofreducingadatasetbyapplyingoneormorefilters.


Electronicfilteringofemailsandfilesforprivilegeorbykeyword,file,typeorname.Filteringremovesfilesthatdonotfitthesearchcriteriaandreducesthevolumeofdatathatrequiresfurtherinvestigation.



FindSimilar

AsearchmethodthatidentifiesDocumentsthataresimilartoaparticularexemplar.FindSimilariscommonlymisconstruedtobethemechanismbehindTechnology-AssistedReview.


Fingerprinting

See: Hash

Firewall

Asystemintendedtothwartunauthorizedaccesstoorfromaprivatenetworkthatisoftenusedtopreventunauthorizedusersfromaccessingprivatenetworksconnectedtotheinternet.


Asetofrelatedprogramsthatprotecttheresourcesofaprivatenetworkfromusersfromothernetworks.


FlashDrive

See: JumpDrive


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FlatFileDatabase

Adatabasewithalldatainasinglelist,similartoatelephonebookoraRolodex.


Seealso:

Database

Fulltextdatabase

Relationaldatabase

SQL


FlatbedScanner

Ascannerdesigninwhichthedocumentisplacedinthescanner'sbed,eithermanuallyorbyanautomaticdocumentfeeder,andremainsstationaryduringscanning.Asaresult,flatbedscannersprovideamorestabletargetthanotherscannerdesigns,buttheyaregenerallyslower.


Aflat-surfacescannerthatallowsuserstoinputbooksandotherdocuments.


Seealso:

Double-sidedscanner

Duplexscanner

Scanner

Simplexscanner

FloppyDisk

Athinmagneticfilmdiskthatisusedasanoldermethodforstoringdata.


Smallremovabledisks,alsoknownasdiskettes,thatcomeintwosizes,3.5”and5.25”.Theamountofdatathatcanbestoredonadiskettedependsonthesize,andcanbe360kilobytesto1.4megabytes.


Anincreasinglyrarestoragemediumconsistingofathinmagneticfilmdiskhousedinaprotectivesleeve.


Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk


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Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

FloppyDiskDrive

AFloppyDiskDrive,alsocalledFDDorFDforshort,isacomputerdiskdrivethatenablesausertosavedatatoremovablediskettes.Although8"diskdriveswerefirstmadeavailablein1971,thefirstrealdiskdrivesusedwerethe51/4"floppydiskdrives,whichwerelaterreplacedwiththe31/2"floppydiskdrives.

Source: ComputerHope,FDDdefinition,http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/f/fdd.htm

Seealso:

Diskdrive

Jazdrive


Portabledrive

Storagedevice

Tapedrive

Zipdrive

FN

See: FalseNegative(FN)

FogComputing

Usingacombinationoflocalandcloudcomputingresources.Datamaybekeptlocallyforsecurityreasons,toavoidtheexpenseandtimeofmovingthemtocentralizedcloudstorage,ortomeetcompliancerequirements.


FolderBrowser

Asystemofon-screenfolders(usuallyhierarchicalor“stacked”)usedtoorganizedocuments.Forexample,theFileManagerprograminMicrosoftWindowsisatypeoffolderbrowserthatdisplaysthedirectoriesonyourdisk.


Font

Acompletesetofcharactersinadistinctivetypestyleandsize.


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ForensicAnalysis

Thescientificanalysisofcomputermediaforlegalreasons.Typicallyforensicanalysisisintendedtodiscoverwhetherresponsivedocumentsorotherdatahavebeendeletedfromamachine.Specialsoftware,equipment,andtechniquesareusedtodetecthiddeninformation.Suchinvestigationshavebeenmorecommonincriminalproceedingsthaninlitigation.Strictprotocolsmustbeemployedtoavoidevidencespoliation.

Seealso:

Computerevidence

Computerforensics


Discovery


Electronicevidence

Forensics

Mirroring

ForensicCopy

Anexactbit-by-bitcopyoftheentirephysicalharddriveofacomputersystem,includingslackandunallocatedspace.


Aprecisebit-by-bitcopyofacomputersystem'sharddrive,includingslackandunallocatedspace.



Seealso:

Bitstreamcopy

Image

Imagedcopy

Mirrorimage

ForensicallySoundProcedures

Proceduresusedforacquiringelectronicinformationinamannerthatensuresitis“asoriginallydiscovered”andisreliableenoughtobeadmittedintoevidence.SuchproceduresaredefinedinpartbytheUSDepartmentofJusticepublication“SearchingandSeizingComputersandObtainingElectronicEvidenceinCriminalInvestigations,”http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/s&smanual2002.htm.



Seealso:

Chainofcustody Chainofevidence

©2016EDRMLLC

Forensics

Forelectronicdata,thediscoverydisciplinethatincludesthephysicalacquisitionofdigitaldatausingmethodologythatsatisfiesevidentiaryrequirementsofchain-of-custodyandauthentication.Preservingtheevidenceincludesperformingcodeandencryptioncracking,searchingandretrievingelusivedata,determiningiffileshaveorhavenotbeendeleted,recoveringdeletedfiles,anddetermininguse,includingInternet,networkaccess,printing,filing,andcopying.


Indocumentmanagementterms,forensicworkiscomprisedof:

• Recreating“deleted”ormissingfilesfromharddrives• Validatingdatesandloggedinauthors/editorsofdocuments• Certifyingkeyelementsofdocumentsand/orhardwareforlegalpurposes


Seealso:

Computerevidence

Computerforensics


Discovery


Electronicevidence

Forensicanalysis

Mirroring

FormalSearch

Formalsearchincludesexecuting,tracking.reportingandmeasureimpact,anditeratethroughsetsofmultiplelogicalqueries.Seealso,IterativeSearch.


Format

Theinternalstructureofafile,whichdefinesthewayitisstoredandused.Specificapplicationsmaydefineuniqueformatsfortheirdata(i.e.,“MSWorddocumentfileformat”).Manyfilesmayonlybeviewedorprintedusingtheiroriginatingapplicationoranapplicationdesignedtoworkwithcompatibleformats.Computerstoragesystemscommonlyidentifyfilesbyanamingconventionthatdenotestheformat(andthereforetheprobableoriginatingapplication)(i.e.,“DOC”forMicrosoftWorddocumentfiles;“XLS”forMicrosoftExcelspreadsheetfiles;“TXT”fortextfiles;and“HTM”(forHypertextMarkupLanguage(HTML)filessuchasWebpages).Usersmaychoosealternatenamingconventions,butthismayaffecthowthefilesaretreatedbyapplications.


Theorganizationofdataonadisk.


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Toprepareadiskforuse.Formattingadiskconsistsoferasingoldinformationonthediskandaddingnewcodestocontrolinformationrecording.


FormsProcessing

Aspecializedimagingapplicationdesignedforhandlingpre-printedforms.Formsprocessingsystemsoftenusehigh-end(ormultiple)OCRenginesandelaboratedatavalidationroutinestoextracthand-writtenorpoorqualityprintfromformsthatgointoadatabase.Thistypeofimagingapplicationfacesmajorchallenges,sincemanyofthedocumentsscannedwereneverdesignedforimagingorOCR.


FormsRouting

Theprocessofroutingaformthroughoutanorganizationelectronically–withoutanypapercopies.


FormulaReport

Areportlistingthespreadsheetformulascellbycell.Theseformulasdescribehowacomputationwasperformedincalculatingthevaluesdisplayedinaspreadsheet.

FP

See: FalsePositive(FP)

FPR

See: FalsePositiveRate(FPR)

FragmentedData

Livedatathathasbeendisseminatedandstoredinmultipleareasonasingleharddriveordisk.


Fragmenteddataislivedatathathasbeenbrokenupandstoredinvariouslocationsonasingleharddriveordisk.



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“Live”datathathasbeenbrokenupandstoredinvariouslocationsonasingleharddrive.Mostfilesarestoredthisway.


Seealso:

Ambientdata

Freespace

Residualdata

Slackspace

Swapfile

Unallocatedspace

FreeSpace

Unusedclustersonaharddisk.

Source: PCMag,definitionoffreespace,http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/56700/free-space

Seealso:

Ambientdata

Fragmenteddata

Residualdata

Slackspace

Swapfile

Unallocatedspace

FrequencyAnalysis

Utilizediterativelythroughoutthelifecycleofaprojectassearchcriteriaaremodified,frequencyanalysismaybeusedtoevaluatetheeffectivenessoftheinitialsearchcriteria.Thesearchtermsaretestedtodeterminewhethertheyeffectivelydiscriminatebetweenpotentiallyrelevantandclearlynon-relevantdata.Frequencyanalysisisarealitycheckonthesearchresultsversustheoverallcollectionsizeandthereasonablyexpectedproportionofrelevantresults.Itdoesnotaddresstherecallorcompletenessofrelevantitemsoutofthecollection.


FRN

See: FalseNegativeRate(FNR)

Front-End/Back-End

Expressionsthatdescribeprogramsrelativetotheuser.Afront-endprogramisonethatusersinteractwithdirectly,whileaback-endprogramsupportsthefront-endservices.


FTP

See: FileTransferProtocol(FTP)


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FullDuplex

Datacommunicationsdeviceswhichallowfullspeedtransmissioninbothdirectionsatthesametime.


FullTextDatabase

AdatabaseinwhichtheentiretextofdocumentsiselectronicallyavailableforsearchingbykeywordsorphrasesusingBooleanlogic.


Seealso:

Database

Flatfiledatabase

Relationaldatabase

SQL


FullTextIndexing

Enablestheretrievalofdocumentsbyeithertheirwordorphrasecontent.Everywordinthedocumentisindexedintoamasterwordlistwithpointerstothedocumentsandpageswhereeachoccurrenceofthewordappears.


FullTextSearch

Afilteroptionthatallowsforincluding/excludingfilesthathavebeensearchedfordesignatedtermsorphrases(eitheruploadingalistinanytextfileformatorcreatedon-the-spot).Generalmetadata,filenames,andbodytextaresearched.


Theabilitytosearchadatafileforspecifiedkey(s)definedbytheoccurrenceofwords,numbersand/orcombinationsorpatternsthereof.


Theabilitytosearchallofthewordsofadocument,notjustthosecontainedinspecialfields,metadata,codes,orsummaries.

Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch


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Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

FunctionKey

Akeyonthekeyboardthatcontrolsspecializedfunctionsotherthannormaltyping.FunctionkeysincludeF1throughF10,CTRL,ALT,SHIFT,PAGEUP,PAGEDOWN,DELETE,andINSERT.


FuzzySearch

Fuzzysearchallowssearchingforwordvariationssuchasinthecaseofmisspellings.Typically,suchsearchingincludessomeformofdistanceandscorecomputationsbetweenthespecifiedwordandthewordsinthecorpus.


AsearchtechniquethatidentifiesESIbasedontermsclosetoanotherterm,withclosenessdefinedasatypographicaldifferenceand/orchange.Forexample,snitch,switch,andswankycanallmatchswatch,dependingonhowmanyincorrectlettersareallowedwithinthesearchthreshold.


Searchthatlocateswordscloselymatchthespellingoftheprimaryword.


Afull-textsearchprocedurethatlooksforexactmatchesaswellassimilaritiestothesearchcriteria,inordertocompensateforspellingorOCRerrors.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch


©2016EDRMLLC 134

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

G

GainCurve

AgraphthatshowstheRecallthatwouldbeachievedforaparticularCutoff.TheGainCurvedirectlyrelatestheRecallthatcanbeachievedtotheeffortthatmustbeexpendedtoachieveit,asmeasuredbythenumberofDocumentsthatmustbereviewedandCoded.


GarbageIn,GarbageOut(GIGO)

Well-knowncomputeradagewhichreferstothefactthatthecontentsofadatabaseareonlyasgoodasthedataoriginallyentered.Dataenteredincorrectlywillnotprovideaccuratesearchresultsandwillleaduserstorelyonincorrectinformation.


GaussianDistribution

Anormaldistribution.Abellshapedcurverepresentingthelikelihoodofdifferentvaluesastheydepartfromtheaverage.


Seealso:

NormalDistribution

GaussianEstimate

AStatisticalEstimateofaPopulationcharacteristicusingGaussianEstimation.ItisgenerallyexpressedasaPointEstimateaccompaniedbyaMarginofErrorandaConfidenceLevel,orasaConfidenceIntervalaccompaniedbyaConfidenceLevel.


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GB(Gigabyte)

Approximatelyonebillionbytes.Oftenshortenedto"gigs"orGB.


Onebillionbytes.Alsoexpressedasonethousandmegabytes.Intermsofimagestoragecapacity,onegigabyteequalsapproximately17,00081/2"x11"pagesscannedat300dpi,storedasTIFFGroupIVimages.


Theequivalentofonebillion(actually1,073,741,824)bytes;oronemillionkilobytes,oronethousandmegabytes.

Equalto1,000megabytes(MB)or1,073,741,824bytes.

Seealso:

Bit

Byte

KB-kilobyte

MB-megabyte

TB-terabyte

PB-petabyte

EB-exabyte

GeneralMetadata

Generalmetadataisnotrealmetadata,butisdataaboutafileotherthanthecontents.Thisincludesdatasuchasoriginalname,datecreated,datelastmodified,fileextension,filetype,filesize,MD5,etc.forapplicationfilesandfoldername,size,subject,timecreated,MD5,etc.formailitems.File-specificmetadataisdefinedasdataaboutthefileitself,suchastitle,subject,author,keywords,comments,etc.forapplicationfilesandMessageID,header,text,timereceived,numberofattachments,etc.formailitems.


Seealso:


Documentmetadata

Emailmetadata

Extrinsicdata

Fileparameters

Filesystemmetadata


Metadata


GHz(Gigahertz)

WhenreferringtoacomputerprocessororCPU,GHzisaclockfrequency,alsoknownasaclockrateorclockspeed,representingacycleoftime.AnoscillatorcircuitsuppliesasmallamountofelectricitytoacrystaleachsecondthatismeasuredinKHz,MHz,orGHz."Hz"isan


©2016EDRMLLC 136

abbreviationofHertz,and"K"representsKilo(thousand),"M"representsMega(million),and"G"representsGiga(thousandmillion).

Source: ComputerHope,GHzdefinition,http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/ghz.htm

Seealso:

Hz KHz MHz

GIF(GraphicInterchangeFile)

Abit-mappedgraphicsfileformatusedbytheontheInternet.GIFsupportscolorandvariousresolutions.Italsoincludesdatacompression,butbecauseitislimitedto256colors,itismoreeffectiveforscannedimagessuchasillustrationsratherthancolorphotos.


Animagestorageformatthatiswidelyusedontheweb.


AcompressedfileformatusedbytheCompuServesystemforphotographs.Limitedto256colors.


Acomputercompressionformatforpictures.


Seealso:

Imagefileformat

Jointphotographicexpertgroup

JPEG

Multi-pageTIFF

PDF

PNG

PortableDocumentFormat

Portablenetworkgraphic

SearchableTIFF

Single-pageTIFF

TIFF

Gigabyte

See: GB(Gigabyte)

Gigahertz

See: GHz(Gigahertz)

GIGO

See: GarbageIn,GarbageOut(GIGO)


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GlobalAerospace

GlobalAerospaceInc.v.LandowAviation,Consol.CaseNo.CL61040,2012WL1431215(Va.Cir.Ct.Apr.23,2012).ThefirstStateCourtOrderapprovingtheuseofPredictiveCodingbytheproducingparty,overtheobjectionoftherequestingparty,withoutprejudicetotherequestingpartyraisinganissuewiththeCourtastothecompletenessorthecontentsoftheproduction,ortheongoinguseofPredictiveCoding.TheorderwasissuedbyLoudounCountyCircuitCourtJudgeJamesH.Chamblin.


GlobalDeduplication

DeduplicationofDocumentsacrossmultiplecustodians.AlsoreferredtoasHorizontalDeduplication.(Cf.VerticalDeduplication.)


Seealso:

Basicde-duplication

Casede-duplication


De-duplication

Duplicate





GoldStandard

ThebestavailabledeterminationoftheRelevanceorNon-Relevanceofall(orasample)ofaDocumentPopulation,usedasbenchmarktoevaluatetheeffectivenessofasearchandrevieweffort.AlsoreferredtoasGroundTruth.


Goodhart’sLaw

Anobservationmadein1975byCharlesGoodhart,ChiefAdvisertotheBankofEngland,thatstatisticaleconomicindicators,whenusedforregulation,becomeunreliable.Restatedandgeneralizedin1997byUniversityofCambridgeProfessorMarilynStrathernas“Whenameasurebecomesatarget,itceasestobeagoodmeasure.”WithinthecontextofElectronicDiscovery,Goodhart’sLawsuggeststhatthevalueofInformationRetrievalmeasuressuchasRecallandPrecisionmaybecompromisediftheyareprescribedasthedefinitionofthereasonablenessofasearchorrevieweffort.


©2016EDRMLLC 138


GraphicInterchangeFile

See: GIF(GraphicInterchangeFile)

GraphicalUserInterface(GUI)

AbbreviatedGUI(pronouncedGOO-ee).Aprograminterfacethattakesadvantageofthecomputer'sgraphicscapabilitiestomaketheprogrameasiertouse.Well-designedgraphicaluserinterfacescanfreetheuserfromlearningcomplexcommandlanguages.

Source: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/G/Graphical_User_Interface_GUI.html

Elementsincludesuchthingsaswindows,icons,buttons,cursors,andscrollbars.


Softwareprogramsthatusespecialiconsandothersymbolstoassistinperformingfunctions,decreaserelianceonkeyboardskills,andreducetrainingtime.ThetwomostprominentexamplesaretheAppleinterfaceandMicrosoftWindows.Pronounced"gooey."


GraphicalUserInterface,or"gooey".Presentinganinterfacetothecomputerusercomprisedofpicturesandicons,ratherthanwordsandnumbers.


Asetofscreenpresentationsandmetaphorsthatutilizegraphicelementssuchasiconsinanattempttomakeanoperatingsystemeasiertouse.


GraphicsBoard

Aboardthatallowsthescreentodisplaygraphicimages.


Grayscale

Animagetypethatusesblack,white,andarangesofshadesofgray.Thenumberofshadesofgraydependsonthenumberofbitsperpixel.Thelargerthenumberofshadesofgray,thebettertheimagewilllook,andthelargerthefilewillbe.



©2016EDRMLLC 139

Theuseofmanyshadesofgraytorepresentanimage.Continuous-toneimages,suchasblack-and-whitephotographs,useanalmostunlimitednumberofshadesofgray.Conventionalcomputerhardwareandsoftware,however,canonlyrepresentalimitednumberofshadesofgray(typically16or256).Gray-scalingistheprocessofconvertingacontinuous-toneimagetoanimagethatacomputercanmanipulate.Thebinaryrangeofagraphicrepresentationbetweenpureblackandpurewhite.Ascaleof256shadesofgraywillbeabetterrepresentationthan16shades.


Groupware

Softwaredesignedtopromoteactionamongmembersofspecificgroupswithinanorganization.Thebest-knowngroupwareisLotusNotes.


Softwaredesignedtooperateonanetworkandallowseveralpeopletoworktogetheronthesamedocumentsandfiles.


GUI

See: GraphicalUserInterface(GUI)

H

Hadoop

Asoftwarelibrarythatprovidesaframeworkfordistributedprocessingoflargedatasets.Hadoopallowscomplexprocessestobebrokendownintobasiccomputingtasks,whichcanbedistributedamongapotentiallylargenumberofindividualcomputers.Theresultsofthesedistributedcomputationscanthenbemergedtoobtainthefinalproduct.


HalfDuplex

Transmissionsystemswhichcansendandreceive,butnotatthesametime.


Halftone

Thegraphicrepresentationofanobjectbydots,whichsimulatecontinuoustones.Usuallyusedtorepresentorreplicateanoriginalphotographinput.


©2016EDRMLLC 140


HalftoneDot

Varyinsize;largerappeardarker,smallerappearlighter.


HardDisk

Internalhardwarewhichstoresandprovidesaccesstolargeamountsofinformation.Mostnewcomputersincludeaninternalharddiskthatcontainsseveralgigabytesofstoragecapacity.


Ahigh-capacitymagneticmediastoragedevice,alsoknownasthe“fixeddisk.”Harddisksareeitherinternalorexternal.Aninternalharddiskcanbeusedonlywiththecomputerinwhichitisinstalled,whileanexternalharddiskcanbemovedfromonecomputertoanother.


Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

HardDrive

Theprimarycomputerstoragemediumindesktopandlaptopcomputers.


Theprimaryhardwarethatacomputerusestostoreinformation,typicallymagnetizedmediaonrotatingdiscs.





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TheprimarystorageunitonPCs,consistingofoneormoremagneticmediaplattersonwhichdigitaldatacanbewrittenanderasedmagnetically.


Amagneticstoragedeviceusuallyinsideacomputerthatstoresfiles.Harddrivecapacitiesareusuallymeasuredingigabytes(GB).Inadditiontoharddrives,computersoftencontainCDdrivesandfloppydiskdrives.Whenyousaveafile,itisusuallystoredonthecomputer’sharddrive.

Ahigh-capacitymagneticmediastoragedevice,alsoknownasthe“fixeddisk.”Harddisksareeitherinternalorexternal.Aninternalharddiskcanbeusedonlywiththecomputerinwhichitisinstalled,whileanexternalharddiskcanbemovedfromonecomputertoanother.

Internalhardwarewhichstoresandprovidesaccesstolargeamountsofinformation.Mostnewcomputersincludeaninternalharddiskthatcontainsseveralgigabytesofstoragecapacity.

Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

Hardcopy

Thepaperversionofadocument.

Hardware

Allthemechanicalandelectricalpartsofacomputer.


HardwareKey

Externalsecurityusedwithsomesoftware.Withoutthiskey,thesoftwarewillnotfunction.



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HarmonicMean

Thereciprocaloftheaverageofthereciprocalsoftwoormorequantities.Ifthequantitiesare

namedaandb,theirHarmonicMeanis .InInformationRetrieval,F1istheHarmonicMeanofRecallandPrecision.TheHarmonicMean,unlikethemorecommonarithmeticmean(i.e.,average),fallsclosertothelowerofthetwoquantities.Asasummarymeasure,aHarmonicMeanmaybepreferabletoanarithmeticmeanbecauseahighHarmonicMeandependsonbothhighRecallandhighPrecision,whereasahigharithmeticmeancanbeachievedwithhighRecallattheexpenseoflowPrecision,orhighPrecisionattheexpenseoflowRecall.


Hash

Analgorithmthatcreatesavaluetoverifyduplicateelectronicdocuments.Ahashmarkservesasadigitalthumbprint.



Seealso:

Hashvalue Hashing/Hash/HashValue

MD5

SHA-1

HashValue

Aunique,identifyingnumberofafilecalculatedbyahashalgorithm,e.g.MD5.


Acomputednumericalvaluethatrepresentsa“digest”ofthecontentofafile.Ifandonlyiftwodocumentsareidenticaltotheletterwilltheyreturnthesamehashvalue.TheHashvalueisusedaspartofadigitalsignatureandtocomparedocumentcontentinthede-dupingprocess.

Seealso:

Hash Hashing/Hash/HashValue

MD5

SHA-1

Hashing/Hash/HashValue

AstatisticalmethodusedtoreducethecontentsofaDocumenttoasingle,fixed-size,alphanumericvalue,whichis,forallintentsandpurposes,uniquetoaparticularDocument;thesingle,fixed-sizealphanumericvalueresultingfromHashingaparticularDocument.Common


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HashingAlgorithmsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,MD5,SHA-1,andSHA-2.HashingandHashValuesaretypicallyusedforDocumentidentification,Deduplication,orensuringthatDocumentshavenotbeenaltered.


Seealso:

Hash

Hashvalue

MD5

SHA-1

HD(HighDensity)

Highdensityfloppydisks;a5.25"holds1.2MBanda3.5"holds1.4MB.


Help

Instructionsthatassistauseronhowtosetupanduseaproductincludingbutnotlimitedtosoftware,manualsandinstructionfiles.


Hertz(Hz)

Cyclespersecond.Oftenusedwithmetricprefixes,asinkiloHertz(kHz).


Seealso:

KHz MHz GHz

Heuristic

Ageneralpracticalapproachtosolvingaproblemthatisusefultoaddresstheproblem,butwhoseresultisnotguaranteed.Examplesofheuristicsincludementalshortcuts,rulesofthumb,andgeneralstrategies.Unlikeanalgorithm,aheuristicisnotguaranteedtoproduceaspecificresult.


Hexadecimal

Anumbersystemwithabaseof16(24),4bits.Thepositiondigitsare0-9,A-F,whereFequalsthedecimalvalue,15.



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HierarchicalStorageManagement(HSM)

Softwarethatautomaticallymigratesfilesfromon-linetonear-linestoragemedia,usuallyonthebasisoftheageorfrequencyofuseofthefiles.


HighDensity

See: HD(HighDensity)

Hit

Atermtodescribetheresultsofasearchquery.Asearchforaspecificnamemayproducetwenty“hits,”whichmeansthenameappearstwentytimesinthedatabase.


Hit/HitLevelResults



Hold

See: LegalHold

Holorith

Encodeddataonaperturecardsorold-stylepunchcardsthatcontainedencodeddata.



SeeGlobalDeduplication.(Cf.VerticalDeduplication.)


Seealso:

Basicde-duplication

Casede-duplication


De-duplication

Duplicate


GlobalDeduplication



©2016EDRMLLC

Host

Computeronwhichanapplicationordatabaseresides.


Inanetwork,thecentralcomputerwhichcontrolstheremotecomputersandholdsthecentraldatabases.


Hosting

Providinganapplicationon-line(seeApplicationServiceProvider)foroneormoreclients,usuallyhousedinadatacenter.


HotKey

Anindividualkeythatisprogrammedtoperformaspecificfunction.


HP-PCL

AHewlett-Packardgraphicsfileformat.


HPGL

AHewlett-Packardgraphicsfileformat.


HSM

See: HierarchicalStorageManagement(HSM)

HTML(HypertextMarkupLanguage)

AsetofcodesinsertedintoafileordocumentthatisintendedtodisplaythroughaWebbrowser.HTMLtellsthebrowserhowtodisplayadocument’swordsandimagesasaWebpage.Eachmarkupsymbolisreferredtoasanelementoratag.



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Alanguagethatusestagstostructuretextintoheadings,paragraphs,listsandlinks.IttellsaWebbrowserhowtodisplaytextandimages.



TheunderlyingprogramstructureoftextontheWorldWideWeb.


DevelopedbyCERNofGeneva,Switzerland.ThedocumentstandardofchoiceofInternet.(HTML+addssupportformulti-media.)Useininternetapplication.


Thetag-basedASCIIlanguageusedtocreatepagesontheWeb.


Thestandardcodeusedtotellabrowserhowawebpageshouldbedisplayed.

Seealso:

Java

JavaScript

SGML

SGML/HyTime

XML

Hub

Acentralunitthatrepeatsand/oramplifiesdatasignalsbeingsentacrossanetwork.


HypertextMarkupLanguage

See: HTML(HypertextMarkupLanguage)

Hz

See: Hertz(Hz)

I

IBMWatsonProject

ApioneeringprojectfromIBMthatimplementswhattheycallcognitivecomputing.Watsonwasoriginallybuilttodemonstrateitsadvancednaturallanguageprocessing,knowledgerepresentation,machinelearning,andinformationretrievalprocessesinthecontextofthe


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gameJeopardy.Itsspeedanextensiveknowledgebase,alongwithitsautomatedreasoningallowedittowinthecompetitionagainsthumanJeopardyplayers.Thesamecomputationalframeworkhassincebeenappliedonacommercialbasistootheropen-endedquestionansweringtasks,includingmedicaldiagnosis,andrecipeconstruction.


I/O(Input/Output)

Thetransferofinformationinandoutofacomputer’smemory.


Icon

Agraphicimageorpictureofaprogramortaskdesignedtorepresentthatprogramortask.


InaGUI,apictureordrawingwhichisactivatedby"clicking"amousetocommandthecomputerprogramtoperformapredefinedseriesofevents.


ICR(IntelligentCharacterRecognition)

Theconversionofscannedimages(barcodesorpatternsofbits)tocomputerrecognizablecodes(ASCIIcharactersandfiles)bymeansofsoftware/programswhichdefinetherulesofandalgorithmsforconversion.


Seealso:

DirtyOCR

OCR


Patternrecognition

IDE(IntegratedDriveElectronics)

AnengineeringstandardforinterfacingPC'sandharddisks.



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IEEE(InstituteofElectricalandElectronicEngineers)

Aninternationalassociationwhichsponsorsmeetings,publishesanumberofjournalsandestablishesstandards.


IM(InstantMessaging)

InstantMessagingisaformofelectroniccommunicationwhichinvolvesimmediatecorrespondencebetweentwoormoreuserswhoareallonlinesimultaneously.



Electroniccommunicationallowingforinstantcorrespondencebetweentwoormoreuserswhoareonlineatthesametime.


Image

Abit-by-bitduplicateofabackuptapeorharddrivethatisforensicallysound.Alsoknownasanimagecopy,aforensiccopyoramirrorimage.



Asdistinctfromdocumentimaging,electronicevidenceismakinganidenticalcopyofaharddrive.Alsoknownasa“mirrorimage”or“mirroring”.


Anelectronic“picture”ofhowthedocumentwouldlookifprinted.Imagescanbestoredinvariousfileformats,themostcommonofwhichareTIFFandPDF.

Seealso:

Bitstreamcopy

Forensiccopy

Imagedcopy

Mirrorimage

ImageCompressionBoard

Animaging-dedicatedprocessor.RelievestheCPU(CentralProcessorUnit-thecomputer'smainchip)frommanyimaging-specifictasks-compression,decompression,display,zooming,shrinking,scale-to-gray.Infact,doesthembetterthantheCPU.



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ImageEnable

Asoftwarefunctionthatcreateslinksbetweenexistingapplicationsandstoredimages.


ImageFileFormat

Whenapageisscanned,thepagecanbestoredinanumberoffiletypes.Thetypeshouldbechosenbasedonthedesireduseoftheimage,andthesoftwarethatwillbeused.Differentfileformatscommonlyusedifferentmethodsofcompressionaswell,andsometypesofimagescompressbetterusingsomeformatsratherthanothers.


Seealso:

GIF



JPEG

Multi-pageTIFF

PDF

PNG



SearchableTIFF

Single-pageTIFF

TIFF

ImageKey

Thenameofafilecreatedwhenapageisscannedinacollection.


ImageProcessing

Tocaptureanimageorrepresentation,enterinacomputerandprocessandmanipulateit.


Thinkof"dataprocessing":itreferstothemanipulationofrawdatatosolvesomeproblemorenlightentheuserinsomewaynotpossiblewithoutmanipulation.


ImageProcessingCard(IPC)

Aboardmountedineitherthecomputer,scannerorprinterthatfacilitatestheacquisitionanddisplayofimages.TheprimaryfunctionofmostIPCsistherapidcompressionanddecompressionofimagefiles.



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ImageResolution

Thefinenessorcoarsenessofanimageasitwasdigitized,measuredasdotsorpixelsperinch.Allotherthingsbeingequal,thehighertheresolution,thebetteristheimage.Resolutionsof200dotsperinch(dpi).Thehighertheresolution,thegreatertheamountofdetailthatcanbeshown.

ImagedCopy

A"mirrorimage"bit-by-bitcopyofaharddrive,i.e.acompletereplicationofthephysicaldriveregardlessofhowthedriveisorganizedorwhethertheimagecreatedcontainsmeaningfuldatainwholeorinpart.Fromanimagedcopyofaharddriveitispossibletoreconstructtheentirecontentsandorganizationofthesourcedrivefromwhichitwastaken.

Source: Fios,E-DiscoveryGlossary,http://discoveryresources.org/01_electronic_discovery_glossary.html↩

Vinson&ElkinsLLPPracticeSupport,EDDGlossary.


Seealso:

Bitstreamcopy

Forensiccopy

Image

Mirrorimage

Imaging

Theprocessofscanningpicturesordocumentsintoacomputerinordertobettermanagedocuments.


Theprocessoftakinganelectronic“picture”ofadocumentandstoringitonadiskforlaterretrieval.Thestoredimagescannotbesearched,sotheyaretypicallylinkedtorecordsinadatabaseandretrievedwhentheassociatedrecordislocatedthroughadatabasesearch.


TheprocessofcreatingaTIFForPDFimageofdocuments.Animageiscreatedthatrepresentshowthepagewouldlookifthedocumentwereprintedtopaper.

InRe:Actos

InRe:Actos(Pioglitazone)ProductsLiabilityLitigation,MDLNo.6:11-md-2299(W.D.La.July27,2012).AproductliabilityactionwithaCaseManagementOrder(“CMO”)thatmemorializestheparties’agreementona“searchmethodologyproofofconcepttoevaluatethepotentialutilityofadvancedanalyticsasaDocumentidentificationmechanismforthereviewandproduction”ofElectronicallyStoredInformation.ThesearchprotocolprovidesfortheuseofaTechnology-


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AssistedReviewtoolontheemailoffourkeycustodians.TheCMOwassignedbyDistrictJudgeRebeccaF.Doherty.


InaccessibleData

Or"relativelyinaccessibledata."Incontrastwithactivedata,datathathastoundergoarestorationprocessinordertobedisplayedoncomputerscreen.Thetwosubsets,inorderfrommoreaccessibletolessaccessible,are“backuptapes”and“erased,fragmentedordamageddata."Accordingtoanewlineofcaselaw,relativelyinaccessibleelectronicdataisthecategoryastowhichacourtshouldconsidercost-shifting.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingAppliedDiscovery'sGlossary,http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/courtweb/pdf/D02NYSC/03-04265.PDF#page=24

InactiveRecord

InactiverecordsarethoseRecordsrelatedtoclosed,completed,orconcludedactivities.InactiveRecordsarenolongerroutinelyreferenced,butmustberetainedinordertofulfillreportingrequirementsorforpurposesofauditoranalysis.Inactiverecordsgenerallyresideinalong-termstorageformatremainingaccessibleforpurposesofbusinessprocessingonlywithrestrictionsonalteration.Insomebusinesscircumstances,inactiverecordsmaybereactivated.


Index

Alistofallwordsinadatabase(codedorfulltext)thatisusedbythesoftwaretoprovidefastaccesstoinformation.Ratherthansearchtheentiredatabaseforawordorphrasewhenaqueryisbuilt,thesoftwaresearchestheindexinstead.


Outputfromadatabasesuchasanindextoexhibitsordocumentsresponsivetoadiscoveryrequest.


(n.)Indatabasedesign,alistofkeys(orkeywords),eachofwhichidentifiesauniquerecord.Indicesmakeitfastertofindspecificrecordsandtosortrecordsbytheindexfield--thatis,thefieldusedtoidentifyeachrecord.


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Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingWebopediaComputerDictionary,http://www.pcwebopedia.com/TERM/I/FTP.html.

(v.)Tocreateanindexforadatabase,ortofindrecordsusinganindex.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingWebopediaComputerDictionary,http://www.pcwebopedia.com/TERM/I/FTP.html.

Creatingasetofrulesanddatafileswhichdefinescanneddocumentsetsandalloweasyandcompleteretrieval.


AlistofKeywordsinwhicheachKeywordisaccompaniedbyalistoftheDocuments(andsometimesthepositionswithintheDocuments)whereitoccurs.Manualindiceshavebeenusedinbooksforcenturies;automaticindicesareusedinInformationRetrievalsystemstoidentifyDocumentsthatcontainparticularSearchTerms.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

Index/CodingField

Adatabasefieldusedtocategorizeandorganizedocuments.Oftenuser-defined,thesefieldscanbeusedforsearches.


Seealso:

©2016EDRMLLC

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

Indexing

Indexing(whichissometimesinterchangedwiththeterm“coding”)referstotheinformationthatisaddedtoanimagetoallowittobefoundafteritisscanned.Objectiveindexingorcodingisoneoftwotypesofindexesusedinimaging.Atemplate,somethinglikeanindexcard,isattachedtotheimageinthecomputerandpertinentinformationistypedintothetemplate,taggingthedocumentforretrievalpurposes.Authorofthedocument,boxnumber,date,subjectandtypeofdocumentareallcommonindexfields.


Universaltermforcodinganddataentry.


ThemanualorautomaticprocessofcreatinganIndex.InElectronicDiscovery,IndexingtypicallyreferstotheautomaticconstrictionofanelectronicIndexforuseinanInformationRetrievalSystem.


Seealso:

BibliographicCoding

Coding

IssueCode

Issuecoding

Levelcoding

Objectivecoding

Subjectivecoding

Tag

Taxonomiccoding

Verbatimcoding

©2016EDRMLLC

IndustrialInternet

Theintegrationofphysicalmachinery(suchasgenerators,refrigerators,industrialequipment)withnetworkedsensors,software,andbigdatarepositories.Thegoaloftheindustrialinternetistointegrateobjectswithpeople,processes,anddata.Theindustrialinternetjoinstheinternetofthings,machine-to-machinecommunicationandothersourcestoingestdatafromdevices,analyzeit,anduseittoguidethefurtheroperationofthesesystems.


IndustryStandardArchitecture(ISA)

ISA(IndustryStandardArchitecture)isastandardbus(computerinterconnection)architecturethatisassociatedwiththeIBMATmotherboard.Itallows16bitsatatimetoflowbetweenthemotherboardcircuitryandanexpansionslotcardanditsassociateddevice(s).

Source: TechTarget,ISA(IndustryStandardArchitecture)definition,http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/definition/ISA-Industry-Standard-Architecture

InformationGovernance

Thespecificationofdecisionrightsandanaccountabilityframeworktoencouragedesirablebehaviorinthevaluation,creation,storage,use,archivalanddeletionofinformation.Itincludestheprocesses,roles,standardsandmetricsthatensuretheeffectiveandefficientuseofinformationinenablinganorganizationtoachieveitsgoals(asdefinedbyGartner).


InformationGovernanceReferenceModel(IGRM)

Aframeworkandresponsibilitymodelforcross-functionalandexecutivedialoguethatservesasacatalystfordefiningaunifiedgovernanceapproachtoinformationbylinkingbusinessvalueandlegaldutiestotheinformationassets.


InformationNeed

InInformationRetrieval,theinformationbeingsoughtinasearchorrevieweffort.InE-Discovery,theInformationNeedistypicallytoidentifyDocumentsresponsivetoarequestforproduction,ortoidentifyDocumentsthataresubjecttoprivilegeorwork-productprotection.



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InformationRetrieval

ThescienceofhowtofindinformationtomeetanInformationNeed.WhilemodernInformationRetrievalreliesheavilyoncomputers,thedisciplinepredatestheinventionofcomputers.


Theprocessofidentifyingdocumentsorotherrecordsinacorpusthatarerelevanttotheuser’sinterestorinformationneed.Informationretrievalisatermofartincomputersciencethatistypicallybroaderthansearch(ahypernym),butisalsofrequentlyusedasasynonymforsearch.


Input

Thetransferofdatafromkeyboardorexternalstoragedevicetocomputermemory.


InputDevice

Anyobjectwhichallowsausertocommunicatewithacomputerbyenteringinformationorissuingcommands(e.g.keyboard,mouseorjoystick).




Input/Output

See: I/O(Input/Output)

InstantMessaging

See: IM(InstantMessaging)

InstituteofElectricalandElectronicEngineers

See: IEEE(InstituteofElectricalandElectronicEngineers)

IntegratedDriveElectronics

See: IDE(IntegratedDriveElectronics)


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IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork(ISDN)

Analldigitalnetworkwhichcancarrydata,videoandvoice.


Integration

Theabilityoftwosystems,whetherhardwareorsoftware,tointerfacewithoneanother.Integratedsystemsareoftendesignedtosharedatainawayspecificallyintendedtoreduceredundantdataentry.


IntelligentCharacterRecognition

See: ICR(IntelligentCharacterRecognition)

Interface

Amechanicalorelectricallinkconnectingtwoormorepiecesofequipmenttogether.


Apointofdemarcationbetweentwodeviceswheretheelectricalsignals,connectors,timingandhandshakingaredefined.


Aconnectionbetweenanytwoelementsinacomputersystem.


Interlaced

TV&CRTpicturesmustconstantlybe"refreshed".Interlaceistorefresheveryotherlineonce/refreshcycle.Sinceonlyhalftheinformationdisplayedisupdatedeachcycle,interlaceddisplaysarelessexpensivethan"non-interlaced."However,interlaceddisplaysaresubjecttojitters.Thehumaneye/braincanusuallydetectdisplayedimageswhicharecompletelyrefreshedatlessthan30timespersecond.


InternalInquiry

Acloseexaminationofamatterinasearchforinformationortruththatisinternaltoacompany.



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InternalResponseCurve

FromSignalDetectionTheory,atoolforestimatingthenumberofRelevantandNon-RelevantDocumentsinaPopulation,orthenumberofDocumentsthatfallaboveandbelowaparticularCutoff.TheuseofInternalResponseCurvesforthispurposeassumesthatthescoresyieldedbyaMachineLearningAlgorithmforRelevantDocumentsobeyaGaussianDistribution,andthescoresforNon-RelevantdocumentsobeyadifferentGaussianDistribution.ThesedistributionsarethenusedtopredictthenumberofRelevantandNon-RelevantDocumentsinanygivenrangeofscores.


InternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)

ISOisanindependent,non-governmentalinternationalorganizationwithamembershipof161nationalstandardsbodies.Throughitsmembers,itbringstogetherexpertstoshareknowledgeanddevelopvoluntary,consensus-based,marketrelevantInternationalStandardsthatsupportinnovationandprovidesolutionstoglobalchallenges.

Source: AboutISO,http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about.htm

Internet

Theworld-widecollectionofinter-connectednetworksthatallusetheTCP/IPprotocolsandthatevolvedfromtheARPANETofthelate1960’sandearly1970’s.


AworldwidecomputernetworkcontainingabroadarrayofservicesandinformationavailabletoanyindividualwithaPCandthepaidconnection.


Theinterconnectingglobalpublicnetworkmadebyconnectingsmallersharedpublicnetworks.Themostwell-knownInternetistheInternet,theworldwidenetworkofnetworkswhichusetheTCP/IPprotocoltofacilitateinformationexchange.


Seealso:

Intranet Extranet

InternetofEverything

See: InternetofThings(IoT)


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InternetofThings(IoT)

Theemergingideathatevery-daythingslikerefrigerators,garagedooropeners,andthermostatscanandshouldbeconnectedtotheinternetwheretheycancommunicatewithoneanother,beremotelycontrolled,anddoothertaskssuchasorderingicecreamwhenthecurrentsupplyinthefreezerisnearlygone.Inordertobeconnectedusefullytotheinternet,thingsneedsensors,networkconnectivity,software,andprocessingcapabilitytocollectandexchangedata.


InternetProtocolAddress(IPAddress)

Asetofnumberswhichuniquelyidentifiesanaddressonanetwork.


Theinternationallyrecognizedlocationofaspecificcomputerorserver;usedforinternet.


AstringoffournumbersseparatedbyperiodsusedtorepresentacomputerontheInternet.


InternetPublishing

SpecializedimagingsoftwarethatallowslargevolumesofpaperdocumentstobepublishedontheInternetorintranet.Thesefilescanbemadeavailabletootherdepartments,offsitecolleaguesorthepublicforsearching,viewingandprinting.


InternetServiceProvider(ISP)

Acompanythatprovidesaccesstotheinternetthroughitsownequipmenttousersandchargesamonthlyorhourlyrateforprovidingthatservice.


AbusinessthatdeliversaccesstotheInternet.


InternetworkPacketExchange(IPX)

AcommunicationsprotocolusedbyNovellnetworks.



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Externallinks:

WebopediaComputerDictionary,http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/IPX.html

Interpolated/Uninterpolated

Mostscannershaveamaximumpixel-per-inchresolutionbeforetheystartguessingorinterpolatingthedata.Interpolatedfilesrequirethecomputertosimulatedatainanimagefile,whileuninterpolatedfilesholdonlydatathatisaccuratetotheoriginal.Uninterpolatedresolutionis,therefore,preferredforaccuratescanning.


Interrogatory

Inacivilaction,aninterrogatoryisalistofquestionsonepartysendstoanotheraspartofthediscoveryprocess.Therecipientmustanswerthequestionsunderoathandaccordingtothecase'sschedule.Becauseattorneysmayhelptheirclientsanswerinterrogatories,interrogatoryresponsestendtobemorefinelycraftedthananswerstodepositionquestions.Thenumberofquestionsincludedinaninterrogatoryisusuallylimitedbycourtrule.Forexample,undertheFederalRulesofCivilProcedure,eachpartymayonlyaskeachotherparty25questionsviainterrogatoryunlessthecourtgivespermissiontoaskmore.SeeRule33.

Source: LegalInformationInstitute,Interrogatory,https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/interrogatory

Seealso:

Discoveryrequest Documentrequest Requestforadmission

Intranet

AprivateorinternalnetworkthatusesstandardinternetprotocolssoithastheappearanceofaWebsite.


AnetworkofinterconnectingsmallerprivatenetworksthatareisolatedfromthepublicInternet.


Acomputernetworkusuallythatusuallyrestrictsaccessonlytothosewithinthefirmorcorporation.Thetermisoftenusedtodiscussdocumentsstoredaswebpages,butitcanbeextendedtoanykindofcomputerresource.Aninternal(tothecompany)versionoftheinternet.

Seealso:

Internet Extranet

©2016EDRMLLC

InvertedIndex

Anindexthatmapsakeywordtothelistofdocumentsthatcontainthekeyword.



Investigation

Aninquiryusuallyinitiatedbyagovernmentalagency.


IoT

See: InternetofThings(IoT)

IPAddress

See: InternetProtocolAddress(IPAddress)

IPC

See: ImageProcessingCard(IPC)

IPv6

ThelatestversionoftheInternetProtocol,version6(IPv6),whichprovidesanidentificationandlocationsystemforcomputersandotherdevicesonnetworks.IPv4representedtheselocationsasastringoffournumbers:000.000.000.000,whereeachnumbercouldbebetween0and256.IPv6insteadcreatesaddressesoutoflongerdigitstringsrepresentedaseightgroupsoffourdigits(0to65535)writteninhexadecimal(base16),withacolonbetweengroups,forexample2001:0db8:0000:0042:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.ManymorethingscanberepresentedusingIPv6(2128or3.4×1038)thanwerepossibleunderIPv4(232,approximately4.3billionaddresses).IPv4allowedonly4.3billiondevicestobeconnecteddirectlytotheInternet,butmanytimesthatwouldberequiredwhentheInternetofThingsisfullyimplemented,forexample.


IPX

See: InternetworkPacketExchange(IPX)

ISA

See: IndustryStandardArchitecture(ISA)

ISDN

See: IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork(ISDN)


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ISISScannerDriver

Aspecializedapplicationusedforcommunicationbetweenscannersandcomputers.


ISO

See: InternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)

ISO9660CDFormat

TheInternationalStandardsOrganizationformatforcreatingCD-ROMsthatcanbereadworldwide.


ISP

See: InternetServiceProvider(ISP)

IssueCode

Termforacodeusedtodesignateacase-specificissue.Issuecodesareusedtomaintainconsistency,eliminatespellingerrors,andspeedupsearchqueries.


Issuecodesareusedtoclassifydocumentsasbeingrelevanttooneormoreofthecaseissues.Caseissuesarethethingsaboutthecasethatneedtoprovedduringthelitigation.

Seealso:

BibliographicCoding

Coding

Indexing

Issuecoding

Levelcoding

Objectivecoding

Subjectivecoding

Tag

Taxonomiccoding

Verbatimcoding

IssueCode(s)/IssueCoding

OneormoresubcategoriesoftheoverallInformationNeedtobeidentifiedinasearchorrevieweffort;theactofgeneratingsuchsubcategoriesoftheoverallInformationNeed.Examplesincludespecificationofthereason(s)foradeterminationofRelevanceorNon-Relevance,Codingofparticularsubcategoriesofinterest,andCodingofprivileged,confidential,orsignificant(“hot”)Documents.


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IssueCoding

Aprocesswherecontentisevaluatedtodeterminewhetheritrelatestotopicsofinterestinalawsuitorsimilarproceedingandthentheresultsoftheevaluationarelogged.

Seealso:

BibliographicCoding

Coding

Indexing

IssueCode

Levelcoding

Objectivecoding

Subjectivecoding

Tag

Taxonomiccoding

Verbatimcoding

IStorage

ThestandardforstoringadditionalfileinformationinMSOfficefiles.


IterativeSearch

Formalsearchthatincludesexecuting,tracking.reportingandmeasureimpact,anditeratethroughsetsofmultiplelogicalqueries.Seealso,FormalSearch.


IterativeTraining

TheprocessofrepeatedlyaugmentingtheTrainingSetwithadditionalexamplesofCodedDocumentsuntiltheeffectivenessoftheMachineLearningAlgorithmreachesanacceptablelevel.TheadditionalexamplesmaybeidentifiedthroughJudgmentalSampling,RandomSampling,orbytheMachineLearningAlgorithm,asinActiveLearning.


J

JaccardIndex

Ameasureoftheconsistencybetweentwosets(e.g.,DocumentsCodedasRelevantbytwodifferentreviewers).Definedmathematicallyasthesizeoftheintersectionofthetwosets,dividedbythesizeoftheunion(e.g.,thenumberofDocumentscodedasRelevantbybothreviewers,dividedbythenumberofDocumentsidentifiedasRelevantbyoneortheother,orbothreviewers).Itistypicallyusedasameasureofconsistencyamongreviewefforts,butalso


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maybeusedasameasureofsimilaritybetweentwoDocumentsrepresentedastwoBagofWords.JaccardIndexisalsoreferredtoasOverlaporMutualF1.EmpiricalstudieshaveshownthatexpertreviewerscommonlyachieveJaccardIndexscoresofabout50%,andthatscoresexceeding60%arerare.


Ameasureofagreementorefficacy.TheJaccardindexcomparesthenumberofdocumentsselectedasresponsivebybothassessorsdividedbythenumberofdocumentsthatareselectedasresponsivebyeitherassessor.IfassessorAidentifies20documentsasresponsiveandassessorBidentifies25documentsasresponsive,andtheyagreeontheiridentificationof10documentsasresponsive,thenthenumeratorwouldbe10andthedenominatorwould20+25–10,or10/35or28.6%.


JASISTStudy

A2009study(HerbertL.Roitblat,AnneKershaw&PatrickOot,DocumentCategorizationinLegalElectronicDiscovery:ComputerClassificationvs.ManualReview,61J.AM.SOC’Y.FORINFO.SCI.&TECH.70(2010)),showingthatthePositiveAgreementbetweeneachoftwoTechnology-AssistedReviewmethods,andapriorproductiontotheDepartmentofJustice,exceededthePositiveAgreementbetweeneachoftwoManualReviewprocessesandthesameproduction.AlsoreferredtoastheEDIStudy.


Java

Javaisacomputerprogramminglanguagethatisdesignedforuseinthemultiple-computerenvironmentoftheinternet.Itcanbeusedtomakesingle-machineapplicationsorbedistributedamongmanycomputersonanetwork.Inaddition,JavacanbeusedtocreateappletsforusewithinaWebpage,whichallowsuserstointeractdirectlywiththepage.BecauseJavarequiresnooperatingsystemspecificextensions,Javaappletsrunonmostoperatingsystems.JavaisnotthesameasJavaScript,aNetscapecreationthatiseasiertolearnthanJava,butlackssomeofthespeedandportabilityofJava.


Seealso:

HTML

JavaScript

SGML

SGML/HyTime

XML

©2016EDRMLLC

JavaScript

WhenreferringtoacomputerprocessororCPU,GHzisaclockfrequency,alsoknownasaclockrateorclockspeed,representingacycleoftime.AnoscillatorcircuitsuppliesasmallamountofelectricitytoacrystaleachsecondthatismeasuredinKHz,MHz,orGHz."Hz"isanabbreviationofHertz,and"K"representsKilo(thousand),"M"representsMega(million),and"G"representsGiga(thousandmillion).

Source: JavaScript,https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript

Seealso:

HTML

Java

SGML

SGML/HyTime

XML

JazDrive

AJazdriveisasmall,portableharddiskdriveusedprimarilyforbackingupandarchivingpersonalcomputerfiles.TheJazdriveissoldbyIomegaCorporation,thesamecompanythatdevelopedtheZipdrive.BoththeJazdriveandthediskscomeintwosizes,1GBand2GB.Thetwosizeslooksimilar,buta2GBdiskisnotcompatiblewitha1GBJazdrive.The2GBJazdrivecanusebothdisksizes.InternalandexternalJazdrivesareavailable.TheJazdriveusestheSmallComputerSystemInterface(SmallComputerSystemInterface)andrequiresaSCSIcontroller.

Source: TechTarget,JazDrivedefinition,http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/Jaz-drive

Seealso:

Diskdrive

Floppydiskdrive


Portabledrive

Storagedevice

Tapedrive

Zipdrive

JMS(JukeboxManagementSoftware)

Themostfundamentalpurposeofjukeboxmanagementsoftwareistoprovidedriveletteraccesstoajukebox.Thisletsapplicationsandusersdirectlyaccessthejukeboxwithouthavingtousesomeexoticprogramming.Jukeboxesaretoocomplexforthestandardcomputerdesktop,somanagementsoftwaresimplifiesthemannerinwhichusersgainaccesstojukeboxesforstoringandretrievingfiles.

Source: KOMSoftware,https://www.komsoftware.com/news/news-reviews/jukebox-management-software.html


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JointPhotographicExpertGroup(JPEG)

Oneformatofelectronicgraphicimagefilesupportedbytheweb.JPEGfilesendwiththesuffixjpg.OtherimageformatsincludeGraphicInterchangeFormat(GIF)andPortableNetworkGraphic(PNG).


Acompressionalgorithmforcondensingthesizeofimagefiles.JPEGsareveryhelpfulinallowingaccesstofull-screenimagefileson-linebecausetheyrequirelessstorageandthereforearequickertodownloadintoawebpage.


Animagecompressionformatusedforstoringcolorphotographsandimages.


Animagecompressionstandardforphotographs.


Astandardalgorithmforthecompressionofdigitalimagesandthefilesthatresultfromencodinganimageusingthisalgorithm.

Seealso:

GIF


Imagefileformat

Multi-pageTIFF

PDF

PNG



SearchableTIFF

Single-pageTIFF

TIFF

JOLTStudy

A2011study(MauraR.Grossman&GordonV.Cormack,Technology-AssistedReviewinE-DiscoveryCanBeMoreEffectiveandMoreEfficientThanExhaustiveManualReview,XVIIRICH.J.L.&TECH.11(2011)),availableathttp://jolt.richmond.edu/v17i3/article11.pdf,thatuseddatafromTREC2009toshowthattwoTechnology-AssistedReviewprocesses(oneusingMachineLearningandoneusingaRuleBase)generallyachievedbetterRecall,betterPrecision,andgreaterefficiencythantheTRECManualReviewprocess.AlsoknownastheRichmondJournalStudy,ortheRichmondStudy.



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JPEG

See: JointPhotographicExpertGroup(JPEG)

JudgmentalSample/JudgmentalSampling

AmethodinwhichaSampleoftheDocumentPopulationisdrawn,basedatleastinpartonsubjectivefactors,soastoincludethe“mostinteresting”Documentsbysomecriterion;theSampleresultingfromsuchmethod.UnlikeaRandomSample,thestatisticalpropertiesofaJudgmentalSamplemaynotbeextrapolatedtotheentirePopulation.However,anindividual(suchasaQualityAssuranceauditororanadversary)mayuseJudgmentalSamplingtoattempttouncoverdefects.Thefailuretoidentifydefectsmaybetakenasevidence(albeitnotstatisticalevidence,andcertainlynotproof)oftheabsenceofdefects.


Asamplingprocesswheretheobjectsareselectedonthebasisofsomeperson’sjudgmentsabouttheirrelativeimportanceratherthanonarandombasis.Judgmentalsamplingsometimesreferstotheuseofaseedsetorpreselecteddocumentsusedtotrainpredictivecodingsystems.Unlikerandomsamples,judgmentalsamplesarenottypicallyrepresentativeofthecollectionorpopulationfromwhichtheyaredrawn.Itisnotpossibletoextrapolatefromthecharacteristicsofajudgmentalsampletothecharacteristicsofthepopulationorcollection.


Jukebox

Automateddiskchangerforhigh-performance,centralizedstorageformultifunctionCD-ROM's&opticaldisks.


JukeboxManagementSoftware

See: JMS(JukeboxManagementSoftware)

JumpDrive

Alsoknownaskeychaindrive,thumbdriveandUSBflashdrive.

K

KB(Kilobyte)

Onekilobyteofdataisequaltoonethousandbytes.



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Theequivalentof1,000(actually1,024)bytes.Indicates(1)sizeofthestorageareaonadisk,suchas32KB=32,768bytes,or(2)amountofmainmemory(RAM)inthecomputer,suchas640K=roomtostore640,000bytesofinstructions.


Onethousandbytesofdatais1Kofdata.


Seealso:

Bit

Byte

MB-megabyte

GB-gigabyte

TB-terabyte

PB-petabyte

EB-exabyte

Kerning

Adjustingthespacingbetweentwolettersfromthe"normal"spacing.Oftendonetoenhancethequalityofthetypography–forinstanceinaheadline.


Key

Akeyisavalueappliedusinganalgorithmtoastringofunencryptedtexttoproduceencryptedtext,orviceversa.Keylengthisafactorindeterminingthestrengthoftheencryption.


KeyField

Adatabasefieldusedfordocumentsearchesandretrieval.Synonymouswith“indexfield.”


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield


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Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

Keyboard

Thedevicethatallowscommandstobetypeddirectlyintothecomputer.Similartoatypewriterkeyboardbutwithspecialfunctionkeysaddedalongthetop.


KeychainDrive

See: JumpDrive

KeystrokeMonitoring

Aformofusersurveillanceinwhichtheactualcharacter-by-charactertraffic(thatuser'skeystrokes)aremonitored,analyzed,and/orloggedforfuturereference.


Keyword

Aspecificwordusedtosearchadatabase.


Wordsrelatedtothecaseorspecificissues,designatedbythelawfirmandgenerallyhavingtheirownfieldinthedatabase.


Usedinbibliographicalcodingtoindicatethateachpageinacollectionmustbereviewedforcertainimportantwordsandwherevertheyoccurthedatabasemustreferencethepagewheretheyoccur.


Aword(orSearchTerm)thatisusedaspartofaQueryinaKeywordSearch.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch Adaptivepatternrecognition


Booleansearch


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Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

KeywordIndex/Indexing

Indexingisaprocessthatinventoriesthetotalcontentofafileandbuildsasearchableelectronicindex.Thisindextypicallymapsfromakeywordtoallthedocumentsthatcontainthekeyword.Searchindexesservetofunctionastoolsdesignedtofacilitateandexpeditetheretrievalofinformation.Searchengineswillusebothcommonandproprietarytechnologytobuildindexesandservicesearchqueries.


AtechniquethatexaminestheESIandbuildsasearchableelectronicindex.Thisindextypicallymapsfromakeywordtoallthedocumentsthatcontainthekeyword.


KeywordOccurrence

Keywordoccurrencesarethecountsofkeywordsthatappearwithintheentiresearchresults.Whenasearchqueryinvolvesmultiplekeywordsorwhenoneormoreofthequeriesproducesstemming,wildcardorfuzzy-basedvariations,acompletecountoftotaloccurrencesforeachkeywordisusefulforevaluatingthevalueofsearchingusingcertainkeywords.Insomeinstances,thekeywordcountsbothatanaggregatelevel(totaledoverallthevariations)aswellascountsbasedonanindividualvariationlevelwouldeachbehelpful.


KeywordSearch

Acommonsearchtechniquethatusesquerywords(“keywords”)andlooksfortheminESI,usinganindex.Akeywordsearchisabasicsearchtechniquethatinvolvessearchingforoneormorewordswithinacollectionofdocumentsandreturnsonlythosedocumentsthatcontainthesearchtermsentered.Thedocumentsreturnedbythesearchenginearecalledthesearchresults.Keywordsoftenformabasicbuildingblockforconstructingothermorecomplexcompoundsearches.SuchcompoundsearchesuseothersearchelementssuchasBooleanlogic.


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Averycommonsearchtechniquethatusesquerywords(“keywords”)andlooksfortheminESI,usinganindex.


AsearchinwhichallDocumentsthatcontainoneormorespecificKeywordsarereturned.


Amethodofsearchingfordocumentsthatpossesskeywordsspecifiedbyauser.


Asearchusingafulltextsearchfilter.Aclientsearchtermlistisappliedtoafulltextindextofindresponsivefiles.


Asearchfordocumentscontainingoneormorewordsthatarespecifiedbyauser.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

KHz(Kilohertz)

Thekilohertz,abbreviatedkHzorKHz,isaunitofalternatingcurrent(AC)orelectromagnetic(EM)wavefrequencyequaltoonethousandhertz(1,000Hz).Theunitisalsousedinmeasurementsorstatementsofsignalbandwidth.

Source: TechTarget,kHz(kilohertz)definition,http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/kHz


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Seealso:

Hz MHz GHz

Kilobyte

See: KB(Kilobyte)

Kilohertz

See: KHz(Kilohertz)

Kleen

KleenProds.LLCv.PackagingCorp.ofAm.,CaseNo.1:10-cv-05711,variousPleadingsandTr.(N.D.Ill.2012).AfederalcaseinwhichplaintiffssoughttocompeldefendantstouseContentBasedAdvancedAnalytics(CBAA)fortheirproduction,afterdefendantshadalreadyemployedacomplexBooleanSearchestoidentifyResponsiveDocuments.DefendantsadvancedElusionscoresof5%,basedonaJudgmentalSampleofcustodians,todefendthereasonablenesstheBooleanSearch.Aftertwodaysofevidentiaryhearingsbefore(andmanyconferenceswith)MagistrateJudgeNanR.Nolan,plaintiffswithdrewtheirrequestforCBAA,withoutprejudice.


KM(KnowledgeManagement)

Controlofandaccesstocontentinallanorganization'svariousdatabases(CMS,DMS,WP,etc.).


KnowledgeManagement

See: KM(KnowledgeManagement)

KofaxBoard

ThegenerictermforaseriesofimageprocessingboardsmanufacturedbyKofaxImagingProcessing.Theseareusedbetweenthescannerandthecomputer,andperformrealtimeimagecompressionanddecompressionforfasterimageviewing,imageenhancement,andcorrectionstotheinputtoaccountforconditionssuchasdocumentmisalignment,"speckles,"etc.



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L

L600CodeSeries

AUTBMSCodeSetexclusivelyfore-discoverypurposescreatedbytheLEDESOversightCommittee(“LOC”)Board.


LAN(LocalAreaNetwork)

ALANisagroupofassociatedcomputerswhichshareacommoncommunicationslineandserverwithinthesamegeographicarea.Typically,LANusersshareapplicationsanddatastorageonthesameserver.


Asystemofinterconnectedcomputerswithacentralstorageunit(thefileserver),cablingsystem(thetopology),andspecificnetworksoftware(theNOS).


UsuallyacollectionofPC's,connectedbycable.LandscapeModeTheimageisrepresentedonthepageormonitorsuchthatthewidthisgreaterthantheheight.


Usuallyreferstoanetworkofcomputersinasinglebuildingorotherdiscretelocation.


Acomputernetworkthatconnectsseveralcomputerslocatednearby,allowingthemtosharefilesanddevicessuchasprinters.

Seealso:

Client/servernetwork


Network

Peer-to-peernetwork


Standalonecomputer

WAN-wideareanetwork

LandscapeOrientation

Inwordprocessinganddesktoppublishing,thetermsportraitandlandscaperefertowhetherthedocumentisorientedverticallyorhorizontally.Apagewithlandscapeorientationiswiderthanitistall.

Source: Webopedia,LandscapeOrientation,http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/L/landscape.html


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Seealso:

Portraitorientation

LanguageModeling

Computingamodeloftherelationshipsamongwordsinacollection.Languagemodelingisusedinspeechrecognitiontopredictwhatthenextwordwillbebasedonthepatternofprecedingwords.Languagemodelingisusedininformationretrievalandpredictivecodingtorepresentthemeaningofwordsinthecontextofotherwordsinadocumentorparagraph.


LaptopComputer

Aportablecomputer,usuallyweighinglessthan15pounds.


Seealso:

Computer

Fileserver

Microcomputer

Minicomputer

Notebookcomputer

Personalcomputer

Workstation

LaserDisc

SameasanopticalCD,except12"indiameter.


Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

Latency

Thetimeittakestoreadadisk(orjukebox),includingthetimetophysicallypositionthemediaundertheread/writehead,seekthecorrectaddressandtransferit.


©2016EDRMLLC 174


LatentSemanticAnalysis(LSA)

(LSA)astatisticalmethodforfindingtheunderlyingdimensionsofcorrelatedterms.Forexample,wordslikelaw,lawyer,attorney,lawsuit,etc.Allsharesomemeaning.Thepresenceofanyoneoftheminadocumentcouldberecognizedasindicatingsomethingconsistentaboutthetopicofthedocument.LatentSemanticAnalysisusesstatisticstoallowthesystemtoexploitthesecorrelationsforconceptsearchingandclustering.


LatentSemanticIndexing(LSI)

Theuseoflatentsemanticanalysistoindexacollectionofdocuments.


LatentSemanticIndexing/LatentSemanticAnalysis

Latentsemanticindexing(sometimesalsoreferredtoasLatentSemanticAnalysis)isatechnologythatanalyzesco-occurrenceofkeywordtermsinthedocumentcollection.Intextualdocuments,keywordsexhibitpolysemyaswellassynonymy.LatentSemanticIndexingreferstotheadditionalfactorthatcertainkeywordsarerelatedtotheconceptinthattheyappeartogether.Theserelationshipscanbe“is-a”relationshipsuchas“motorcycleisavehicle”oracontainmentrelationshipsuchas“wheelsofamotorcycle”.SupportVectorMachines,ProbabilisticLatentSemanticAnalysis,LatentDirichletAllocation,andothers.


AFeatureEngineeringAlgorithmthatuseslinearalgebratogrouptogethercorrelatedFeatures.Forexample,"Windows,Gates,Ballmer"mightbeonegroup,while"Windows,Gates,Doors"mightbeanother.LatentSemanticIndexingunderliesmanyConceptSearchtools.WhileLatentSemanticIndexingisusedforFeatureEngineeringinsomeTechnology-AssistedReviewtools,itisnot,perse,aTechnology-AssistedReviewmethod.AlsoreferredtoasLatentSemanticAnalysis.


Leading

Pronounced"ledding,"theamountofspacebetweenlinesofprintedtext.



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LegacyData

Informationthedevelopmentofwhichanorganizationmayhaveinvestedsignificantresourcesandhasretaineditsimportance,buthasbeencreatedorstoredbytheuseofsoftwareand/orhardwarethathasbeenrenderedoutmodedorobsolete.



Informationinthedevelopmentprocessthatmayhavesignificantresourcesinvestedintoitthathasbeenproducedand/orstoredonsoftwareorhardwarethathasbecomeobsolete.


Informationcreatedorstoredonsoftwareand/orhardwarethatisoutmodedorobsolete.


LegalHold

Alegalholdisacommunicationissuedasaresultofcurrentoranticipatedlitigation,audit,governmentinvestigationorothersuchmatterthatsuspendsthenormaldispositionorprocessingofrecords.ThespecificcommunicationtobusinessorITorganizationsmayalsobecalleda“hold,”“preservationorder,”“suspensionorder,”“freezenotice,”“holdorder,”or“holdnotice.”


Lempel-Zif&Welch(LZW)

Acommon,losslesscompressionstandardforcomputergraphics–usedforthemajorityofTIFFfiles.Typicalcompressionratiosare4/1.


LevelCoding

Usedinbibliographiccodingtoindicatethatcertaindocumenttypeswillgetamorethoroughextractionofdatathanothers.Thustheygetadeeper“level”ofcoding.


Seealso:

BibliographicCoding

Coding

Indexing

IssueCode

Issuecoding

Objectivecoding

Subjectivecoding

Tag

Taxonomiccoding

Verbatimcoding

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LineScreen

Thenumberofhalftonedotsthatcanbeprintedperinch.Asageneralrule,newspapersprintat65to85lpi,largecitynewspapersat100or120lpi;magazinesat133or150lpi;and,glossy,"coffeetable"booksat175to200.


LinearReview

ADocument-by-DocumentManualReviewinwhichtheDocumentsareexaminedinaprescribedorder,typicallychronologicalorder.

SourceMauraR.GrossmanandGordonV.Cormack,EDRMpage&TheGrossman-CormackGlossaryofTechnology-AssistedReview,withForewordbyJohnM.Facciola,U.S.MagistrateJudge,2013Fed.Cts.L.Rev.7(January2013).

LinkObject

Anobjectthatspecifiesandmaintainstherelationshipbetweenalinkedobjectandalinksource.Seeembeddedobject.


Seealso:

Bibliographiccoding

Embeddedobject

Linksource

Linkedobject

Object

LinkSource

Adataobjectstoredinaseparatelocationfromthecontainerandwhosedataisrepresentedinthecontainerbyalinkedobject.


Seealso:

Bibliographiccoding

Embeddedobject

Linkobject

Linkedobject

Object

LinkedObject

Anobjectthatiscreatedinasourcefileandinsertedintoadestinationfile.


Seealso:

Bibliographiccoding Embeddedobject Linkobject


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Linksource Object

Listserv

Anautomaticmailinglisttowhichpeoplemaysubscribeandthensendandreceivee-mailmessagestoandfromeachother.


LitigationSupport

See: ALS(AutomatedLitigationSupport)

LitigationSupportManager

Theindividualwhoadministerstheautomatedlitigationsupporteffortswithinalawfirmorcorporatelegaldepartment.


LitigationSupportSystem

Oneofseveraltypesofdatabasewhichholdsbothacopydocumentandinformationaboutthatdocument.Mostsystemswillholdthefulltextofthedocumentandallowsearchestobeconductedagainstthetextand/oranyadditionalinformationthatmightbepresentinthedatabase.Themostsophisticatedsystemscangroupdocumentsintocategoriesbasedontheircontentandevenpredicttheircodingbyreferencetospecimencodingprovidedbyalawyer.


LiveMachine

Acomputerthatispoweredupandactivelyloggedin.


LoadFile

Aloadfileisusedtoimportimagesorcoding(thebibliographicinformationaboutadocument(e.g.,To,From,CC,BCC,andSubjectfieldswithinanemail)intoadatabase.Itsetsoutlinksbetweentherecordsinadatabaseandthedocumentimagefilestowhicheachrecordpertains.Thisisacriticaldeliverableofanyprocessing,scanning,orcodingjob.Withoutacorrectlystructuredloadfile,documentswillnotproperlylinktotheirrespectivedatabaserecords.


Adatafilethatsetsoutlinksbetweentherecordsinadatabaseandthedocumentimagefilestowhicheachrecordpertains.Thisisacriticaldeliverableofanyscanningandcodingjob.


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Withoutacorrectlystructuredloadfile,documentswillnotproperlylinktotheirrespectivedatabaserecords.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingCommonwealthLegal'sLitigationSupportGlossary,http://commonwealthlegal.com/resources/glossary.html#l.

Afileaccompanyingoutputdatadeliveredtoaclient,containingalogoffilesandimagesinaformatrequiredbytheclient’sdocumentmanagementsystem.

Source:IbisConsulting,Glossary.

Atextfilewithentriesforapplicationinformationandcomments.Typicallyusedinautomatedlitigationsupporttocarryinstructionsaboutadocumentimagecollectionforlinkingtoadatabaseprogram.


Afilethatrelatestoasetofscannedimagesandindicateswhereindividualpagesbelongtogetherasdocuments.


AstandardisedfileusedforloadingmetadataandotherinformationintoaLitigationSupportSystem.Suchfilesgenerallycontainmetadatainadelimitedformattogetherwithinformationusedtoloadacopydocumentintothesystem.AstandardisedfileusedforloadingmetadataandotherinformationintoaLitigationSupportSystem.Suchfilesgenerallycontainmetadatainadelimitedformattogetherwithinformationusedtoloadacopydocumentintothesystem.


LoadFileFormat

Thespecificformatforloadfiledata,includingtheloadfile,CDdirectorystructure,CDcontentandCDcontentrequirementsspecifictoaparticularclientorproject.


LocalAreaNetwork

See: LAN(LocalAreaNetwork)

Log

Ahardcopyrecordbook,usuallyofentriesintoadatabasebutalsoofdocumentsreceived,documentsundergoingqualitycontrol,ordocumentsshippedout.



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LogicalEvidenceFile

Withalogicalevidencefile,youcanselectivelychoosewhichfilesorfoldersyouwanttopreserve,insteadofacquiringtheentiredrive.Unlikecopyingfilesfromadeviceandalteringcriticalmetadata,logicalevidencefilespreservetheoriginalfilesastheyexistedonthemediaandincludeadditionalinformationsuchasfilename,fileextension,lastaccessed,filecreated,lastwritten,entrymodified,logicalsize,physicalsize,MD5hashvalue,permissions,startingextent,andoriginalpathofthefile.


LogicalTarget

WhenforensicimagingprocesstargetsalogicalportionofthemediasuchastheC:\driveorotherlogicalvolumeorpartition.


LogicalUnitization

Theassemblyofindividuallyscannedpagesintodocuments:

• Physicalunitizationutilizesactualobjectssuchasstaples,paperclipsandfolderstodeterminepagesthatbelongtogetherasdocumentsforarchivalandretrievalpurposes.

• Logicalunitizationistheprocessofhumanreviewofeachindividualpageinanimagecollectionusinglogicalcuestodeterminepagesthatbelongtogetherasdocuments.Suchcuescanbeconsecutivepagenumbering,reporttitles,similarheadersandfootersandotherlogicalcues.


LogisticRegression

Astate-of-the-artSupervisedLearningAlgorithmthatestimatestheProbabilitythataDocumentisRelevant,basedontheFeaturesitcontains.


LookupTable

Apredefinedsetofentriesfromwhichausermaypickanameratherthanenterthenamedirectlyintoadatabasefield.



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LosslessCompression

Exactconstructionofimage,bit-by-bit,withnolossofresolutionorcolorfidelity.


LossyCompression

Reducesstoragesizeofimagebyreducingtheresolutionandcolorfidelitywhilemaintainingminimumacceptablestandardforgeneraluse.


LSA

See: LatentSemanticAnalysis(LSA)

LZW

See: Lempel-Zif&Welch(LZW)

M

MachineLearning

TheuseofacomputerAlgorithmtoorganizeorClassifyDocumentsbyanalyzingtheirFeatures.InthecontextofTechnology-AssistedReview,SupervisedLearningAlgorithms(e.g.,SupportVectorMachines,LogisticRegression,NearestNeighbor,andBayesianClassifiers)areusedtoinferRelevanceorNon-RelevanceofDocumentsbasedontheCodingofDocumentsinaTrainingSet.InElectronicDiscoverygenerally,UnsupervisedLearningAlgorithmsareusedforClustering,Near-DuplicateDetection,andConceptSearch.


Aprocessforusingcomputeralgorithmsandmethodstoimplementadecision,prediction,orcategorizationprocess.Machinelearningprocessestypicallyapplyinformationderivedfromexamplestopredict,categorize,ordecideaboutpreviouslyunseenobjects.Machinelearningmethodshavelargelybeenderivedfromthescienceofpatternrecognition,brainsimulation,learningtheory,anddecisiontheory.Machinelearningiscloselyrelatedtostatisticalmodeling.


Abranchofcomputersciencethatdealswithdesigningcomputerprogramstoextractinformationfromexamples.Forexample,propertiesthatdistinguishbetweenresponsiveandnonresponsivedocumentsmaybeextractedfromexampledocumentsineachcategory.Thegoalistopredictthecorrectcategoryforfutureuntaggedexamplesbasedontheknowledge


©2016EDRMLLC 181

extractedfromthepreviouslyclassifiedexamples.Exampleapproachesincludeneuralnetworks,supportvectormachines,Bayesianclassifiersandothers.


Macro

Apre-programmedkeystrokeorcombinationofkeystrokestoactivateasequenceofinstructions.


Magenta

Usedinfourcolorprinting.Reflectsblue&redandabsorbsgreen.


MagneticDiskEmulation(MDE)

Softwarethatmakesajukeboxlookandoperatelikeahard-drivesuchthatitwillrespondtoalltheI/Ocommandsordinarilysenttoaharddrive.


MagneticInkCharacterRecognition(MICR)

Theprocessusedbybankstoencodechecks.


MagneticStorageMedia

Includes,butisnotlimitedto,harddrives(alsoknownas"harddisks"),backuptapes,CD-ROMs,DVD-ROMs,JazandZipdrives,andfloppydiscs,allusedsinglyorincombinationin,orinconjunctionwith,yourcomputersandanyandallbackupandarchivesystemsforthesame.




Seealso:

Backup

Backuptape


Dataextraction

Digitalaudiotape



©2016EDRMLLC 182



Media


Tape

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk

Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

Magneto-Optical

Adiskstoragetechnologywhichcompeteswithtraditionalmagneticharddisks.Formfactorsare3.5",5.25"and12".Advantagesarethatone5.25"magneto-opticaldrivecanstoreabout1.3GB(31/2"holdupto230MB);mediaisremovableandportable;and,canlastfor20years–idealforarchivalstorage.Thedisadvantagesarecost,traditionallyslowerdiskaccessandlongerdiskwritetimes.Theinformationiswrittenonthediskbychangingthepolaritywithstrongmagnetsandreadbyalaserbysensingthemagneticfluxchanges(1'sor0's).Thistechnologyisre-usable.


Magneto-OpticalDrive

Adrivethatcombineslaserandmagnetictechnologytocreatehigh-capacityerasablestorage.


Seealso:

Diskdrive

Floppydiskdrive

Jazdrive

Portabledrive

Storagedevice

Tapedrive

Zipdrive

Mail



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MailApplicationProgramInterface(MAPI)

AWindowssoftwarestandardthathasbecomeapopularemailinterfaceusedbyMSExchange,GroupWise,andotheremailpackages.


ThisWindowssoftwarestandardhasbecomeapopulare-mailinterfaceandisusedbyMSExchange,GroupWise,andothere-mailpackages.


MailContainer

Anareainmemoryoronastoragedevicewhereemailisplaced.Inemailsystems,eachuserhasaprivatemailbox.Whentheuserreceivesemail,themailsystemautomaticallyputsitinthemailbox.Themailsystemallowsyoutoscanmailthatisinyourmailbox,copyittoafile,deleteit,printit,orforwardittoanotheruser.ThemailboxformatusedbyMicrosoftExchangeemailsystemsisPST,whileLotusNotesusesNSFfiles.



Acontainerforelectronicmaildata(messagesandattachments)thatcontainsoneormoremailmessages.Therearemulti-mailcontainerslikePST,NSF,Netscapemailcontainers,etc.andsinglemailcontainerslikeEMLandMSG3.


Seealso:

Container

EML

MSG

Multi-mailcontainer

NSF

OST

PST

RFCcompliantemail

RFC822

Single-mailarchive


SMTP

Mailbox

See: MailContainer

MAN(MetropolitanAreaNetwork)

Ametropolitanareanetwork(MAN)isanetworkthatinterconnectsuserswithcomputerresourcesinageographicareaorregionlargerthanthatcoveredbyevenalargelocalareanetwork(LAN)butsmallerthantheareacoveredbyawideareanetwork(WAN).Thetermisappliedtotheinterconnectionofnetworksinacityintoasinglelargernetwork(whichmay


©2016EDRMLLC 184

thenalsoofferefficientconnectiontoawideareanetwork).Itisalsousedtomeantheinterconnectionofseverallocalareanetworksbybridgingthemwithbackbonelines.Thelatterusageisalsosometimesreferredtoasacampusnetwork.

Source: TechTarget,metropolitanareanetwork(MAN)definition,http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/metropolitan-area-network-MAN

Seealso:



Network

Peer-to-peernetwork


Standalonecomputer

WAN-wideareanetwork

ManagementInformationSystems(MIS)

Amanagementinformationsystem(MIS)focusesonthemanagementofinformationsystemstoprovideefficiencyandeffectivenessofstrategicdecisionmaking.Theconceptmayincludesystemstermedtransactionprocessingsystem,decisionsupportsystem,expertsystem,orexecutiveinformationsystem.Thetermisoftenusedintheacademicstudyofbusinessesandhasconnectionswithotherareas,suchasinformationsystems,informationtechnology,informatics,e-commerceandcomputerscience;asaresult,thetermisusedinterchangeablywithsomeoftheseareas.

Managementinformationsystems(plural)asanacademicdisciplinestudiespeople,technology,organizations,andtherelationshipsamongthem.Thisdefinitionrelatesspecificallyto"MIS"asacourseofstudyinbusinessschools.Manybusinessschools(orcollegesofbusinessadministrationwithinuniversities)haveanMISdepartment,alongsidedepartmentsofaccounting,finance,management,marketing,andmayawarddegrees(atundergraduate,master,anddoctorallevels)inManagementInformationSystems.

Source: Wikipedia,Managementinformationsystem,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system

ManualReview

ThepracticeofhavinghumanreviewersindividuallyreadandCodetheDocumentsinaCollectionforResponsiveness,particularissues,privilege,and/orconfidentiality.


Map-Reduce

Acomputationalpatterninwhichcomplexcomputationsarebrokendownintotwokindsofsteps.IntheMapstep,thedataareprocessedinparallel,typicallyonalargenumberofprocessors.TheresultsoftheMapsteparethencombinedintheReducesteptoyieldafinalresult.TheMap-ReducepatternistypicallyusedontopofHadooptoprocessbigdata.


©2016EDRMLLC 185


MAPI

See: MailApplicationProgramInterface(MAPI)

MAPIMailNear-Line

DocumentsstoredonopticaldisksorcompactdisksthatarehousedinthejukeboxorCDchangerandcanberetrievedwithouthumanintervention.


MarginofError

ThemaximumamountbywhichaPointEstimatemightlikelydeviatefromthetruevalue,typicallyexpressedas“plusorminus”apercentage,withaparticularConfidenceLevel.Forexample,onemightexpressaStatisticalEstimateas“30%oftheDocumentsinthePopulationareRelevant,plusorminus3%,with95%confidence.”ThismeansthatthePointEstimateis30%,theMarginofErroris3%,theConfidenceIntervalis27%to33%,andtheConfidenceLevelis95%.UsingGaussianEstimation,theMarginofErrorisone-halfofthesizeoftheConfidenceInterval.ItisimportanttonotethatwhentheMarginofErrorisexpressedasapercentage,itreferstoapercentageofthePopulation,nottoapercentageofthePointEstimate.Inthecurrentexample,ifthereareonemillionDocumentsintheDocumentPopulation,theStatisticalEstimatemayberestatedas“300,000DocumentsinthePopulationareRelevant,plusorminus30,000Documents,with95%confidence”;or,alternatively,“between270,000and330,000DocumentsinthePopulationareRelevant,with95%confidence.”TheMarginofErroriscommonlymisconstruedtobeapercentageofthePointEstimate.However,itwouldbeincorrecttointerprettheConfidenceIntervalinthisexampletomeanthat“300,000DocumentsinthePopulationareRelevant,plusorminus9,000Documents.”ThefactthataMarginofErrorof“plusorminus3%”hasbeenachievedisnot,byitself,evidenceofapreciseStatisticalEstimatewhenthePrevalenceofRelevantDocumentsislow.


Thelikelyrangeinwhichthetruepopulationvaluewillbefound.


Seealso:

ConfidenceInterval

Marginalia

Adatafieldrecordingtheexistenceofhandwritinginthemarginsofadocument.


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Handwrittennotesinthemarginofthepageindocuments.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

Mastering

MakingmanycopiesofaCD-ROMfromasinglemaster.


MB(Megabyte)

Onemegabyteofdataisequaltoonemillionbytes.


Theequivalentof1,000,000bytesor700double-spacedpagesoftypedmaterial,eachpageholdingapproximately1,500characters(bytes).


Amillionbytesofdataisamegabyte,orsimplyameg.


1,000kilobytes(KB)or1,048,576bytes.

Seealso:

Bit

Byte

KB-kilobyte

GB-gigabyte

TB-terabyte

PB-petabyte


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EB-exabyte

Mbox

mboxisacommonformatforstoringemailmessages.Anmboxisasinglefilecontainingzeroormoreemailmessages.

Source: http://www.qmail.org/qmail-manual-html/man5/mbox.html.

MCA(MicroChannelArchitecture)

AnIBMbusstandard.


MD5

MD5isanalgorithmthatisusedtoverifydataintegritythroughthecreationofa128-bitmessagedigestfromdatainput(whichmaybeamessageofanylength)thatisclaimedtobeasuniquetothatspecificdataasafingerprintistothespecificindividual.Thehashvalueofafileistheunique,identifyingnumbercalculatedbyMD5.


Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingSearchSecurity.com,http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci527453,00.html.

Seealso:

Hash

Hashvalue


SHA-1

MD5-KnownFilter

Afilteroptionthatallowsforexcludingknown,commerciallyavailablefiles(suchasexecutablefilesorcommercialsoftware).


Seealso:

Datefilter


Filter


MDE

See: MagneticDiskEmulation(MDE)


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MeanTimeBetweenFailure(MTBF)

Averagetimebetweenfailures.Usedtocomputethereliabilityofdevices/equipment.


MeanTimeToRepair(MTTR)

Averagetimetorepair.Thehigherthenumber,themorecostlyanddifficulttofix.


MeasureofSuccess

Reachcomfortlevelthatreasonablestepsweretakentofinddocument(s),allowingforreasonabledeterminationthatdocumentdoesnotexist.


MeasurementBias

MeasurementBiasoccurswhentheactofsamplingcausesthemeasurementtobeimpacted.Ine-discovery,measurementbiascouldoccurifthecontentofthesampleisknownbeforethesamplingisdone.Forexample,ifoneweretosampleforresponsivedocumentsandduringthesamplingstage,contentisreviewed,thereispotentialforhigher-levellitigationstrategytoimpacttheresponsivedocuments.Ifaprojectmanagerhascommunicatedthecostofreviewingresponsivedocuments,anditisunderstoodthatresponsivedocumentsshouldsomehowbeassmallaspossible,thatcouldimpactyoursampleselection.Toovercomethis,thepersonimplementingthesampleselectionshouldnotbeprovidedaccesstothecontent.


Media

Thephysicalmaterialusedtostoreelectronicdata.Mediaincludesharddrives,backuptapes,computerdisks,CDs,DVDs,PDAs,memory,etc.



Anyexternaldatastoreformat,suchasCDs,Jazdrives,DLTtapes,DVDs,ordiskettesreceivedfromclientscontainingsourcedata.


Thematerial(diskdrive,tape,floppydisk,paper,etc.)onwhichelectronicdocumentshavebeenrecorded.

Seealso:

©2016EDRMLLC

Backup

Backuptape


Dataextraction

Digitalaudiotape




Media


Tape

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

MediaConversion

MovingdatafromonetypeofmediatoanothersuchastapetoCD.



Megabyte

See: MB(Megabyte)

Megahertz(MHz)

Aunitofelectricalfrequencyequaltoamillioncyclespersecond.


Seealso:

Hz KHz GHz

Memory

Internalstorageareasinthecomputer.Thetermmemoryidentifiesdatastoragethatcomesintheformofchips,andthewordstorageisusedformemorythatexistsontapesordisks.Moreover,thetermmemoryisusuallyusedasashorthandforphysicalmemory,whichreferstotheactualchipscapableofholdingdata.Somecomputersalsousevirtualmemory,whichexpandsphysicalmemoryontoaharddisk.Seethedefinitionsfortwotypesofphysicalmemory:RAMandROM.


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Internalstorageareasinthecomputer.Thetermmemoryidentifiesdatastoragethatcomesintheformofchips,andthewordstorageisusedformemorythatexistsontapesordisks.Moreover,thetermmemoryisusuallyusedasashorthandforphysicalmemory,whichreferstotheactualchipscapableofholdingdata.Somecomputersalsousevirtualmemory,whichexpandsphysicalmemoryontoaharddisk.Seethedefinitionsfortwotypesofphysicalmemory:RAMandROM.


Seealso:

DRAM RAM ROM

Merge

Theprocessofmergingvariouse-mailfiles(i.e.MicrosoftOutlook’s.pst)intoonefileforde-duplicationpurposes.


Tocombinedatafromtwoseparatedatabasesintoone.


MetaTag

AnelementofHTMLthatoftendescribesthecontentsofaWebpage,andisplacednearthebeginningofthepage'ssourcecode.Searchenginesuseinformationprovidedinametatagtoindexpagesbysubject.

Metadata

Thetermmetadatarefersto"dataaboutdata".Thetermisambiguous,asitisusedfortwofundamentallydifferentconcepts(types).Structuralmetadataisaboutthedesignandspecificationofdatastructuresandismoreproperlycalled"dataaboutthecontainersofdata";descriptivemetadata,ontheotherhand,isaboutindividualinstancesofapplicationdata,thedatacontent.Inthiscase,ausefuldescriptionwouldbe"dataaboutdatacontent"or"contentaboutcontent"thusmetacontent.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata

Dataaboutdata.Metadatacapturesdataelementsorattributes(name,size,date,type,etc.),dataaboutrecordsordatastructures(length,fields,columns,etc.)anddataaboutdata(whereitislocated,howitisassociated,ownership,etc.).


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Metadataisinformationaboutaparticulardatasetwhichdescribeshow,whenandbywhomitwascollected,created,accessed,modifiedandhowitisformatted.Somemetadata,suchasfiledatesandsizes,caneasilybeseenbyusers;othermetadatacanbehiddenorembeddedandunavailabletocomputeruserswhoarenottechnicallyadept.Metadataisgenerallynotreproducedinfullformwhenadocumentisprinted.(Typicallyreferredtobythenothighlyinformative“shorthand”phrase“dataaboutdata,”describingthecontent,quality,condition,history,andothercharacteristicsofthedata.)


Metadataisinformationaboutaparticulardatasetwhichmaydescribe,forexample,how,when,andbywhomitwasreceived,created,accessed,and/ormodifiedandhowitisformatted.Somemetadata,suchasfiledatesandsizes,caneasilybeseenbyusers;othermetadatacanbehiddenorembeddedandunavailabletocomputeruserswhoarenottechnicallyadept.Metadataisgenerallynotreproducedinfullformwhenadocumentisprinted.(Typicallyreferredtobythelessinformativeshorthandphrase“dataaboutdata,”itdescribesthecontent,quality,condition,history,andothercharacteristicsofthedata.)


Datathatdescribeshow,whenandbywhomaparticularsetofdatawascreated,edited,formatted,andprocessed.Accesstometa-dataprovidesimportantevidence,suchasblindcopy(bcc)recipients,thedateafileoremailmessagewascreatedand/ormodified,andothersimilarinformation.Suchinformationislostwhenanelectronicdocumentisconvertedtopaperformforproduction.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingAppliedDiscovery'sGlossary,http://www.lexisnexis.com/applieddiscovery/clientResources/glossary_M.asp

Adescriptionordefinitionofelectronicdata,ordataaboutdata.Often,metadatacanonlybeassessedincertainviewingmodes.MetadatacanincludedescriptiveHTMLtagsandinformationaboutwhenadocumentwascreated,andwhatchangeshavebeenmadeonthatdocument.


Dataaboutdata.Indataprocessing,metadataprovidesinformationaboutadocumentorotherdatamanagedwithinanapplicationorenvironment.Therearefivetypesofmetadata:filesystem,document,email,vendor-added,andcustomer-added.


Dataaboutdata.Indataprocessing,metadataprovidesinformationaboutadocumentorotherdatamanagedwithinanapplicationorenvironment.Therearefivetypesofmetadata:filesystem,document,email,vendor-added,andcustomer-added.Traditionally,theOCRbasewastheonlydataextractedfromthedocuments.Withe-discovery,themetadatacanalsobe


©2016EDRMLLC 192

obtained.OCRbaseintheinformationthatisculledfromtheimagescontainedwithineachpage.(Read:Whatevertextisdisplayedintheimage).Contrastingthisisthemetadata.Themetadataisthe“footprint”ofthedocument:ittheusertoreviewinformationobtainedabouttheactualdocumentratherthanthecontent.


Indataprocessing,metadataisdatathatprovidesinformationaboutordocumentationofotherdatamanagedwithinanapplicationorenvironment.Therearetwotypesofmetadata:generalandfile-specificmetadata.MetadataisavailableforanyparticularMicrosoftfileinWindowsbyright-clickingonafileandviewingfileProperties.IntheSummarytabtheAdvancedoptionbringsupthelistofallpossiblemetadataforthatfile.Seealsogeneralmetadataandfile-specificmetadata.


Informationaboutdatawhichdescribeshow,when,andbywhomitwasreceived,created,accessed,and/ormodifiedandhowitisformatted.Somemetadataisvisiblesuchasfilesizeanddateofcreation;mostisnotvisibleevenwhenthedocumentisprinted.


Thedatathatisattachedtofilesinacomputerizedfilingsystem.Forinstance,inawordprocessingdocument,themetadataincludes:theauthor,datecreated,personanddateeditingthedocument,thenameofthedocument,thelocationstoredonaharddrive,howmanytimesandwhenithasbeenaccessed,changedoraltered,etc.


Dataaboutafileitself,suchaswhenitwascreated,modified,andwhichcomputeruserauthoredit.Foremailsthiscouldalsoinclude:bcc,datereceived,openedstatus,undeliverable,etc.Differentmetadataareavailablefordifferenttypesofelectronicfiles.Metadatacanbeusefultounderstandingmoreaboutthedocumentanditsrelevancetothecase.

Propertiesofanelectronicfile,someofwhichwillbeinternalandsomeexternal,notallofwhicharenecessarilyvisiblewhenviewingthatfile.


Seealso:


Documentmetadata

Emailmetadata

Extrinsicdata

Fileparameters

Filesystemmetadata


Generalmetadata


©2016EDRMLLC

MetadataSearch

Metadatasearchallowssearchingtobeconstrainedbasedoncertainmetadataelementsofadocument.Ageneralsearchspecificationallowsfornamingthemetadatafields,specifyingtheinherenttypeofthatmetadata,andthevaluetosearchfor.


MetricsDB:ContainerFiles

Containerfilesstoreoneormorefilesinacompressedform(e.g.RARorZIPformat).


MetricsDB:CullingMethods

Proceduresusedtoselectaparticularsetofdocumentsfromalargercorpusbasedonspecifically-definecriteria.Cullingmethodsaremostcommonlyusedasameanstoeliminatenon-responsivematerialfromadocumentcollectioninordertonarrowthescopeofpotentiallyresponsivematerialsrequiringattorneyreview.Commoncullingmethodsincludecustodialculling,datasourceculling,dateculling,filetypeculling,domainculling,keywordculling,anddeduplication.


MetricsDB:CustodialCulling

Acullingmethodbywhichspecificdataiseitherselectedorremovedfromalargersetsolelybasedonwhethersaiddataisstoredand/ormaintainedbyaparticularindividualonarepositorywithintheiradministrativecontrol.


MetricsDB:DataSourceCulling

Acullingmethodbywhichspecificdataiseitherselectedorremovedfromalargersetsolelybasedonwhethersaiddataoriginatesfromorisstoredwithinaparticularrepositoryoroncertainmedia.


MetricsDB:DataVolumePost-Culling

Thevolumeofdataremainingafterspecificcullingmethodshavebeenappliedtoalargerdataset.


MetricsDB:DataVolumePost-Deduplication

Theamountofdataremaininginadatasetafterduplicatefileshavebeenremoved.


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MetricsDB:DataVolumePost-Processing

Theamountofdatainadatasetaftertheextractionofdatafromcontainedfilesandresultantexpansion,theapplicationofcullingfiltersandotherdatareductionmethodologies,textextractionandopticalcharacterrecognition,andothermanipulationofnativedata.


MetricsDB:DataVolumePre-Processing

Theamountofdatacollectedfromvarioussourcespriortotheapplicationofanycullingmethodologiesormanipulationorconversionoffilesintheirnativeformat.


MetricsDB:DataVolumeProduced

Thetotalamountofdataeitherdeliveredtoorreceivedfromathirdpartyinthecontextofalegalproceeding.Typically,anyamountofdatadeliveredtoanopposingorthirdpartyhasbeenreviewedforresponsiveness,confidentialityandprivilegeasapreconditionofproduction.


MetricsDB:DataVolumeReviewed

Thetotalamountofdataexaminedbycounselandclassifiedasresponsivetocertainclaimsorissues,asattorney-clientcommunicationorprivilegedworkproduct,confidential,orsomeotherdesignationpriortoitbeingproducedtoanythirdparty.Arevieweddatavolumemayalsoincludedatathathasbeenclassifiedthroughtheuseofadvancedanalyticstechnologiesaccordingtoadefinedassistedreviewprocess.


MetricsDB:DateCulling

Acullingmethodbywhichspecificdataiseitherselectedorremovedfromalargersetsolelybasedoncriteriarelatedtodateortime.Suchcriteriaincludethespecificdateonwhichadocumentwascreated,modified,oraccessed,or,thecaseofemail,thedateonwhichamessagewassentorreceived.Typically,adatecullingmethodologyleveragesarangeofdateswithinwhichdocumentsmatchspecificcriteria.


MetricsDB:DedupeMethod

(1)Global/Case.(2)Custodian.



©2016EDRMLLC 195

MetricsDB:Deduplication

Inthecontextofe-discovery,deduplicationreferstothereductionofduplicatefilesbasedonidenticalfilefingerprintsoracombinationoffilefingerprintsandmetadataattributes.Deduplicationisusedinlegalreviewtoreducetheamountofdatarequiredforreview.Exactduplicatesareidentifiedbycomparingthehashvaluesoftwoormoredocuments.Ahashvalueisauniqueidentifierassociatedwithaparticulardocumentgeneratedbyaspecificmathematicalalgorithmbasedonadocument’scontentandattributes.MD5,SHA-1,andSHA-180areexamplesofdifferenthashingalgorithms.Deduplicationisappliedtodatasetsindifferentwaysincludingglobally(i.e.toanentiredatasetacrosscustodians–oftenreferredtoas“horizontaldeduplication”),bycustodian(i.e.withineachcustodian’sdocuments–oftenreferredtoas“verticaldeduplication”).Anearduplicateisadocumentthatismateriallysimilartoanotherbutisdifferentonabit-level.Itisimportanttonotethatneardeduplicationisbasedonthecontentofadocument,notthehashvalue,andcanbeimpactedbutsuchfactorsasstandardlanguage,documentheadersandfooters(e.g.emailsignaturesordisclaimers),andOCRquality.Finally,thedefinitionofdeduplicationwithinthecontextofe-discoveryisslightlydifferentthanthatusedwithindatastoragemanagement.Storagemanagementoftenleveragesdeduplicationtostoreasingleinstanceofafile.


MetricsDB:FamilyCountPost-Culling

Representsthenumberofparentorfamilyfilesthatremainaftervariousfilteringandcullingmethodshavebeenapplied.


MetricsDB:FamilyCountPost-Deduplication

Representsthenumberofparentorfamilyfilesremainingafterdeduplicationprocesshasbeenapplied.


MetricsDB:FamilyCountPost-Processing

Typically,thisisthefirststepinpreparingdataforfurtherfilteringandculling.Referstothetotalpre-deduplicationcountofparentorfamilyfiles/documentsaftercontainersandembeddingsareextracted.Doesnotincludetheoriginalcontainerfiles(e.g..zip,.rar,.jar,.tar,etc.),inthefilecount.


MetricsDB:FamilyCountProduced

Totalcountofparentorfamilyfilesproduced.



©2016EDRMLLC 196

MetricsDB:FamilyCountReviewed

Thetotalcountofparentorfamilyfilesthathavebeenreviewed.


MetricsDB:FileCountPre-Processing

Representsthenumberoffilesgoingintoprocessing.Thisprocesswilltypicallycountthenumberofcontainerfilesbutnotnumberoffilesextractedfromcontainers.


MetricsDB:FileTypeCulling

Referstoaprocessingmethodbywhichspecificdataiseitherselectedorremovedfromalargersetsolelybasedontheformat.Thoughitcanbemanipulated,ausercanoftenidentifythekindofdatastoredinafilethroughthefilenameextension(e.g..pdf,.ppt,.docx).


MetricsDB:IndividualCountPost-Culling

Representsthenumberoffilesincludingparentsandchildrenremainingaftercullingmethodshavebeenapplied.


MetricsDB:IndividualCountProduced

Totalcountofallfilesproducedincludingparentsandchildren,countedseparately.


MetricsDB:IndividualCountReviewed

Totalcountofallfilesreviewedincludingparentsandchildren,countedseparately.


MetricsDB:OtherCulling

Anyothercullingmethodbywhichcertaincriteriaisusedtoeitherselectorremovecertaindatafromalargercorpus.Examplesinclude:daterange,filetypeorcustodian/source.


MetricsDB:ThreadingCulling

Anemailthreadisafilethatcontainsanoriginalemailalongwiththesubsequentrepliestoand/orforwardsofthatoriginalemail.Threadingcullingallowsuserstoreviewalloftheindividualrepliesandforwardedmessagesrelatingtoanoriginalemailasoneinclusiverecord


©2016EDRMLLC 197

orgroupedsetofrecords.Userscanreviewemailsaccordingtoconversationsasopposedtoviewingfragmentedandduplicativeemailsmessagescontainedwithinathreadinisolation.


MetricsDB:TotalHoursReviewed

Thetotalnumberofhoursspentonreviewbyallreviewers(combined).Thisshouldincludebothattorneyandlitigationsupportteam(paralegal,reviewspecialist,etc)hours.Thisshouldnotincludetimespentonprocessingorcullingthedatainpreparationforreview,ortheestablishmentofbatchesorgroupsofrecordsforreview.


MetropolitanAreaNetwork

See: MAN(MetropolitanAreaNetwork)

MHz

See: Megahertz(MHz)

MICR

See: MagneticInkCharacterRecognition(MICR)

MicroChannelArchitecture

See: MCA(MicroChannelArchitecture)

Microcomputer

ThenextlevelofcomputerafterthePC,theminicomputerisdesignedtooperateinamulti-userenvironment.“Mini’s”oftenuseseveralcomputerprocessorsincombination.

Seealso:

Computer

Fileserver

Laptopcomputer

Minicomputer

Notebookcomputer

Personalcomputer

Workstation

Microfiche

Reducedsizeddocument(s)filedonsheetmicrofilm(4"by6"),containingreducedimagesof270pagesormoreinagridpattern.Usuallywithahuman-readabletitle.



©2016EDRMLLC 198

Microfilm

Filmonwhichdocumentsetc.arephotographicallygreatlyreducedinsize.


Microprocessor

Acomputerprocessorononechip.


TheCPUofaPC,themostprevalentofwhichistheIntelchip(286,386,486,andPentium).

MicrosoftDiskOperatingSystem(MS-DOS)

Acronymfordiskoperatingsystem.ThetermDOScanrefertoanyoperatingsystem,butitismostoftenusedasashorthandforMS-DOS(Microsoftdiskoperatingsystem).OriginallydevelopedbyMicrosoftforIBM,MS-DOSwasthestandardoperatingsystemforIBM-compatiblepersonalcomputers.

Source: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/D/DOS.html

Microsoft'sdiskoperatingsystem;usedinPC'sasthecontrolsystem.


Seealso:

DOS

Linux

MicrosoftWindows


NOS

Operatingsystem

OS

UNIX

Windows

Xenix

MicrosoftDOS

See: MicrosoftDiskOperatingSystem(MS-DOS)


©2016EDRMLLC 199

MicrosoftWindows

AsoftwareproductthatprovidesanoperatingenvironmentthatrunsunderMS-DOS,usingaGUIthatcanrundifferentprogramsatthesametimeindifferentwindows.


Seealso:

DOS

Linux

MicrosoftDOS


NOS

Operatingsystem

OS

UNIX

Windows

Xenix

MigratedData

Migrateddataisinformationthathasbeenmovedfromonedatabaseorformattoanother,usuallyasaresultofachangefromonehardwareorsoftwaretechnologytoanother.



Datathathasbeentransferredfromonedatabaseorformattoanotherthatisgenerallydonewhenmigratedfromoneformofhardwareorsoftwaretechnologytoanother.


Informationthathasbeenmovedfromonedatabaseorformattoanother.

Migration

Theprocessofmovingacomputersystemand/oritscomponentsfromoneoperatingenvironmenttoanotheroperatingenvironment.Migrationalsoreferstomovingdatafromonestoragemediumordevicetoanother,asinhardwareandsoftwareupgrades.


MIME(MultipurposeInternetMailExtensions)

Astandardforencodingattachmentsinmailmessages.FileswithMIMEcanhavenumerous,unessentialpages.


TheuniqueidentifierusedtodescribewhichfiletypeisconveyedacrossaMIME-basedprotocolsuchasMIMEe-mailorHTTP.TheMIMEtype,containedincertainfieldsofanemail,indicateswhatkindofcomputerfileisattachedtotheemailsothatthesystemknowshowtoopenthefileorotherwiseprocessit.Mimetypesnamesconformtoaninternationalstandard.RegistrationofMIMEtypesisexplainedinRFC2048.


©2016EDRMLLC 200

Minicomputer

ThenextlevelofcomputerafterthePC,theminicomputerisdesignedtooperateinamulti-userenvironment.“Mini’s”oftenuseseveralcomputerprocessorsincombination.


Seealso:

Computer

Fileserver

Laptopcomputer

Microcomputer

Notebookcomputer

Personalcomputer

Workstation

MirrorImage

Usedincomputerforensicinvestigationsandsomeelectronicdiscoveryinvestigations,amirrorimageisabit-by-bitcopyofacomputerharddrivethatensurestheoperatingsystemisnotalteredduringtheforensicexamination.Mayalsobereferredtoas“discmirroring,”orasa“forensiccopy.”


Seealso:

Bitstreamcopy

Forensiccopy

Image

Imagedcopy

Mirroring

Duplicationofdataforpurposesofbackupordatadistribution.


Seealso:

Computerevidence

Computerforensics


Discovery


Electronicevidence

Forensicanalysis

Forensics

MIS

See: ManagementInformationSystems(MIS)

Miss/Missed

ARelevantDocumentthatisnotidentifiedasRelevantbyasearchorrevieweffort.AlsoreferredtoasaFalseNegative.


©2016EDRMLLC 201


MissRate

Thefraction(orProportion)oftrulyRelevantDocumentsthatarenotidentifiedasRelevantbyasearchorrevieweffort.MissRate=100%–Recall.AlsoreferredtoastheFalseNegativeRate.


Modem(Modulator-Demodulator)

Adevicethatmodulatesdigitalsignalstoallowtheirtransmissionoveranalogcommunicationfacilities.Typicallyusedtoallowtwocomputerstocommunicateoverphonelines.


Adevicewhichcantakedigitaldatafromacomputer,translateitintoanalogsignals(tones)andtransmittheinformationovertelephoneslines.Anothermodematthereceivingcomputerwillreceivetheinformation,translateitbackfromanalogtodigitalandstoreit.Typicalspeedsarefrom1,200to14,400bitspersecond.Somemodemsalsocorrectanyerrorswhichoccurinthetransmissionprocess.


Apieceofhardwarethatletsacomputertalktoanothercomputeroveraphoneline.


Externallinks:

WebopediaComputerDictionary,http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/modem.html

Modulator-Demodulator

See: Modem(Modulator-Demodulator)

Monitor

Adedicateddevicethatplugsintoagraphicsboardandthendisplayscomputer-generatedinformation.


Thescreenthatdisplaysdatafromthecomputer.Monitorsmaybemonochromeorcolor.Onnotebookcomputers,theymayalsobe“backlit”or“gasPlasma."


©2016EDRMLLC 202


Monochrome

Adisplaycapableofonlytwocolors,usuallyblack&white.


Mosaic

AprogramusedforfindingandreadingdocumentsontheWorld-Wide-Web.


Motherboard

Themainboardintowhichprintedcircuitboardsorcardsareattachedtothemicroprocessor.


Mount

Theprocessofmakingoff-linedataavailableforon-lineprocessing.Forexample,placingamagnetictapeinadriveandsettingupthesoftwaretorecognizeorreadthattape.Theterms“load”and“loading”areoftenusedinconjunctionwith,orsynonymouslywith,“mount”and“mounting”(asin“mountandloadatape”).“Load”mayalsorefertotheprocessoftransferringdatafrommountedmediatoanothermediaortoanon-linesystem.


Mouse

Ahand-helddevicethatisrolledonthedesktopandcontrolsthecursorpositiononthemonitor.Commonlyusedwithsoftwarethathasagraphicaluserinterface.


MPEG

MPEG-1andMPEG-2aretwodifferentstandardsforfullmotionvideotodigitalcompression/decompressiontechniquesadvancedbytheMovingPicturesExpertsGroup.MPEG-1compressesthebandwidthneededfor30frames/secondoffull-motionvideo(severalhundredmegabytes)downtoabout1.5Mbits/sec.MPEG-2onlycompressestoabout3Mbitsandprovidesforbetterimagequalitywhencomparingcompressedfilesofthesamesize.Thisindustryapplicationcompeteswithothercompressiontechniques,knowasJPEG,CaptainCrunch,CinepakandIndeo.


©2016EDRMLLC 203


MS-DOS

See: MicrosoftDiskOperatingSystem(MS-DOS)

MSG

TheMicrosoftOutlookItem(.msg)FileFormatisusedtoformataMessageobject,suchasane-mailmessage,anappointment,acontact,atask,andsoon,forstorageinthefilesystem.

Source: [MS-OXMSG]:OutlookItem(.msg)FileFormat-Introduction,http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee160779(v=exchg.80).aspx.

Thefileformatofstand-alone,single-mailmessagecontainernotcontainedinmulti-mailcontainers.


Messagefile.Typicallycontainsanemailmessage.

Seealso:

Container

EML

Mailcontainer

Mailbox

Multi-mailcontainer

NSF

OST

PST

RFCcompliantemail

RFC822

Single-mailarchive


SMTP

MTBF

See: MeanTimeBetweenFailure(MTBF)

MTTR

See: MeanTimeToRepair(MTTR)

Multi-MailContainer

Anaggregationofe-mailmessagesandattachmentssavedwithincontainers(forexample,.PSTor.NSF).


Seealso:

Container

EML

Mailcontainer

Mailbox

MSG

NSF


©2016EDRMLLC 204

OST

PST

RFCcompliantemail

RFC822

Single-mailarchive


SMTP

Multi-PageText

Extracted,multi-pagetextfiles,withorwithoutpagebreakcharacters.

Multi-PageTIFF

Multi-pageTIFFimages(asingleTIFFfilewithmultiplepages).TheBatesnumbernameassignedtoeachoftheseTIFFfilesistheBatesnumberofthefirstpageofthefile.


A.tiffilecomprisedofallofthepagescontainedintheunderlyingelectronicfileorhardcopydocumentpriortoitsconversiontoorscanninginto.tifformat.Asdistinguishedfromthesituationwhereeachpageofanunderlyingmulti-pagedocumentbecomesaseparate.tiffile.


Seealso:

GIF


Imagefileformat


JPEG

PDF

PNG



SearchableTIFF

Single-pageTIFF

TIFF

Multi-Task

Theabilitytoaccessmorethanonesoftwareapplicationatatime.


Thecapabilitytocarryoutmultipletasksatthesametime.


Multi-Thread

Multi-taskingwithinthesameapplicationatthesametime.



©2016EDRMLLC 205

Multi-User

Thecapabilitytohavemorethanonepersonusingacomputersystematthesametime.Amulti-usersystemallowsthesharingofdataandperipheralequipmentamongallusers.


MultipurposeInternetMailExtensions

See: MIME(MultipurposeInternetMailExtensions)

Multisynch

Analogvideomonitorswhichcanreceiveawiderangeofdisplayresolutions,usuallyincludingTV(NTSC).Coloranalogmonitorsacceptseparatered,green&blue(RGB)signals.


N

N-Gram

NconsecutivewordsorcharacterstreatedasaFeature.Inthephrase,“Tobeornottobe,”awordBigram(i.e.,2-gram)wouldbe“tobe”;awordAnN-GramwhereN=3(i.e.,a3-gram).(i.e.,3-gram)wouldbe“tobeor”;aQuad-Gram(i.e.,4-gram)wouldbe“tobeornot”;andsoon.SeealsoShingling.


NamesMentionedinText

Adatafieldusedtoclassifynamesthatappearinadocumentotherthanastheauthor,recipient,orrecipientofacarboncopy.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia

Notefield


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Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

NativeApplication

Anyapplicationusedtocreateandviewaparticularapplicationfiletype.


NativeEnvironment

Theoriginalconfiguration(software,passwords,serverconfiguration,etc.)ofabackuptapeore-mailsystem(i.e.MicrosoftExchange).



NativeFile

Applicationfilesintheiroriginalfileformat.Alsousedinthecontextofdeliveringnativefileprocessing.


Afilesavedintheformatoftheoriginalapplicationusedtocreatethefile.Dealingwithnativefilescanminimizeexpensiveper-pagecostsforthetraditionalTIFFand/orPDFprocessingandwillmaximizetherelevantinformationavailablefromthefile.


Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingRenewData'sElectronicEvidenceReferenceChart,http://www.renewdata.com/wall-chart-signup.html

Thesourcedocument,ascollectedfromthesourcecomputerorserver,beforeanyconversionorprocessingofthedocument.




Adocumentproducedintheformatinwhichitwasoriginallycreated.

NativeFormat

Electronicdocumentshaveanassociatedfilestructuredefinedbytheoriginalcreatingapplication.Thisfilestructureisreferredtoasthe“nativeformat”ofthedocument.Becauseviewingorsearchingdocumentsinthenativeformatmayrequiretheoriginalapplication(i.e.,viewingaMicrosoftWorddocumentmayrequiretheMicrosoftWordapplication),documents


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areoftenconvertedtoastandardfileformat(i.e.,tiff)aspartofelectronicdocumentprocessing.


NativeProduction

Producingfilesintheformattheywerecreatedandmaintainedisknownasanativeproduction.

Source: EDRMProductionGuide.

Adocumentproducedintheformatinwhichitwasoriginallycreated.


NaturalLanguageSearch

Anon-Booleanretrievalmethod,which,insteadofusing“and/or”connectors,preparesthesearchrequestinordinarylanguageandisautomaticallyconvenedbythecomputerintoalgorithms.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch

Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

NaïveBayes

ASupervisedLearningAlgorithminwhichtherelativefrequencyofwords(orotherFeatures)inRelevantandNon-RelevantTrainingExamplesisusedtoestimatethelikelihoodthatanewDocumentcontainingthosewords(orotherFeatures)isRelevant.NaïveBayesreliesonthesimplisticassumptionthatthewordsinaDocumentoccurwithindependentProbabilities,withtheconsequencethatittendstoyieldextremelyloworextremelyhighestimates.


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NaïveBayesianClassifier

Asystemthatexaminestheprobabilitythateachwordinanewdocumentcamefromtheworddistributionderivedfromtrainedresponsivedocumentsorfromtrainednon-responsivedocuments.Thesystemisnaïveinthesensethatitassumesthatallwordsareindependentofoneanother.


NDLON

NationalDayLaborerOrganizingNetworkv.U.S.ImmigrationandCustomsEnforcementAgency,CaseNo.10-Civ-3488(SAS),2012WL2878130(S.D.N.Y.July13,2012),aFreedomofInformationAct(FOIA)caseinwhichDistrictJudgeShiraA.Scheindlinheldthat“mostcustodianscannotbe‘trusted’toruneffectivesearchesbecausedesigninglegallysufficientelectronicsearchesinthediscoveryorFOIAcontextsisnotpartoftheirdailyresponsibilities,”andstated(indicta)that“beyondtheuseofkeywordsearch,partiescan(andfrequentlyshould)relyonlatentsemanticindexing,statisticalprobabilitymodels,andmachinelearningtofindresponsivedocuments.Throughiterativelearning,thesemethods(knownas‘computer-assisted’or‘predictive’coding)allowhumanstoteachcomputerswhatdocumentsareandarenotresponsivetoaparticularFOIAordiscoveryrequestandtheycansignificantlyincreasetheeffectivenessandefficiencyofsearches.”


Near-DuplicateDetection

Anindustry-specifictermgenerallyusedtodescribeamethodofgroupingtogether“nearlyidentical”Documents.Near-DuplicateDetectionisavariantofClusteringinwhichthesimilarityamongDocumentsinthesamegroupisverystrong.Itistypicallyusedtoreducereviewcosts,andtoensureconsistentCoding.AlsoreferredtoasNear-Deduplication.


NearestNeighbor

ASupervisedLearningAlgorithminwhichanewDocumentisClassifiedbyfindingthemostsimilarDocumentintheTrainingSet,andassumingthatthecorrectCodingforthenewDocumentisthesameasthemostsimilaroneintheTrainingSet.


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Astatisticalprocedurethatclassifiesobjects,suchasdocuments,accordingtothemostsimilaritemthathasalreadybeenassignedacategorylabel.Thisapproachusesasetoflabeledexamplestoclassifysubsequentunlabeleditems,bychoosingthecategoryassignedtothemostsimilarlabeledexample(itsnearestneighbor)orexamples.K-nearestneighborclassificationusesthekmostsimilarclassifiedobjectstodeterminetheclassificationofanunknownobject.


NegativePredictiveValue(NPV)

Thefraction(Proportion)ofDocumentsthatareidentifiedasNon-Relevantbyasearchorrevieweffort,thatareinfactNon-Relevant.ThecomplementofPrecision;thatis,NegativePredictiveValueiscomputedthesamewayasPrecisionwhenthedefinitionsofRelevantandNon-Relevantaretransposed.


Nesting

Documentnestingoccurswhenonedocumentisinsertedwithinanotherdocument(i.e.,anattachmentisnestedwithinanemail;graphicsfilesarenestedwithinaMicrosoftWorddocument).


NetWareLoadableModule(NLM)

Anapplicationthatrunsaspartofthenetworkoperatingsystem(NOS)ofaNovellNetWareserver.

Source; FormerlyAmericanDocumentManagement,GlossaryofTerms,now5iSolutionsGlossary.

Network

Agroupofconnectedcomputersthatallowpeopletoshareinformationandequipment(e.g.localareanetwork(LAN),wideareanetwork(WAN),metropolitanareanetwork(MAN),storageareanetwork(SAN),peer-to-peernetwork,client-servernetwork).




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Multiplecomputersconnectedtogethersothattheyfunctionasamulti-usersystem.Anetworkmaybealocalareanetwork(LAN)orawideareanetwork(WAN).


Agroupofcomputersordevicesthatisconnectedtogetherfortheexchangeofdataandsharingofresources.


Seealso:




Peer-to-peernetwork


Standalonecomputer

WAN-wideareanetwork

NetworkInterfaceCard(NIC)

Thecardinsideacomputerthatenablestheestablishmentofanetworkconnection.


NetworkOperatingSystem(NOS)

Softwarewhichdirectstheoverallactivityofnetworkedcomputers.



Theoperatingsystemthatsupportsnetworkoperations.


Seealso:

DOS

Linux

MicrosoftDOS

MicrosoftWindows

Operatingsystem

OS

UNIX

Windows

Xenix

NetworkTopology

Thewiring,connections,andadapterboardsthatinterconnectcomputersonanetwork.ThethreestandardtopologiesforPCsareEthernet,IBMTokenRing,andARCnet.



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NeuralNetwork

Anapproachtomachinelearningwheretheelementsoftheprocessresemblesimulatedneurons.Neurons,inturn,arethoughttobetheprimarycomputationalelementsinthebrain.Eachelementinaneuralnetworkreceivessomesetofinputs,eitherfromtheenvironmentorfromotherneurons.Itthencomputesanoutputbasedonitsinputs.Networksoftheseelementsarecapableofquitesophisticatedcomputations.Computingwithneuralnetworksisalsocalledbrain-stylecomputation.


NIC

See: NetworkInterfaceCard(NIC)

NLM

See: NetWareLoadableModule(NLM)

Node

Anydeviceconnectedtonetwork.PCs,servers,andprintersareallnodesonthenetwork.


NoiseWordFilter

Toavoidcreatinganoverlyinclusiveindex,mostindicesutilizeanoisewordfilter.Noisewordfiltersincludesacustomizedlistoftermsthatareoverlookedorignoredduringindexing.Somecommonnoisewordsinclude‘a’,‘and’,‘the’,‘from’,and‘because’.


Non-Interlaced

Wheneachlineofthevideoimageisscannedseparately.Computermonitorsusenon-interlacedvideo.


Non-MailData

Extractable,standardand(somenon-standard)mailarchiveitemsbesidese-mailmessagesandattachments,suchasCalendar,Tasks,Notes,Persons,Meetings,etc.


Non-NativeEnvironment

Aproprietaryprocessinwhichelectronicdataisobtaineddirectlyfrombackuptapeswithouttheneedtorecreateanativeenvironment.


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Non-NegativeMatrixFactorization

Amathematicaltechniquethatsummarizesthecorrelationbetweenitems.OneofthetechniquesusedineDiscoveryasthebasisforconceptsearch,wheretheitemsarewords.


Non-PrintableFiles

Filesthatcan’tbeprinted,suchasDLL,EXE,AVIfiles.


Non-Relevant/NotRelevant

InInformationRetrieval,aDocumentisconsideredNon-Relevant(orNotRelevant)ifitdoesnotmeettheInformationNeedofthesearchorrevieweffort.Thesynonym“irrelevant”israrelyusedinInformationRetrieval.

Source; MauraR.GrossmanandGordonV.Cormack,EDRMpage&TheGrossman-CormackGlossaryofTechnology-AssistedReview,withForewordbyJohnM.Facciola,U.S.MagistrateJudge,2013Fed.Cts.L.Rev.7(January2013).

Non-ResponseBias

Non-ResponseBiasoccurswhenaportionofpotentialsamplesisnotavailableforsampling.Asanexample,ifane-discoveryeffortisidentifyingpotentialresponsiveengineeringdocuments,andifthedocumentsareinadocumentformatand/orprogramminglanguagethatcouldnotbesampledorunderstood,therecouldbeasignificantnon-responseBias.Seealso,ResponseBias.


Seealso:

Non-ResponseBias ResponseBias

NormalDistribution

The“bellcurve”ofclassicalstatistics.ThenumberofRelevantDocumentsinaSampletendstoobeyaNormal(Gaussian)Distribution,providedtheSamplesizeislargeenoughtocaptureasubstantialnumberofRelevantandNon-RelevantDocuments.Inthissituation,GaussianEstimationisreasonablyaccurate.IftheSamplesizeisinsufficientlylargetocaptureasubstantialnumberofbothRelevantandNon-RelevantDocuments(asaruleofthumb,atleast12ofeach),theBinomialDistributionbettercharacterizesthenumberofRelevantDocumentsintheSample,andBinomialEstimationismoreappropriate.AlsoreferredtoasaGaussianDistribution.


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Inprobabilitytheory,thenormal(orGaussian)distributionisacontinuousprobabilitydistribution.Ithasabell-shapedprobabilitydensityfunction,knownastheGaussianfunctionorinformallyasthebellcurve,theheightofthecurveshowstherelativelikelihoodofvariousvalues.Theareaunderthecurvesumsto1.0,sosectionsofthecurverepresentprobabilities.Thenormaldistributionderivesfromthecentrallimittheorem,whichsaysthattheaverageofalargenumberofrandomvariablesisdistributedasthenormaldistribution,howeverthevariableswereoriginallydistributed.Thenormaldistributionhaswideapplicationinstatistics,forexample,insampling.

Agraphofthenormaldistribution.Theconfidenceintervalisinthemiddleinwhite.The"tails"areshowninyellow.The95%confidenceintervalrepresents95%oftheareaunderthecurve.Inatwo-taileddistribution,this95%areaissymmetricallyalignedaroundtheaverageofthedistribution.Imagefromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-_and_two-tailed_tests


Seealso:

GaussianDistribution

NOS

See: NetworkOperatingSystem(NOS)

NoSQL

Generallyinterpretedtomean“NotOnlySQL,”referstodatabasesthatarebuiltusingstructuresotherthantablesandrelations.NoSQLdatabasesaretypicallydistributedovermanyphysicalmachines,horizontallyscalable,andareoftendistributedasopen-sourcesoftware.


NoteField

Adatafieldthatallowstheentryoftextinamannersimilartowordprocessingsoftware,whichisnotlimitedtoaspecificnumberofcharacters.Typicallyusedforattorneys’notesorcomments.Anotefieldcannotbesorted.


Seealso:

©2016EDRMLLC

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

NotebookComputer

Asmalllaptopcomputer,usuallyweighinglessthan8pounds.


Seealso:

Computer

Fileserver

Laptopcomputer

Microcomputer

Minicomputer

Personalcomputer

Workstation

NotesStorageFacility(NSF)

DatabasesinIBMNotes,formerlyLotusNotes,areNotesStorageFacility(.nsf)files,containingbasicunitsofstorageknownasa"note".

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Notes.

ALotusNotesmailcontainer.


ALotusNotes/Dominodatabase,includingemailcollections.

Seealso:

Container

EML

Mailcontainer

Mailbox

MSG

Multi-mailcontainer

OST

PST

RFCcompliantemail

RFC822

Single-mailarchive


SMTP

NSF

See: NotesStorageFacility(NSF)


©2016EDRMLLC 215

NT

ReferstoMicrosoftWindowsNTserverandworkstationsoftware.


NTFilingSystem(NTFS)

NTFS(NTfilesystem;sometimesNewTechnologyFileSystem)isthefilesystemthattheWindowsNToperatingsystemusesforstoringandretrievingfilesonaharddisk.NTFSistheWindowsNTequivalentoftheWindows95fileallocationtable(FAT)andtheOS/2HighPerformanceFileSystem(HPFS).However,NTFSoffersanumberofimprovementsoverFATandHPFSintermsofperformance,extendibility,andsecurity.

Source: TechTarget,NTFS(NTfilesystem;sometimesNewTechnologyFileSystem)definition,http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/definition/NTFS

Seealso:

FAT Filesystem NTfilingsystem

NTFS

See: TFilingSystem(NTFS)

NullSet

ThesetofDocumentsthatarenotreturnedbyasearchprocessorthatareidentifiedasNotRelevantbyareviewprocess.


NumericRangeSearch

Anumericrangesearchisasearchforanynumbersthatfallwithinarange.

Source: dtSearchSupport,NumericRangeSearching,https://support.dtsearch.com/webhelp/dtsearch/default.htm#numeric_.htm

Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch


©2016EDRMLLC 216

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

O

Object

Acombinationofcodeanddatacreatedatruntimethatcanbetreatedasaunit.Atable,chart,graphic,equation,orotherformofinformation.Seeembeddedobject.


Seealso:

Bibliographiccoding

Embeddedobject

Linkobject

Linksource

Linkedobject

ObjectLinkingandEmbedding(OLE)

AfeatureinMicrosoft'sWindowswhichallowseachsectionofacompounddocumenttocallupitsowneditingtoolsorspecialdisplayfeatures.Thisallowsforcombiningdiverseelementsincompounddocuments.


ObjectiveCoding

Therecordingofbasicdatasuchasdate,author,ordocumenttype,fromdocumentsintoadatabase.


Extractinginformationfromelectronicdocumentssuchasdatecreated,authorrecipient,CCandlinkingeachimagetotheinformationinpre-definedobjectivefields.IndirectoppositiontoSubjectivecodingwherelegalinterpretationsofdatainadocumentarelinkedtoindividualdocuments.Alsocalledbibliographiccoding.


Extractingvarioussegmentsofinformationfromadocumentsuchasitsauthor,recipient,mailingdate,orotherfields,etc.ObjectiveCodingisusuallydonefromthedocumenttextorimagebecausemetadataorsearchabletextmaybeunavailable(e.g.ahandwrittendocumentthathasbeenscanned),orthedocumentmaycontaininaccuratemetadata(e.g.metadata


©2016EDRMLLC 217

associatedwithadocumentwrittenandsignedbyapartnermightreflecttheadministrativeassistantastheauthorwherethedocumentwasoriginallytypedontheassistant’scomputer).

Seealso:

BibliographicCoding

Coding

Indexing

IssueCode

Issuecoding

Levelcoding

Subjectivecoding

Tag

Taxonomiccoding

Verbatimcoding

ObstructionofJustice

AccordingtoBlack’slawdictionary,obstructionofjusticemeans“impedingorobstructingthosewhoseekjusticeinacourt,orthosewhohavedutiesorpowersofadministeringjusticetherein.”


OccurrenceCount

OccurrencecountsearchallowsalegalprofessionaltospecifyOccurrencecountsearchallowsalegalprofessionaltospecifythatawordappearacertainnumberoftimesforthedocumenttobeselected.


OCR(OpticalCharacterRecognition)

Opticalcharacterrecognitionistheconversionofascanneddocumentintosearchabletextandtherenderingofitstextsusceptibletocopyingforpastingintoanewfile.Followingthescanningofagivendocument,OCRsoftwareevaluatesthescanneddataforshapesitrecognizesaslettersornumerals.OCRtechnologyreliesuponthequalityoftheprintedcopyandtheconversionaccuracyofthesoftware.Generallyacknowledgedtobeonly80-85percentaccurate.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingRenewData'sElectronicEvidenceReferenceChart,http://www.renewdata.com/wall-chart-signup.html

Amethodoftranslatingprintedtextandimagesintoaformthatacomputercanmanipulate(intoASCIIcodes,forexample).AnOCRsystemenablesyoutoscanaprinteddocumentdirectlyintoacomputerfile.





©2016EDRMLLC 218

Amethodofscanningprintedmaterialandconvertingitintoanelectronicfile,suchasaword-processingfile,whichcanthenbesearchedforspecificwordsorphrases.OCRisdistinguishablefrom“imaging”inthatitrecognizesonlyalphanumericcharactersandnothandwrittenorothergraphicmaterial.


Softwarethat,inconjunctionwithascanner,isableto“recognize”writtentextandconvertittoanASCIIfileorimportitintoawordprocessorsomayperformoneofthefulltextsearches.


Thecomputerconversionofscannedinputimages(barcodesorpatternsofbits)tocomputerrecognizablecodes(ASCIIletters,numbersandcharacters).


Opticalcharacterrecognitionisatechnologywhichtakesdatafromapaperdocumentandturnsiteditabletextdata.Thedocumentisfirstscanned.ThenOCRsoftwaresearchesthedocumentforletters,numbers,andothercharacters.


Whenapaperdocumentisscannedintoacomputer,animageiscreated.ThecomputerdoesnotrecognizethecharactersofthedocumentastextuntilOCRsoftwareconvertstheimageintotext.OCRsystemsvarywidelyintheaccuracyoftheirconversion.Evenseeminglyhighaccuracyratescan,however,stillresultinsignificantnumbersofwordsbeingmisrepresented.A99%accuracy,forexample,wouldstillresultinonewordoutof20beingmisspelled.

Seealso:

DirtyOCR ICR Patternrecognition

ODBC(OpenDatabaseConnectivity)

AnapplicationinterfacefromMicrosoftthatprovidesacommonlanguagebetweenapplicationsanddatabasesonanetwork.


AdatabaseprogramminginterfacethatprovidesacommonlanguageforWindowsapplicationstoaccessdatabasesonanetwork.

OEM(OriginalEquipmentManufacturer)

Classically,acompanywhobuysproductsfromanothercompany,re-labelstheproductsunderitsownnameandre-sells(usuallyinlargequantities).Hascometodefinenearlyanylargecustomerwhore-sellsproducts,brandedornot.


©2016EDRMLLC 219


Offline

Whencomputersandotherdevicesarenotconnectedtothenetwork.


Archivaldocumentsstoredonopticaldisksorcompactdisksthatarenotconnectedorinstalledinthecomputer,butinsteadrequirehumaninterventiontobeaccessed.


Notconnected(toanetwork).


OfflineStorage

Thestorageofelectronicdataoutsidethenetworkindailyuse(i.e.,onbackuptapes)thatisonlyaccessiblethroughtheoff-linestoragesystem,notthenetwork.


OLE

See: ObjectLinkingandEmbedding(OLE)

On-SiteExtraction

Theextractionofhighvolumesofdatafrombackuptapesataclientsite.


One-TailedTest

Inhypothesistesting,wecanbeinterestedinadeviationineitherdirectionorinonlyonedirection.Ifweareinterestedineitherdirection(onescoreisdifferentfromanother),weuseatwo-tailedtest.Ifweareinterestedinonlyonedirection(onescoreislessthananother),andwedon'tcareifitisgreater,thenweuseaone-tailedtest.Forexample,ifwewanttoknowwhetherapredictivecodingsystemhasperformedbetterthanchance,thenwecanuseaone-tailedtest.Wedon'tcareifthepredictivecodingsystemisworsethanchance(thatwouldnotbeparticularlyuseful),onlyifitisbetter.Confidenceintervalscanbeone-sidedortwo-sidedaswell.Thetailreferstotheyellowregionsinthefigure.


©2016EDRMLLC 220

Agraphofthenormaldistribution.Theconfidenceintervalisinthemiddleinwhite.The"tails"areshowninyellow.The95%confidenceintervalrepresents95%oftheareaunderthecurve.Inatwo-taileddistribution,this95%areaissymmetricallyalignedaroundtheaverageofthedistribution.Imagefromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-_and_two-tailed_tests


Online

Whencomputersandotherdevicesareconnectedtothenetwork.


TheconditionofacomputerbeingconnectedtoacomputerizedinformationsystemsuchasLexis.OftenreferstobeingconnectedtotheInternet.


Documentsstoredontheharddriveormagneticdiskofacomputerthatareavailableimmediately.


Connected(toanetwork).


OnlineStorage

Thestorageofelectronicdataasfullyaccessibleinformationindailyuseonthenetworkorelsewhere.


OnlineSummary

Adigestorsummaryofadocumentcreateddirectlyfromthecomputerscreenbyreadingthedocumentandusingthecutandpastefunctiontomoveexcerptstoaseparatefile.


Ontology

ArepresentationoftherelationshipsamongwordsandtheirmeaningsthatisricherthanaTaxonomy.Forexample,anOntologycanrepresentthefactthatawheelisapartofabicycle,thatgoldisyellow,andsoon.



©2016EDRMLLC 221

Acategoricalorconceptualstructurethatmaynotbestrictlyhierarchical(cf.taxonomy).Conceptscanberelatedtooneanotherincomplexways.Forexample,anontologymayrepresentthatlawyers,paralegals,andjudgesareassociatedwithoneanother(oneisnotstrictlyasubsetoftheother).


OpenDatabaseConnectivity

See: ODBC(OpenDatabaseConnectivity)

OperatingSystem(OS)

Softwarewhichdirectstheoverallactivityofacomputer(e.g.MS-DOS,Windows,Linux,etcetera).




Themostimportantprogramthatrunsonacomputer.Everygeneral-purposecomputermusthaveanoperatingsystemtorunotherprograms.Operatingsystemsperformbasictasks,suchasrecognizinginputfromthekeyboard,sendingoutputtothedisplayscreen,keepingtrackoffilesanddirectoriesonthedisk,andcontrollingperipheraldevicessuchasdiskdrivesandprinters.Forlargesystems,theoperatingsystemhasevengreaterresponsibilitiesandpowers.Itislikeatrafficcop--itmakessurethatdifferentprogramsandusersrunningatthesametimedonotinterferewitheachother.Theoperatingsystemisalsoresponsibleforsecurity,ensuringthatunauthorizedusersdonotaccessthesystem.


Softwarethatcontrolstheoperationofacomputer.


Thesoftwarethattherestofthesoftwaredependsontomakethecomputerfunctional.OnmostPCsthisisWindowsortheMacintoshOS.UnixandLinuxareotheroperatingsystemsoftenfoundinscientificandtechnicalenvironments.


Seealso:

DOS

Linux

MicrosoftDOS

MicrosoftWindows


NOS

UNIX

Windows

Xenix

©2016EDRMLLC


See: OCR(OpticalCharacterRecognition)

OpticalDisk

Computermediasimilartoacompactdiscthatcannotberewritten.Anopticaldriveusesalasertoreadthestoreddata.


Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

OriginalEquipmentManufacturer

See: OEM(OriginalEquipmentManufacturer)

OS

See: OperatingSystem(OS)

OST

AnofflinestoragemailcontainerthatrequiresconversiontoPSTbeforeextraction,inordertobeprocessedasmailmessagesandtheirattachments.


MicrosoftOutlookOfflinefileusedtosaveemails.

Seealso:

Container

EML

Mailcontainer

Mailbox

MSG

Multi-mailcontainer

NSF

PST

RFCcompliantemail

RFC822

Single-mailarchive


SMTP

©2016EDRMLLC

OtherNumberField

AdatafieldinadatabaseusedtocapturenumbersotherthantheprimaryBatesstampnumberthatappearsonthedocument.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

Output

Thefolderorfilescreatedtocontaindatathatresultsfromagivenprocess.


P

PackBits

AcompressionschemewhichoriginatedwiththeMacintosh.Suitableonlyforblack&white.


Packet

Afixedblockofdatatransmissionwhichalsocontainsidentityandroutinginformation.


Page

Asingleimageofa“onepieceofpaper.”Oneorseveralpagesmakeupa“document.”



©2016EDRMLLC 224

PagesPerMinute(PPM)

Ameasurementofthethroughputspeedofascanner-howmanyletter-sizepagesthescannercanscaninoneminute.Beware:ppmcanbemisleading.


PantoneMatchingSystem(PMS)

Acolorstandardinprinting.


PaperDiscovery

Paperdiscoveryreferstothediscoveryofwritingsonpaperthatcanbereadwithouttheaidofsomedevices.


PaperStylesandDefinitions

1. AcidFreePaper–Won'tchangecolor(yellow)formanyyears.2. Brightness–Thepercentageoflightthepaperreflects.Mostwhitepapersreflect60%

to90%.3. CoatedPapers–"glossy"paper,coatedwithclay.4. Cotton"Rag"Paper–Premiumpaperwith25%to100%cottonfibers.5. Laidfinish–Papersurfaceembossedwithlinestoresemblehandmadepaper.6. Ream–500sheets.7. Vellumfinish–Alesssmoothversionofrealvellum(fineparchment).8. Wovefinish–Verysmoothsurface.Characteristicofthemajorityofpapersmade.


Parallel

Referstomultipledatabitsstoredortransmittedsimultaneously.


Transmissionofallthebits(e.g.inacharacter)atthesametime.Ifthecharacterhaseightbits,thereareeightwires.Fasterandmoreexpensivethanserialwheretheeightbitswouldbesent,"sideways",oneatatime.



©2016EDRMLLC 225

ParallelPort

Aparallelportisusedforprintingbecauseitisfasterthanaserialport.


ParallelTrial

AnExperimentalDesignforcomparingtwosearchorreviewprocessesusingthesameDocumentCollectionandInformationNeed,inwhichbothprocessesareappliedconcurrentlybutindependently,andthentheresultsofthetwoeffortsarecompared.(Cf.CrossoverTrial.)


ParametricSearch

Parameterizedsearchallowssearchingtobebasednotonkeywordsbutoncertainparameters,suchasadocument’smetadata.Parameterizedsearchisalsoknownasfieldedsearch,becauseitisfrequentlyperformedondatastoredwithinthefieldsofadatabasetable.ExamplesincludeDateRange,Metadata,Custodian,restrictionsorpromotionsbasedondocumenttags/reviewcalls.


ParentDocument

Theprimarydocumentinasetofrelateddocuments,suchasafaxcoversheetoratransmittalletter.


Parent-ChildRelationship

Inanytaxonomy,thesuperiorcategorycanbecalledaparent,anditssubcategoriescanbecalledchildren.Anemailcanbeconsidered,forexample,tobeaparentofanyofitsattachments.Conversely,anattachmentcanbeconsideredtobeachildoftheemailtowhichitisattached.

PasswordProtection

Theuseofpersonalandconfidentialidentificationtoallowindividualusersaccesstoacomputersystemorspecificprograms.



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Path

Therouteofdirectoriesthroughwhichacomputersearchestofindaparticularfile.Thepathnameisthefullfilename,includingthenameofthedirectoryonwhichthefileisstored.


PatternMatching

ThescienceofdesigningcomputerAlgorithmstorecognizenaturalphenomenalikepartsofspeech,faces,orspokenwords.


PatternRecognition

Anelectronicapplicationutilizinganalgorithmthatsearchesdataforlikepatternsandflagsorextractsthepertinentdata.Forinstance,inlookingforaddresses,alphacharactersfollowedbyacommaandaspacefollowedbytwocapitalalphacharactersfollowedbyaspacefollowedbyfiveormoredigitsareusuallythecity,stateandzipcode.Byprogrammingtheapplicationtolookforthatpattern,theinformationcanbeelectronicallyextractedratherthanre-keyedbyhumanintervention.


Seealso:

DirtyOCR

ICR

OCR


PB(Petabyte)

Apetabyteisameasureofcomputerdatastoragecapacityandisonethousandmillionmillion(1,000,000,000,000,000)bytes.


Seealso:

Bit

Byte

KB-kilobyte

MB-megabyte

GB-gigabyte

TB-terabyte

EB-exabyte

©2016EDRMLLC

PC(PersonalComputer)

TechnicallyacomputerthatconformstothePCstandardsetbyIBM,thePCnowreferstoanydesktopcomputerotherthanaterminalonaUnixsystem.


PCI(PeripheralComponentInterconnect)

Ahigh-speedinterconnectlocalbususedtosupportmultimediadevices.PromotedbyDigitalamongothers.


PCMCIA(PersonalComputerMemoryCardInternationalAssociation)

Plug-incardsforcomputers(usuallyportables),whichextendthestorageand/orfunctionality.


PCX(PersonalComputereXchange)

ThefileformatusedfordrawingsbyCorelPaintandWindowsPaintBrush.


PDA(PersonalDigitalAssistant)

Anysmallhandheldwirelessdevicethatprovidescomputinganddatastorageabilities.ExamplesofPDAsincludethePalmPilotandtheBlackBerry.


Ahand-heldmicrocomputerthatfunctionslikeanelectronicrolodexandoftenconnectstoalargercomputerforsharingortransferringinformation.


Asmall,usuallyhand-held,computerwhich"assists"businesstasks.


PDF(PortableDocumentFormat)

AproprietaryformatofAdobeCorporation,ithasbecomeadefactostandardfortransmittingdocumentsthatthesenderdoesnotwanttobealteredandfortransmittingdocumentstocommercialprintersandtotheWebforonlinepublishing.


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AfileformatdevelopedbyAdobeSystems.PDFcapturesformattinginformationfromavarietyofdesktoppublishingapplications,makingitpossibletosendformatteddocumentsandhavethemappearontherecipient'smonitororprinterastheywereintended.ToviewafileinPDFformat,youneedAdobeAcrobatReader,afreeapplicationdistributedbyAdobeSystems.




Afilestandardfordocumentsthatcanbeprocessed(generallyviewedandprinted)byanycomputer,regardlessofthespecificapplicationprogramwhichcreatedtheoriginal.


AnAdobetechnologyforformattingdocumentssothattheycanbeviewedandprintedusingtheAdobeAcrobatreader.


PDF’scanbereadusingAdobeAcrobatReader(afreeprogram),regardlessoftheprogramusedtocreatetheoriginaldocument.APDFdocumentcancontaintext,images,orboth.OnlyPDFscontainingtextcanbesearcheddirectly.ThosecontainingimagesonlymustbeOCRed.

Seealso:

GIF


Imagefileformat


JPEG

Multi-pageTIFF

PNG


SearchableTIFF

Single-pageTIFF

TIFF

Peer-to-PeerNetwork

Anetworkofcomputersconfiguredtoallowcertainfilesandfolderstobesharedwitheveryoneorwithselectedusers.Peer-to-peernetworksarequitecommoninsmallofficesthatdonotuseadedicatedfileserver.AllclientversionsofWindows,MacandLinuxcanfunctionasnodesinapeer-to-peernetworkandallowtheirfilestobeshared.

Source: PCMag,Definitionof:peer-to-peernetwork,http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/49056/peer-to-peer-network

Seealso:




Network


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Standalonecomputer

WAN-wideareanetwork

Peripheral

Anyhardwaredevicethatinterfaceswithacomputer,suchasaprinter,anexternalmodem,orascanner.Interfacingmaytakeplacethroughthecomputer’sparallelandserialportsorthroughaspecificinterfacecard.


PeripheralComponentInterconnect

See: PCI(PeripheralComponentInterconnect)

PersonalComputer

See: PC(PersonalComputer)

PersonalComputereXchange

See: PCX(PersonalComputereXchange)

PersonalComputerMemoryCardInternationalAssociation

See: PCMCIA(PersonalComputerMemoryCardInternationalAssociation)

PersonalDigitalAssistant

See: PDA(PersonalDigitalAssistant)

PersonalInformationManager(PIM)

SoftwarethatperformsthefunctionsofRolodex.


PersonalStorageFile(PST)

TherearetwotypesofOutlookDataFilesusedbyOutlook.AnOutlookDataFile(.pst)isusedformostaccounts....OutlookDataFiles(.pst)areusedforPOP3,IMAP,andweb-basedmailaccounts.WhenyouwanttocreatearchivesorbackupyourOutlookfoldersanditemsonyourcomputer,suchasExchangeaccounts,youmustcreateanduseadditional.pstfiles....APersonalFoldersfile(.pst)isanOutlookdatafilethatstoresyourmessagesandotheritemsonyourcomputer.ThisisthemostcommonfileinwhichinformationinOutlookissavedbyhomeusersorinsmallorganizations....


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Source: IntroductiontoOutlookDataFiles(.pstand.ost),http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/outlook-help/introduction-to-outlook-data-files-pst-and-ost-HA010354876.aspx.

InMicrosoftOutlook,thePersonalFoldersfile(.pst)isadatafilethatstoresallofauser'smessagesandotheritemsonhis/hercomputer.AnOutlookusercancreateoneormore.pst'stoorganizeandbackupitemsforsafekeeping.Evenwhenane-mailsystemisbeingrunonaMicrosoftExchangeServer,Outlookdatacanbebackeduptoa.pstfilestoredeitherlocallyonaharddriveoronanetworkdrive--ratherthanonthee-mailserver.Each.pstfilecontainsallofone'sOutlookfolders,includingtheInbox,Calendar,andContacts.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingMicrosoftOfficeOnline,http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/assistance/HA010875321033.aspx

TheplacewhereOutlookstoresitsdata(whenOutlookisusedwithoutMicrosoft®ExchangeServer).APSTfileiscreatedwhenamailaccountissetup.AdditionalPSTfilescanbecreatedforbackingupandarchivingOutlookfolders,messages,formsandfiles.ThefileextensiongiventoPSTfilesis.pst.


AMSOutlookmailcontainerthatrequiresextractioninordertobeprocessedasmailmessagesandtheirattachments.


AfileusedinOutlooktosaveacollectionofemails.

Seealso:

Container

EML

Mailcontainer

Mailbox

MSG

Multi-mailcontainer

NSF

OST

RFCcompliantemail

RFC822

Single-mailarchive


SMTP

Petabyte

See: PB(Petabyte)

PhaseChange

Amethodofstoringinformationonrewritableopticaldisks.



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Phases(Stages)

Distinctsegmentsofthee-discoveryprocesswhichcontainmeasurableactivitiesthatcanbetrackedaccordingtovolume,costandtime.ThesesegmentscorrespondtotheL600codesfor:Identification(L600),Preservation(L610),Collection(L620),Processing(L630),Review(L650),Analysis(L660),Production(L670),Presentation(L680)andProjectManagement(L690).


PhonicSearch

Phonicsearchinglooksforawordthatsoundslikethewordyouaresearchingforandbeginswiththesameletter.

Source: dtSearchSupport,PhonicSearching,https://support.dtsearch.com/webhelp/dtsearch/phonic_s.htm

Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

PhraseSearch

Asearchconsistingofmultiplekeywordsseparatedbyspacestoformasinglephrase.Foradocumenttomatchthissearch,theentirephraseasenteredmustbecontainedwithinthedocument.


Thesearchphrase“MassachusettsMutual”wouldlocatetextwherethewordsaresidebyside.


Seealso:



Booleansearch


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Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

PhysicalTarget

Whentheforensicimagingprocesstargetstheentirephysicaldriveordatastoragemedia.


PhysicalUnitization





Pica

Onesixth(1/6)ofaninch.Usedtomeasuregraphics/fonts.


PICT(PictureFormat)

AcolorfileformatexclusivelyforMacintosh.



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PictureElement(Pixel)

Primaryunitofcoloronacomputermonitororinanelectronicimage.


Thebasicbuildingblockofallimages--asimpledot.Inbitonalimages,itismerelyablackorwhitedot(see"Bitonal"definitionabove).Ingreyscaleimages,dotswillhavebetween1-to-256possiblevaluesofgrey(foran8-bitgreyscaleimage).


Adot.Onestep/addressablepositioninthetotalTVorCRTpresentation.TheminimumVGAdisplayhas307,200pixels(640by480).


Apictureelement.Apixelisthesmallestdotonthescreenofacomputerdisplay.Screenresolutionisusuallymeasuredinthenumberofpixelshorizontallyandverticallythatthescreencandisplay(rangingfrom640×480to1280×1024,orhigher).Generally,thehighertheresolution,thatis,themorepixelsintheimage,theclearertheimagewillappear.

PictureFormat

See: PICT(PictureFormat)

PieceofMedia(POM)

Oneunitofphysicalmedia(tapes,ZIP/Jazdisks,DLT,HDD,floppydisks,FTP’edmaterialore-mailedbundlesoffiles,etc.).


PIM

See: PersonalInformationManager(PIM)

Pitch

Characters(ordots)perinch,measuredhorizontally.


PivotTable

APivotTablereportisaninteractivetable,suchasthatfoundinExcelthatcanbeusedtosummarizedata.Forexample,inanexpensereport,youcanuseittosumallofthemoneyspentformeals,oryoucansummarizehowmuchwasspenteachday.Thesetablesareinteractive,onecanrotateitsrowsandcolumnstoseedifferentsummariesofthesourcedata,filterthedatabydisplayingdifferentpages,ordisplaythedetailsforareasofinterest.


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Pixel

See: PictureElement(Pixel)

Plaintext

Theleastformattedandthereforemostportableformoftextforcomputerizeddocuments.


Platform

Theunderlyinghardwareorsoftwareforasystem.Forexample,theplatformmightbeanIntel80486processorrunningDOSVersion6.0.TheplatformcouldalsobeUNIXmachinesonanEthernetnetwork.Theplatformdefinesastandardaroundwhichasystemcanbedeveloped.Oncetheplatformhasbeendefined,softwaredeveloperscanproduceappropriatesoftware-andmanagerscanpurchaseappropriatehardwareandapplications.


Platform=operatingsystem(orfamilyofoperatingsystems)onthesoftwareside.Thetermcross-platformreferstoapplications,formats,ordevicesthatworkondifferentplatforms.Forexample,across-platformprogrammingenvironmentenablesaprogrammertodevelopprogramsformanyplatformsatonce.

Plug-in

AprogramthatenablesaWebbrowsertopresentnon-HTMLdocuments,suchasAdobeAcrobatdocumentsorsoundandvideoprograms.


PMS

See: PantoneMatchingSystem(PMS)

PNG(PortableNetworkGraphic)

PortableNetworkGraphics(PNG/ˈpɪŋ/)isarastergraphicsfileformatthatsupportslosslessdatacompression.PNGwascreatedasanimproved,non-patentedreplacementforGraphicsInterchangeFormat(GIF),andisthemostusedlosslessimagecompressionformatontheInternet.

Source: Wikipedia,PortableNetworkGraphics,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics

Seealso:

GIF


Imagefileformat


JPEG

Multi-pageTIFF

PDF


SearchableTIFF


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Single-pageTIFF TIFF

POD(PrintOnDemand)

Documentimagesarestoredinelectronicformatandareavailabletobequicklyprintedandintheexactquantityrequired,longorshortruns.


PointEstimate

ThemostlikelyvalueforaPopulationcharacteristic.WhencombinedwithaMarginofError(orConfidenceInterval)andaConfidenceLevel,itreflectsaStatisticalEstimate.


PointtoPointProtocol(PPP)

Astandardforconnectingtwocomputersfortransferringdata.

Pointer

Apointerisanindexentryinthedirectoryofadisk(orotherstoragemedium)thatidentifiesthespaceonthediscinwhichanelectronicdocumentorpieceofelectronicdataresides,therebypreventingthatspacefrombeingoverwrittenbyotherdata.Inmostcases,whenanelectronicdocumentis“deleted,”thepointerisdeleted,whichallowsthedocumenttobeoverwritten,butthedocumentisnotactuallyerased.


Anindexentryinthedirectoryofaharddiskthatidentifiesthespaceonthediskwhereaspecificfileislocated.Whenafileis“deleted,”itisactuallythepointerwhichiserasedandnotthefileitself.


PolicyIntegration

Aformalizedcommonsetofgoalsandrulesthatpromotecross-functionalcommunication,collaboration,andoptimization.Informationgovernanceeffortscanbecrippledbyfailuretointegratepolicy.


Polysemy

Asinglewordorexpressionhavingmultiplemeanings.


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POM

See: PieceofMedia(POM)

Population

Theuniverseofthingsaboutwhichwearetryingtoinferwithoursamples.Forexample,thepopulationmaybethesetofdocumentsthatwewanttoclassifyasputativelyresponsiveorputativelynon-responsive.Thegroupfromwhichwepulloursamples.Alsocalledthesamplingframe.


Port

Aninterfaceforconnectingperipheralswiththecomputer.


Thepartofthecomputerthroughwhichaperipheraldevicemaycommunicate,oftenaspecifictypeofplug.


Portability

Theabilitytotransportacomputeranddatafromonelocationtoanother.Typicallyafeatureoflaptopornotebookcomputers,butalsoafeatureofportabledrivesortapesystems.



See: PDF(PortableDocumentFormat)

PortableDrive

Anexternaldiskdrivethatispluggedintoaportonacomputer,typicallyaUSBorFireWireport.Typicallyusedforbackup,butalsoassecondarystorage.Suchunitsrivalinternaldrivesincapacity.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingTechWebTechEncyclopedia,http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=portableharddrive.

Seealso:

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Diskdrive

Floppydiskdrive

Jazdrive


Storagedevice

Tapedrive

Zipdrive

PortableNetworkGraphic

See: PNG(PortableNetworkGraphic)

PortableVolume

Afeaturethatfacilitatesthemovingoflargevolumesofdocumentswithoutrequiringcopyingmultiplefiles.PortablevolumesenableindividualCDstobeeasilyregrouped,detachedandreattachedtodifferentdatabasesforabroaderinformationexchange.


Portal

Awebsitewhichgivesentrytomultipleothersitesandservices.


PortraitMode

Adisplaywheretheheightexceedsthewidth.


PortraitOrientation

Animageregisteredsothatitistallerthanitiswide,withthenarrowedgerunningalongtopandbottom.Whenscanning,orientationisdeterminedbytheleadingedgeofthedocument.


Seealso:

Landscapeorientation

PositiveAgreement

TheProbabilitythat,ifonereviewerCodesaDocumentasRelevant,asecondindependentreviewerwillalsoCodetheDocumentasRelevant.EmpiricalstudiesshowthatPositiveAgreementratesof70%aretypical,andPositiveAgreementratesof80%arerare.PositiveAgreementshouldnotbeconfusedwithAgreement(whichisalessinformativemeasure)orOverlap(whichisanumericallysmallermeasurethatconveyssimilarinformation).Undertheassumptionthatthetworeviewersareequallylikelytoerr,Overlapisroughlyequaltothe


©2016EDRMLLC 238

squareofPositiveAgreement.Thatis,ifPositiveAgreementis70%,Overlapisroughly70%x70%=49%.


PositivePredictiveValue(PPV)

SeePrecision.PositivePredictiveValueisatermusedinSignalDetectionTheory;PrecisionistheequivalentterminInformationRetrieval.


PPM

See: PagesPerMinute(PPM)

PPP

See: PointtoPointProtocol(PPP)

PPV

See: PositivePredictiveValue(PPV)

PracticeDirection

PracticeDirections:theseareofficialadjunctstotheCPRandprovidemandatedguidanceforpractitionersinconductinglitigation.


PracticeManagementSystem

AlsoknownasCaseManagementSystem(CMS).Suchsystemsmayincludefeaturessuchascalendar/docket,conflict-checking,documentassembly,andmaintenanceofdatabasesofclientandcaseinformation.


Precision

Precisionmeasuresthenumberoftrulyresponsivedocumentsintheretrievedsetofresponsivedocuments.Seealso,Recall.



©2016EDRMLLC 239

ThefractionofDocumentsidentifiedasRelevantbyasearchorrevieweffort,thatareinfactRelevant.AlsoreferredtoasPositivePredictiveValue.


Precisionistheproportionofretrieveddocumentsthatareresponsive.


Seealso:

Recall

Precision-RecallCurve

ThecurverepresentingthetradeoffbetweenPrecisionandRecallforagivensearchorrevieweffort,dependingonthechosenCutoffvalue.SeeRecall-PrecisionCurve.


Precision-RecallTradeoff

ThenotionthatmostsearchstrategiescanbeadjustedtoincreasePrecisionattheexpenseofRecall,orviceversa.Atoneextreme,100%RecallcouldbeachievedbyasearchthatreturnedtheentireDocumentPopulation,butPrecisionwouldbelow(equaltoPrevalence).Attheotherextreme,100%PrecisioncouldbeachievedbyasearchthatreturnedasingleRelevantDocument,butRecallwouldbelow(equalto1/N,whereNisthenumberofRelevantDocumentsintheDocumentPopulation).Moregenerally,abroadersearchreturningmanyDocumentswillhavehigherRecallandlowerPrecision,whileanarrowersearchreturningfewerDocumentswillhavelowerRecallandhigherPrecision.APrecision-RecallCurveillustratesthePrecision-RecallTradeoffforaparticularsearchmethod.


PredictiveCoding

Anindustry-specifictermgenerallyusedtodescribeaTechnology-AssistedReviewprocessinvolvingtheuseofaMachineLearningAlgorithmtodistinguishRelevantfromNon-RelevantDocuments,basedonaSubjectMatterExpert'sCodingofaTrainingSetofDocuments.SeeSupervisedLearningandActiveLearning.


©2016EDRMLLC 240


Agroupofmachinelearningtechnologiesthatpredictwhichdocumentsareandarenotresponsivebasedonthedecisionsappliedbyasubjectmatterexperttoasmallsampleofdocuments.


Seealso:

CAR TAR

PresentationPhase

DisplayingESIbeforeaudiences(atdepositions,hearings,trials,etc.),especiallyinnativeandnear-nativeforms,toelicitfurtherinformation,validateexistingfactsorpositions,orpersuadeandaudience.

Source; EDRMStages

CorrespondstoUTBMSCodeL680.ActivitiesandactionstoprepareanddisplayESIbeforeaudiences(atdepositions,hearings,trials,etc.),especiallyinnativeandnear-nativeforms,toelicitfurtherinformation,validateexistingfactsorpositions,orpersuadeanaudience.


PreservationPhase

EnsuringthatESIisprotectedagainstinappropriatealterationordestruction.

Source: EDRMStages

CorrespondstoUTBMSCodesL610-L619.PreservationOrder,LegalHold,QualityAssuranceandControl.


Prevalence

ThefractionofDocumentsinaPopulationthatareRelevanttoanInformationNeed.AlsoreferredtoasRichnessorYield.


Therichnessorproportionofresponsivedocumentsinacollection.Morebroadly,theprevalencereferstotheproportionofonekindofiteminapopulationofitems.



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PrincipalComponentAnalysis

Amathematicaltechniquethatsummarizesthecorrelationbetweenitems.OneofthetechniquesusedineDiscoveryasthebasisforconceptsearch,wheretheitemsarewords.


PrintOnDemand

See: POD(PrintOnDemand)

PrivateNetwork

AnetworkthatisconnectedtotheInternetbutisisolatedfromtheInternet.


Privilege

Aspecialandexclusivelegaladvantageorright.Examplesincludeattorneyworkproductandcertaincommunicationsbetweenanindividualandhisorherattorney,whichareprotectedfromdisclosure.

PrivilegeLog

Arecordoftheresponsiveand/orrelevantdocumentsthatarebeingwithheldfromproductiononaclaimthattheyeithercontainattorney-clientcommunicationorareattorneywork-product.Thoughthereisnotstandardruledescribingthenecessarycontentforaprivilegelog,theFederalRulesofCivilProcedurecontainageneralrequirementthataprivilegelog“describethenature”oftheprivilegeddocumentinamannerthat“willenableotherpartiestoassesstheclaim.”Fed.R.Civ.P.26(b)(5)(A).


AlistofasetofdocumentsthataProducingPartydidnotproduceonaccountofPrivilegesuchasAttorney-ClientPrivilege.



PrivilegedDocuments

AsetofdocumentsthataProducingPartyisnotrequiredtoprovide,sincetheyfallintoPrivilegesuchasAttorney-ClientPrivilege.TheexistenceofsuchdocumentsshouldberecordedinthePrivilegeLog.




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ProbabilisticLatentSemanticAnalysis

AvariantofLatentSemanticAnalysisbasedonconditionalProbabilityratherthanoncorrelation.


Astatisticalprocedureforfindingtheunderlyingdimensionsofcorrelatedterms.LikeLatentSemanticAnalysis,thisprocedureattemptstocapturethemeaningsharedbymultipletermstoprovideaconceptsearchcapability.ItdifferssomefromLSAinthatitinvolvesadifferentstatisticalmodel.Alsocalledprobabilisticlatentsemanticindexing.


ProbabilisticModel

Aclassofmathematicalmodelsthataredescribedinthelanguageofprobabilitywithoutnecessarilyinvolvingrandomness.Forexample,ifwefindthatthreetimesoutoffour,whenacertainwordisusedinadocument,thedocumentisresponsive,thenaprobabilisticmodelwillincludeanestimatethattheprobabilitythatadocumentcontainingthatword(allotherthingsbeingequal)ismoreprobablyresponsive(75%)thannon-responsive(25%).


Probability

Thefraction(ThefractionofasetofDocumentshavingsomeparticularproperty(typicallyRelevance).)oftimesthataparticularoutcomewouldoccur,shouldthesameactionberepeatedunderthesameconditionsaninfinitenumberoftimes.Forexample,ifoneweretoflipafaircoin,theProbabilityofitlanding“heads”isone-half,or50%;asonerepeatsthisactionindefinitely,thefractionoftimesthatthecoinlands“heads”willbecomeindistinguishablefrom50%.Ifoneweretofliptwofaircoins,theProbabilityofbothlanding“heads”isone-quarter,or25%.


ProcessTransparency

hesharedownershipandexecutionofInformationGovernanceprocessesensuringthataccountabilitiesanddependenciesacrossthestakeholdersareclearlydefinedbyeachgrouptopromoteefficientandeffectivemanagementofinformation.



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ProcessingPhase

ReducingthevolumeofESIandconvertingit,ifnecessary,toformsmoresuitableforreviewandanalysis.

Source: EDRMStages

CorrespondstoUTBMSCodeL630-L639.ESIStage,PreparationandProcess,Scanning-HardCopy,ForeignLanguageTranslation,ExceptionHandling,QualityAssuranceandControl.


ProducingParty

ApartythatownsthecompletecollectionofESI,andisresponsibleforproducingaportionoftheESIthatisdeemedtoberelevantforalegalcaseorlegalenquiry.



Production

DeliveringESItoothersinappropriateforms&usingappropriatedeliverymechanisms.

Source: EDRMStages.

Deliveryofdataorinformationinresponsetoaninterrogatory,subpoenaordiscoveryorderorasimilarlegalprocess.


ProductionDe-Duplication

Cullingofadocumentifmultiplecopiesofthatdocumentresidewithinthesameproductionset.Forexample,iftwoidenticaldocumentsarebothmarkedresponsive,non-privileged,productionde-duplicationensuresthatonlyoneofthosedocumentsareproduced.Contrastwithcasede-duplicationandcustodiande-duplication.




Seealso:

Basicde-duplication

Casede-duplication


De-duplication

Duplicate


GlobalDeduplication



©2016EDRMLLC

ProductionPhase

DeliveringESItoothersinappropriateformsandusingappropriatedeliverymechanisms.

Source: EDRMStage

CorrespondstoUTBMSCodesL670-L679.ConversionofESItoProductionFormat,QualityAssuranceandControl.


ProductionSource

Adatafieldinadatabasethatrecordstheindividualorcompanythatproducedtheparticulardocument.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

Program

Aseriesofinstructionstothecomputer.


Thetermforasoftwareapplication.

Source; LegalElectronicDocumentInstitute,BasicPrinciplesofAutomatedLitigationSupport(2005).

ProjectManagementPhase

CorrespondstoUTBMSCodeL690.ActivitiesoractionstoassociatedwithsupervisingormanagingspecificactivitiesoractionsthroughouttheEDRMcontinuumsuchasconductingmeetingsandteamcalls,developingworkplans,budgets,forecasts,reportsandother


©2016EDRMLLC 245

meaningfulactivitiesorforgeneralprojectmanagementnotassociatedwithaparticular"L"code.


ProjectManager

Anindividualresponsibleforadministrationandsupervisionoveraparticulardatabaseorautomationproject.


Prompt

Adisplaythataskstheoperatortoperformaspecificaction.


TheDOSprompt.


Proportion

ThefractionofasetofDocumentshavingsomeparticularproperty(typicallyRelevance).


Proportionality

PursuanttoFederalRulesofCivilProcedure26(b)(2)(B),26(b)(2)(C),26(g)(1)(B)(iii),andotherfederalandstateproceduralrules,thelegaldoctrinethatElectronicallyStoredInformationmaybewithheldfromproductionifthecostandburdenofproducingitexceedsitspotentialvaluetotheresolutionofthematter.Proportionalityhasbeeninterpretedinthecaselawtoapplytopreservationaswellasproduction.


TheoverridingobjectiveoftheCPRistoenablethecourttodealwithcasesjustly(CPR1).Specificallythisisstatedtoinclude"dealingwiththecaseinwayswhichareproportionate..."anditthengoesontolistfactorswhichneedtobeconsideredtodeterminewhatisproportionate.TakentogetherthesefactorsaregenerallyreferredtotogetherasProportionality.



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ProximitySearch

AProximitySearchsearchesformultiplekeywords.Thematchingdocumentsmustcontainallthekeywords,withthekeywordsoccurringwithinaspecifiednumberofwordsfromeachother.



Retrievesawordonlywhenitoccurswithinaspecificnumberoflinesorwordsofanotherword.


For"full-text"searches,theabilitytolookforwordswhicharewithinaprescribeddistanceofanotherword(e.g.find"glove"within15wordsof"baseball".)


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

PST

See: PersonalStorageFile(PST)

Q

QA&Control

Acommonelementwithineache-discoveryPhasewhichreferstodefinedsteps,proceduresandmethodstakentoensurethatworkisdonecompletely,accuratelyandinamannerwhichisconsistentwithexpectations,instructionsandbestpractices.


©2016EDRMLLC 247


QBIC

See: QueryByImageContent(QBIC)

QIC

See: QuarterInchCartridge(QIC)

Quad-Gram



QualityAssurance

Amethodtoensure,afterthefact,thatasearchorreviewefforthasachievedreasonableresults.


QualityControl

Ongoingmethodstoensure,duringasearchorrevieweffort,thatreasonableresultsarebeingachieved.


Anyprocessusedtochecktheaccuracyandconsistencyofinformationcodedintoadatabase.


Theprocessofensuringthehighestlevelofresultsinagiventask.Indocumentmanagementprocesses,thisincludesimagequality(resolution,skew,speckle,legibility);dataquality(correctinformationinappropriatefields,validateddatafordates,addresses,names/issueslists).


QualityControl/QualityAssurance

Processofvalidationduringpostselectionofdata;throughoutreview,pre-productiontoidentifyinconsistenciesindocumentproductions,totestforconflictingreviewcalls.


©2016EDRMLLC 248


QuarterInchCartridge(QIC)

Digitalrecordingtape,2000feetlong,withanuncompressedcapacityof5GB.


Seealso:

Backup

Backuptape


Dataextraction

Digitalaudiotape




Media

Tape

Query

Aformalsearchcommandprovidedasinputtoasearchtool.


Askforinformationordata.


Arequestfordatasenttoadatabase.


Asearchrequestinadatabase.


Aqueryisarequesttoasearchengineorsimilarinformationretrievalsystem.Queriesmayconsistofkeywords,phrases,complexexpressions,orevenwholedocuments.


QueryByImageContent(QBIC)

AnIBMsearchsystemforstoredimageswhichallowstheusertosketchanimageandthensearchtheimagesfilestofindthosewhichmostcloselymatch.Theusercanspecifycolorandtexture–suchassandybeachesorclouds.



©2016EDRMLLC 249

QueryExpansion

TheprocessofaddingSearchTermstoaQuerytoimproveRecall,oftenattheexpenseofdecreasedPrecision.


Aprocesswhereinaquerysubmittedbyauserismodifiedtoincludeadditionalterms.Theexpandedquerymayincludesynonymsoftheinitialquery,spellingalternatives,orotherrelatedwords.Queryexpansionisoneofthemethodsusedtosupportconceptsearch.


R

R-Squared(R2)

Astatisticalmeasureindicatinghowgoodonetermisatpredictinganother.PerfectpredictionswouldresultinR2valuesof1.0.Ifonetermisuselessforpredictingtheother,thenR2wouldbe0.0.ThehighertheR2,thebettertheprediction.Moretechnically,R2measureshowwellvariabilityinonetermpredictsthevariabilityintheother.


R2

See: R-Squared(R2)

RAID(RedundantArrayofIndependentDisks)

ArraysorJukeboxesofCD-ROM'sorCD-R's.Therearefivecommonlyused,differentlevelsofdataprotection,RAID1throughRAID5,whicharetradeoffsofprotectionversusstoragecapacity.Theseinclude:

• Level0:Datawritteninblocksacrossmultipledriveswithoutanprotectiononfailures.• Level1:DiskMirroring.• Level3:Thedrivespindlesaresynchronizedsuchthattheheadsallseekatthesame

timeandarepositionedoverthesameread/writeareassimultaneously.Dataiswrittenonebitatatimewithparitytoaseparatedrive.Thusiftherewerefourdisksinthearrayandtherewasamegabyteofdatatotransferredat1MB/sec,theeffectiverateis4MB/sec.

• Level5:Writesdatainchunks(usuallysmallerblocks512bytesto2K)withtheparitystripedalongwiththedata.AchievesahigherI/Orate.

FormerlyAmericanDocumentManagement,GlossaryofTerms,now5iSolutionsGlossary.


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RAM(RandomAccessMemory)

Thehardwareinsideacomputerthatretainsmemoryonashort-termbasisandstoresinformationwhiletheuserutilizesthecomputer.



Themainmemoryofthecomputer,whereactivesoftwareandtemporaryfilesarestoredandmostofthecomputer’sworkisperformed.DatastoredinRAMaretemporarilystoredandarelostwhenthecomputeristurnedoff.


Memorywhichcanbereadorwritteninanysectionwithoneinstructionsequence.


Theworkingmemoryofthecomputerintowhichapplicationprogramscanbeloadedandexecuted.


Seealso:

DRAM Memory ROM

RANDStudy

A2012study(NicholasM.Pace&LauraZakaras,WheretheMoneyGoes:UnderstandingLitigantExpendituresforProducingElectronicDiscovery,RANDInstituteforCivilJustice(2012)),indicatingthatDocumentreviewaccountsfor73%ofElectronicDiscoverycosts,andconcludingthat“[t]heexponentialgrowthindigitalinformation,whichshowsnosignsofslowing,makesacomputer-categorizedreviewstrategy,suchaspredictivecoding,notonlyacost-effectivechoicebutperhapstheonlyreasonablewaytohandlemanylarge-scaleproductions.”


Random

Unpredictable.Randomselectionmeansthateachitemhasanequalchanceofbeingselectedandthereisnosystematicbiastoselectoneitemratherthananother.Coinflipsarerandom.Knowingthatonecoinflipcameupheadsdoesnotchangethelikelihoodthatthenextcoinflipwillcomeupheads(thesecoinflipsaresaidtobeindependent).



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RandomAccessMemory

See: RAM(RandomAccessMemory)

RandomSample/RandomSampling

AsubsetoftheDocumentPopulationselectedbyamethodthatisequallylikelytoselectanyDocumentfromtheDocumentPopulationforinclusionintheSample;theSampleresultingfromsuchaction.RandomSamplingisthebasisofStatisticalEstimation.


Thestatisticalprocessofchoosingobjectsrandomly,meaningthateachobjecthasanequalchanceofbeingselected.Randomsamplingcanbeusedtotrainpredictivecodingsystemsandtoevaluatetheirefficacy.


RangeSearch

Adatabasequerywithinacertainrangeofdatesordocumentnumbers.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

Raster

Representsimagesbyahorizontalandverticalarrayofdotsorpixels.Amethodofrepresentinganimagewithagrid(or“map”)ofdotsorpixels.TypicalrasterfileformatsareGIF,JPEG,TIFF,PCX,BMP,etc.


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RAWImageFile

ARAWimagefileisabit-by-bitcopyofdataonadiskorvolume,withoutadditions,deletions,ormetadata.Originallyusedbydd,theRAWimageformatissupportedbymostcomputerforensicapplications.

Source: http://www.forensicswiki.org/wiki/Raw_Image_Format

RDBMS(RelationalDatabaseManagementSystem)

RelationalDatabaseManagementSystem.Thisisatechnicaltermfortheclassofsoftwareprogramsthatmanagedatausingarelationalschema,suchasMicrosoftSQLServerorOracle.



ReadOnlyMemory(ROM)

Read-onlymemory(ROM)isatypeofnon-volatilememoryusedincomputersandotherelectronicdevices.DatastoredinROMcanonlybemodifiedslowly,withdifficulty,ornotatall,soitismainlyusedtostorefirmware(softwarethatiscloselytiedtospecifichardwareandunlikelytoneedfrequentupdates)orapplicationsoftwareinplug-incartridges.

Source: Wikipedia,Read-onlymemory,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory

Seealso:

DRAM Memory RAM

Reboot

Tostopandstarttheoperatingsystemagain.Usuallydonewhenaproblemoccursorthecomputer“locksup”andisaccomplishedbypressingtheControl,Alternate,andDeletekeysatthesametime.


Recall

Recallmeasuresthenumberofresponsivedocumentsretrievedcomparedtothetotalnumberofresponsivedocumentsinthecorpus.Recallcannotbeabsoluteunlessalldocumentshavebeensearchedandallhavebeenreviewed.SinceRecallmeasurestheratioofresponsivedocumentsagainstthefullcorpus,thenumberofresponsivedocumentsinthecorpusisdifficulttodetermine.SeetheEDRMSearchGuideregardingprecision,recall,andsamplingformoreinformation.Seealso,Precision.


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ThefractionofRelevantDocumentsthatareidentifiedasRelevantbyasearchorrevieweffort.


Theproportionofresponsivedocumentsintheentirecollectionthathavebeenretrieved.


Seealso:

Precision

Recall-PrecisionCurve

ThecurverepresentingthetradeoffbetweenRecallandPrecisionforagivensearchorrevieweffort,dependingonthechosenCutoffvalue.


Recall-PrecisionGraph

Agraphthatshowsthetradeoffbetweenprecisionandrecall.Typically,thehighertherecalllevel,thelowertheprecisionlevel.Inordertogetmoreoftheresponsivedocuments,oneusuallyhastoacceptmoreirrelevantdocuments.


ReceiverOperatingCharacteristicCurve(ROC)

InSignalDetectionTheory,agraphofthetradeoffbetweenTruePositiveRateandFalsePositiveRate,astheCutoffisvaried.


Recipient

Adatafieldcontainingthenameoftheindividualorcompanywhoreceivedaspecificdocument.Alsocalled"addressee"field.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield Beginningdocumentnumber


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Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Subjectcategory

Summary

Text

Record

Information,regardlessofmediumorformat,thathasvaluetoanorganization.Collectivelythetermisusedtodescribebothdocumentsandelectronicallystoredinformation.


Acollectionofrelatedfieldsoritemsofdata,treatedasaunit.Forexample,eachlistinginaPersonalInformationManagerisarecord.


Anindividualiteminadocumentdatabase.


RecordLevelDeletion

Deletionistheprocesswherebydataisremovedfromactivefilesandotherdatastoragestructuresoncomputersandrenderedinaccessibleexceptusingspecialdatarecoverytoolsdesignedtorecoverdeleteddata.Deletionoccursinseverallevelsonmoderncomputersystems:



3. Byteleveldeletion:Deletionatthebyteleveloccurswhentextorotherinformationisdeletedfromthefilecontent(suchasthedeletionoftextfromawordprocessingfile);suchdeletionmayrenderthedeleteddatainaccessibletotheapplicationintendedtobeusedinprocessingthefile,butmaynotactuallyremovethedatafromthefile's


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contentuntilaprocesssuchascompactionorrewritingofthefilecausesthedeleteddatatobeoverwritten.






RecordLifecycle

Thetimeperiodfromwhenarecordiscreateduntilitisdisposed.

Source; KrollOntrack,GlossaryofTerms,http://www.krollontrack.com/glossaryterms

RecordsCustodian

Arecordscustodianisanindividualresponsibleforthephysicalstorageandprotectionofrecordsthroughouttheirretentionperiod.Inthecontextofelectronicrecords,custodianshipmaynotbeadirectpartoftherecordsmanagementfunctioninallorganizations.


RecordsManagement

RecordsManagementistheplanning,controlling,directing,organizing,training,promotingandothermanagerialactivitiesinvolvingthelifecycleofinformation,includingcreation.


Theprocessofmaintainingbusinessdocumentsorrecords.Arecordsmanagementplanincludespoliciesfordocumentretentionanddestruction.Recordsmanagementplansareoftendesignedbyacollaborationamonginformationtechnology,businessunits,andlegaldepartments.

RecordsRetentionPeriod

Thelengthoftimeagivenrecordsseriesmustbekept,expressedaseitheratimeperiod(i.e.,fouryears),aneventoraction(i.e.,audit),oracombination(i.e.,sixmonthsafteraudit).



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RecordsRetentionSchedule

Aplanforthemanagementofrecords,listingtypesofrecordsandhowlongtheyshouldbekept;thepurposeistoprovidecontinuingauthoritytodisposeofortransferrecordstohistoricalarchives.


Red,GreenandBlue(RGB)

Thethreeprimarycolorsintheadditivecolorfamilywhichcreateallthecomputercolorvideosignalsforacomputer'scolorterminal.


Redact

Aportionoftheimageisblackedoutintentionallytoconcealinformationfromthedocument.


Theprocessofremovingprivilegedinformationfromadocument.Thisisusuallyaccomplishedbyplacingablackareaovertheprivilegedtext.

ReducedInstructionSetChip(RISC)

Atypeofcomputerchipthatcombinesmanyinstructionsinordertospeedupprocessing.


RedundantArrayofIndependentDisks(RAID)

See: RAID(RedundantArrayofIndependentDisks)

RefreshRate

HowmanytimesasecondandimageonaCRTorTVisupdated.


Region

Anareaofanimagefilethatisselectedforspecializedprocessing.Alsocalleda“zone.”



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Registration

Liningupaformsimagetodeterminewhichfieldsarewhere.Also,enteringpagesintoascannersuchthattheyarecorrectlyread.


Registry

ThesystemconfigurationfilesusedbyMicrosoftWindowstostoresettingsaboutuserpreferences,installedsoftware,hardwareanddriversandothersettingsrequiredforWindowstoruncorrectly.


RegularExpressions

Apatternthatdescribeswhatthesearchshouldreturnbasedonspecialcharactersaddedtothekeyword.Forexample,car*usesthecharacter*asawildcard,andtheresultingdocumentsshouldcontainwordsthatbeginwiththecharacters“car”,suchascar,cartoon,orcartography.



RelatedWordSearch

Relatedwordssearchallowsalegalprofessionaltospecifyawordandotherwordsthataredeemedtoberelatedtoit.Typically,suchrelatedwordsaredeterminedaseitherpartofconceptsearchorbystatisticalco-occurrencewithotherwords.


RelationalDatabase

Arelationaldatabaseisacollectionofdataitemsorganizedasasetofformally-describedtablesfromwhichdatacanbeaccessedorreassembledinmanydifferentwayswithouthavingtoreorganizethedatabasetables.InventedbyE.F.CoddatIBMin1970.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingSearchDatabase.com,http://searchoracle.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid41_gci212885,00.html.

Adatabaseinwhichsomeitemsinonetypeofrecordrefertoitemsinanothertypeofrecord.Relationaldatabasesgenerallylinktogethertwoormoretablesorfilesfromdifferentdatabasesthroughacommonfieldorwithinranges,thusallowingsearchesofmultiplefields,suchasdates.



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Adatabasecontainingrecordsinfieldsthataresomehowconnectedor“related.”Thisallowssimultaneoussearchesofmultiplefields.


Astyleofdatastorageandaccesswherethedataarestoredintables.Eachrowcontainsonerecord,andeachcolumncontainsonevariableforthatrecord.Relationaldatabasesalsoallowreferences(relations)betweentables.SQL,structuredquerylanguageisthetypicalmethodusedtoaccesstheinformationinrelationaldatabases.


Seealso:

Database

Flatfiledatabase

Fulltextdatabase

SQL


RelationalDatabaseManagementSystem

See: RDBMS(RelationalDatabaseManagementSystem)

Relevance/Relevant

InInformationRetrieval,aDocumentisconsideredRelevantifitmeetstheInformationNeedofthesearchorrevieweffort.


RelevanceFeedback

AnActiveLearningprocessinwhichtheDocumentswiththehighestlikelihoodofRelevancearecodedbyahuman,andaddedtotheTrainingSet.


Aclassofmachinelearningtechniqueswhereusersindicatetherelevanceofitemsthathavebeenretrievedforthemandthemachinelearnstherebytoimprovethequalityofitsrecommendations.




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RelevanceRanking

AsearchmethodinwhichtheresultsarerankedfromthemostlikelytotheleastlikelytobeRelevanttoanInformationNeed;theresultofsuchranking.GoogleWebSearchisanexampleofRelevanceRanking.


RelevancyRank

Ameasurementofrelevancyofadocument,sothattheSearchHitswithinaSearchResultscanbeordered.Relevancymeasurementsofteninvolvecountingthenumberofoccurrencesofakeywordwithinadocument,aswellasnumberofdocumentsakeywordisfoundin.



RemoteConnectivity

Theuseofacomputeroutsidetheuser’soffice.Commonlyassociatedwiththeuseofportablelaptopornotebookcomputers,butmayalsorefertotheabilitytoaccesscomputersfromotheroffices,fromthecourtroom,orfromtheclient’soffice.


Render

TheprocessofconvertingresponsivedocumentsintoastandardformattypicallyTIFFsorPDFs.Thesedocumentsarehistoricallydeliveredonpaper,thoughtheymaybeproducedasimagesorasoriginalelectronicfilesdependingonthecase,requestsoftheattorneys,etc.

Report

Theuseofacomputeroutsidetheuser’soffice.Commonlyassociatedwiththeuseofportablelaptopornotebookcomputers,butmayalsorefertotheabilitytoaccesscomputersfromotheroffices,fromthecourtroom,orfromtheclient’soffice.


Repository

Acentralizeddatabasestoredonacomputerthathousesspecificinformation.




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RepositoryforElectronicRecordsisadirectaccessdeviceonwhichtheelectronicrecordsandassociatedmetadataarestored.Sometimescalleda“recordsstore,”“onlinerepository”or“recordsarchive.”


RequestforAdmission

Inacivilaction,arequestforadmissionisadiscoverydevicethatallowsonepartytorequestthatanotherpartyadmitordenythetruthofastatementunderoath.Ifadmitted,thestatementisconsideredtobetrueforallpurposesofthecurrenttrial.Partiesmayalsousethisdiscoverydevicetorequestthatotherpartiesverifythatdocumentsaregenuine.

Source: LegalInformationInstituteWex,Requestsforadmission,https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/requests_for_admission

Externallinks:

Rule36.RequestsforAdmission,https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/rule_36

Seealso:

Discoveryrequest Documentrequest Interrogatory

RequestforComments(RFC)

Themeansbywhichinternetstandardsarecreatedandmodified.RFCsaredistributedbytechnicalexpertsactingontheirowninitiativeandreviewedbytheInternetatlarge,ratherthanformallypromulgatedthroughaninstitutionsuchasANSI.Forthisreason,theyremainknownasRFCsevenonceadoptedasstandards.

RequestforProductionofDocuments

See: DocumentRequest

RequestingParty

ApartythatdoesnotowntheESIandisrequestingthattheProducingPartywhichownstheESItoprovidesomesubsetoftheESIbasedonaSearchRequest.



ResidualData

Sometimesreferredtoas"ambientdata,"referstodatathatisnotactiveonacomputersystem.Residualdataincludes:

Datafoundonmediafreespace;

Datafoundinfileslackspace;and


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Datawithinfilesthathasfunctionallybeendeletedinthatitisnotvisibleusingtheapplicationwithwhichthefilewascreated,withoutuseofundeleteorspecialdatarecoverytechniques.



Datathatisnotcurrentlyliveonthecomputersystem,includingdatafoundinfileslackspace,datafoundonmediafreespace,anddatafromdeletedfiles.Alsoknownas"ambientdata."


Datathatisnotactiveonacomputersystemsuchasdatainmediafreespace,slackspaceorfilesthathavebeen“deleted”.Sometimescalled"ambientdata."


Seealso:

Ambientdata

Fragmenteddata

Freespace

Slackspace

Swapfile

Unallocatedspace

Resolution

Indicatesthenumberofdots,oftenmeasuredindpi,thatmakeupanimageonascreenorprinter.Thelargerthenumberofdots,andthusthehighertheresolution,thefinerandsmootherimagescanappearwhendisplayedatagivensize.Lowresolutioncausesjaggedcharacters.Theidealresolutionisatrade-offbetweenqualityandtheoverheadinstoragepowerandprocessingstrengthrequiredtouseit.


Thevisualclarityofadisplayscreenorprinter.


ResponseBias

OnetypeofResponseBiascanoccurifthesamplingprocessconsidersthecontentofthedocuments.Seealso,Non-ResponseBias.


Seealso:

Non-ResponseBias

ResponsiveFile

Afilethatisresponsivetooneofthefilters(fulltextsearch,extension/size,date,MD5-known,cookies,sender/recipient,andcustomprocessing)inanelectronicdiscoveryprocess.


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Seealso:

Responsive/RelevantDocuments


AsubsetofESIthatmatchespotentiallythedesiredsetofdocumentsforthecase.



Seealso:


Responsiveness

ADocumentthatisRelevanttoanInformationNeedexpressedbyaparticularrequestforproductionorsubpoenainacivil,criminal,orregulatorymatter.


Astandardthatmeasureswhetheradocumentfitstheestablishedparametersofthedocumentrequest.

Restore

Amethodofpreparingadatasetforprocessingbyconvertingmailbackupstomailarchives(forexample,PSTforMSOutlookandNSFforLotusNotes).


Indatamanagement,restoreisaprocessthatinvolvescopyingbackupfilesfromsecondarystorage(tape,Zipdiskorotherbackupmedia)toharddisk.Arestoreisperformedinordertoreturndatatoitsoriginalconditioniffileshavebecomedamaged,ortocopyormovedatatoanewlocation.


Totransferdatafromabackupmedium(suchastapes)toanon-linesystem,oftenforthepurposeofrecoveryfromaproblem,failure,ordisaster.Restorationofarchivalmediaisthetransferofdatafromanarchivalstoretoanon-linesystemforthepurposesofprocessing(suchasquery,analysis,extractionordispositionofthatdata).Archivalrestorationofsystemsmayrequirenotonlydatarestorationbutalsoreplicationoftheoriginalhardwareandsoftwareoperatingenvironment.Restorationofsystemsisoftencalled“recovery”.


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Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingWhatis.com,http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5_gci965124,00.html.

RetentionPeriod

See: RecordsRetentionPeriod

RetentionSchedule

See: RecordsRetentionSchedule

Retrieval

Theon-screenresultofaquery.


ReviewFeedbackValidation

Reviewfeedbackvalidationinvolvescrossreferencingtheresultsofsearchwiththecallsmadebyattorneysduringdocumentreview.Thedocumentlevelclassificationasrelevantorprivilegedprovideskeeninsightintorefiningthesearchandselectioncriteriaorinidentifyinggapsthatrequireadditionalanalysis.ThisfeedbackwillbeusedforadditionalanalysisandtorefinetheSearchCriteriasets.Thefeedbackmayidentifycategoriesofdocumentsthatarenotyieldingresponsivedocumentsandorcouldidentifydocumentstobeexcludedfromthereviewset.Also,thefeedbackmayidentifynewcategoriesofdocumentsthatshouldbeincludedandthecriteriawillbebroadenedtoincludethosedocumentsinthereviewset.


ReviewPhase

EvaluatingESIforrelevanceandprivilege.

Source: EDRMStages

CorrespondstoUTBMSCodeL650-L659.HostingCosts,ReviewPlanningandTraining,ObjectiveandSubjectiveCoding,FirstPassDocumentReview,SecondPassDocumentReview,PrivilegeReview,Redaction,QualityAssuranceandControl.


Rewritable

Storagedeviceswherethedatamaybewrittenmorethanonce–typicallyharddrives,floppiesandopticaldisks.Theassetsarere-use,highspeedandcapacity.TheopticaldiskshavethesamebasiccharacteristicsasaCD-ROM,exceptthatyoucanwriteovertheexistingdata.


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RFC

See: RequestforComments(RFC)

RFCCompliantEmail

Emailsthatareconsistentwiththeinternetstandardsforsuchdocuments.Thestandardsareestablishedthrougharequestforcommentsresultinginageneralandopendiscussion.EmailRFCsincludeRFC1939--PostOfficeProtocol,andRFC2821;SimpleMailTransferProtocol.Compliancetotheseprotocolsensuresthattheemailcanbeprocessedaccurately.

Seealso:

Container

EML

Mailcontainer

Mailbox

MSG

Multi-mailcontainer

NSF

OST

PST

RFC822

Single-mailarchive


SMTP

RFC822

ThestandardfortheformatofARPAInternettextmessages.Thisisauniversal(andoutdated)standardfore-mailthatisentirelytext-based,portableandreadablebyvirtuallyanysystem.


Seealso:

Container

EML

Mailcontainer

Mailbox

MSG

Multi-mailcontainer

NSF

OST

PST

RFCcompliantemail

Single-mailarchive


SMTP

RGB

See: Red,GreenandBlue(RGB)

Richness

Theproportionorprevalenceofresponsivedocumentsinacollection.


SeePrevalenceorYield.


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RISC

See: ReducedInstructionSetChip(RISC)

ROC

See: ReceiverOperatingCharacteristicCurve(ROC)

Rollback

Thefunctionalitytoundoapplicationprocesses.


RollingCollection/RollingIngestion

AprocessinwhichtheDocumentCollectionisperiodicallyaugmentedasnew,potentiallyRelevantDocumentsareidentifiedandgathered.WhenevertheDocumentCollectionisaugmented,theresultsofpriorsearchorrevieweffortsmustbesupplementedtoaccountforthenewDocuments.


RollingProduction

AprocessinwhichResponsiveDocumentsaredeliveredincrementallytoarequestingpartytoprovidetimely,partialsatisfactionofaDocumentrequest.


ROM

See: ReadOnlyMemory(ROM)

RotaryCamera

Inmicrofilming,thepapersareread"onthefly"withacamerathat'ssynchronizedtothemotion.


Router

Apieceofhardwarethatroutesdatafromalocalareanetwork(LAN)toaphoneline.


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Rule

Aformalstatementofoneormorecriteriausedtodetermineaparticularoutcome,e.g.,whethertoCodeaDocumentasRelevantorNon-Relevant.


RuleBase

AsetofRulescreatedbyanexperttoemulatethehumandecision-makingprocessforthepurposesofClassifyingDocumentsinthecontextofE-Discovery.


Rule-BasedWorkflow

Aprogrammedseriesofautomatedstepsthatroutedocumentstovarioususersonamulti-userimagingsystem.


Seealso:

AdHocWorkflow Rule-BasedWorkflow Workflow

S

S-HTTP(SecureHTTP)

SecureHTTPorS-HTTPenablesthesecureexchangeofinformationandfilesontheWeb.S-HTTPfilesareencryptedand/orcontainadigitalcertificate.Thistypeoftransactionsecurityislikelytobeusedbyfinancialinstitutions,becauseS-HTTPismoresecurethanauserIDandpassword.


Sample/Sampling

AsubsetoftheDocumentPopulationusedtoassesssomecharacteristicofthePopulation;theactofgeneratingsuchasubsetoftheDocumentPopulation.SeeIntervalSample,JudgmentalSample,StatisticalEstimate,StatisticalSample,orSystematicSample.


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Theprocessofselectingasubsetofitemsfromapopulationandinferringfromthecharacteristicsofthesamplewhatthecharacteristicsofthepopulationarelikelytobe.Oftenreferstoasimplerandomsample,whicheachiteminthepopulationhasanequalchanceofbeingselectedinthesample.


SampleSize

ThenumberofdocumentsdrawnatrandomthatareusedtocalculateaStatisticalEstimate.


Sampling

Samplingisamethodofreviewingstatisticalratiosofcompleteorportionsofaclassifiedcorpusforthepurposesofvalidation.


Theprocessofstatisticallytestingdataforthepresenceofrelevantinformation.Oftenusedtoprovidecourtswithacostestimateinordertoallocatecostsharing.


Samplingusually(butnotalways)referstotheprocessofstatisticallytestingadatabaseforthelikelihoodofrelevantinformation.Itcanbeausefultechniqueinaddressinganumberofissuesrelatingtolitigation,includingdecisionswhatrepositoriesofdataareappropriatetosearchinaparticularlitigation,anddeterminationsofthevalidityandeffectivenessofsearchesorotherdataextractionprocedures.Samplingcanbeusefulinprovidinginformationtothecourtabouttherelativecostburdenversusbenefitofrequiringapartytoreviewcertainelectronicrecords.



SamplingDistribution

Theprobabilitydistributionofagivenmeasurebasedonarandomsample.Somevaluesaremorelikelythanothers.Thesamplingdistributiontellsaboutthelikelihoodorprobabilityofeachvalue.Wecanusesamplingdistributionstotesthypotheseswithouthavingtocomputeforourselvesallpossiblecombinationsoftheeventsthatleadtotheoutcome.Themostcommonlyusedsamplingdistributionistheso-callednormalorGaussiandistribution,thefamiliarbell-shapedcurve.Valuesnearthecenterofthedistribution,themeanoraverage,are


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morelikelythanvaluesthatarefarawayfromthecenter.Whendrawn,thesamplingheightofthesamplingdistributionshowstheprobabilityofthatvalue.Theareaunderthecurvetellsusabouttheprobabilityofscorescoveredbythatarea.


SamplingFrame

See: Population

SamplingRate

Thefrequencyatwhichanalogsignalsareconvertedtodigitalvaluesduringdigitization.Thehighertherate,themoreaccuratetheprocess.InprintingThenumberofpixelsscannedperhalftonedot.


SAN(StorageAreaNetwork)

Astorage-areanetwork(SAN)isadedicatedhigh-speednetwork(orsubnetwork)thatinterconnectsandpresentssharedpoolsofstoragedevicestomultipleservers.

Source: TechTarget,storageareanetwork(SAN)definition,http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/storage-area-network-SAN

Astorageareanetwork(SAN)isanetworkwhichprovidesaccesstoconsolidated,blockleveldatastorage.SANsareprimarilyusedtoenhancestoragedevices,suchasdiskarrays,tapelibraries,andopticaljukeboxes,accessibletoserverssothatthedevicesappeartotheoperatingsystemaslocallyattacheddevices.ASANtypicallyhasitsownnetworkofstoragedevicesthataregenerallynotaccessiblethroughthelocalareanetwork(LAN)byotherdevices.ThecostandcomplexityofSANsdroppedintheearly2000stolevelsallowingwideradoptionacrossbothenterpriseandsmalltomedium-sizedbusinessenvironments.

Source: Wikipedia,Storageareanetwork,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_area_network

Seealso:




Network

Peer-to-peernetwork

Standalonecomputer

WAN-wideareanetwork

Sanctions

Consequences,punishments,andpenaltiesimposedbythecourtforviolationoftherulesorordersofthecourt,orbyregulatorsforviolationsoftherulesorordersofregulatorybodies.



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Sandbox

Anetworkorseriesofnetworksthatarenotconnectedtoothernetworks.


SansSerif

Withoutserif.


Scalability

Theabilityofasystemtoaddhardwaretoincreasepowerorperformancewithoutrequiringanyadjustmentstotheunderlyingsystem.


Thecapacityofasystemtoexpandwithoutrequiringmajorreconfigurationorre-entryofdata.Multipleserversoradditionalstoragecanbeeasilyadded.


ScaletoGray

Anoptiontodisplayablackandwhiteimagefileinanenhancedmode,makingiteasiertoview.Ascale-to-graydisplayusesgrayshadingtofillingapsorjumps(knownasaliasing)thatoccurwhendisplayinganimagefileonacomputerscreen.Alsoknownasgrayscale.


Scan

Theprocessofcreatinganelectronicimageofapaperdocument,usuallyforthepurposeofloadingintoalitigationsupportsystem.


Scanningistheprocessofconvertingahardcopypaperdocumentintoadigitalimageforuseinacomputersystem.Afteradocumenthasbeenscanned,itcanbereviewedusingfieldandfull-textsearching,instantdocumentretrieval,andacompleterangeofelectronicdocumentreviewoptions.



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Scanner

Aninputdevicecommonlyusedtoconvertpaperdocumentsintocomputerimages.Scannerdevicesarealsoavailabletoscanmicrofilmandmicrofiche.


Seealso:

Double-sidedscanner

Duplexscanner

Flatbedscanner

Simplexscanner

Scanning

See: Scan

ScanningSoftware

Softwarethatenablesascannertodeliverindustrystandardformatsforimagesinacollection.Enablestheuseofcodingoftheimages.IPRO,DocuLexandZyImageareseveralexamples.


SCSI(SmallComputerSystemsInterface)

Pronounced"scuzzy".Anindustrystandard(ofsorts)forconnectingperipheraldevicesandtheircontrollerstoamicroprocessor.SCSIdefinesbothhardwareandsoftwarestandardsforcommunicationbetweenahostcomputerandaperipheral.ComputersandperipheraldevicesdesignedtomeetSCSIspecificationsshouldworktogether.


Pronounced“skuzzy.”Astandardforattachingperipherals(notablymassstoragedevicesandscanners)tocomputers.SCSIallowsforupto7devicestobeattachedinachainviacables.ThecurrentSCSIstandardis“SCSIII,”alsoknownas“FastSCSI.”


SCSIScannerInterface

Adeviceusedtoconnectascannerwithacomputer.


Search

Amethodoffindingtermswithindatasets.SearchtypesincludeBooleanconnectorsandspecialcharacterstodefineasearch.Typesinclude:naturallanguage(simplewordsor


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phrases),Booleanoperators,andsearchesintroducedbyspecialcharactersforwildcard,stemming,fuzzy,phonic,synonym,numericrangeandvariableweightingsearches.


Theabilitytolookwithinthedataandsearchbyaname,dateorkeywordtofinddesiredinformation.



Adatabasequery.


Theprocessoflocatingandidentifyingdocumentsthatarerelevant.Ininformationretrieval,thewordusuallyreferstoanactiveprocesswhereauserentersaqueryconsistingofoneormoreterms.Inresponsetheinformationretrievalsystemorsearchenginereturnsa(typicallyranked)setofdocumentsthatcorrespondtothatquery.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

SearchEngine

Asearchcomponentthatimplementstheactualprocessofinterpretingasearchrequestandidentifyingsubsetsofdocuments.Forexample,adatabasemanagementsystemsuchasMicrosoftSQLServercontainsacomponentthatmanagessearchesofthedatastoredinitsdatabases.




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SearchEngineOptimization(SEO)

ChangesmadetoaWebpagethatimprovesthepositioningofthatpagewithoneormoresearchengines.


SearchEnginePositioning(SEP)

TheprocessoforderingWebsitesorWebpagesbyasearchengineordirectorysothatthemostrelevantsitesappearfirstinthesearchresults.


SearchHit

AdocumentinESIthatisconsideredtomatchtherequestedSearchQuery.



SearchQuery

Awell-formulatedSearchrequestthatanautomatedsearchenginecaninterpretinordertoproducematchingresults.



SearchResults

AcollectionofSearchHitsthatmatchtheintendeddocumentsofaSearchRequest.



SearchSyntax

Aparticularsearchlanguagerequiredbyasoftwareprogram.


SearchTermList

Thelistofkeywordsprovidedbyaclientforthepurposeofsearchingadatasetforresponsivefilesusingfulltextsearch.



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SearchableTIFF

Animagedfileaccompanied,inadatabase,byOCR'dtextthatissearchable.


Seealso:

GIF


Imagefileformat


JPEG

Multi-pageTIFF

PDF

PNG



Single-pageTIFF

TIFF

SECRegulation10b(5)

SecuritiesandExchangeCommissionregulationgoverningtherightsofshareholders.ManylawsuitsbyshareholdersarefiledunderRule10b(5).


SECRegulation17a4

SecuritiesandExchangeCommissionregulationrelatingtodataretentionforfinancialservicesfirms.


SecondRequest

AdocumentrequestbyeithertheDepartmentofJustice(DOJ)ortheFederalTradeCommission(FTC)for“additionalinformationanddocumentarymaterialrelevantto[a]proposedacquisition”undertheHart-Scott-RodinoAntitrustImprovementsActof1976(the“HSRAct.”)


SecureHTTP

See: S-HTTP(SecureHTTP)

Sedona/SedonaConference

TheSedonaConference®(https://thesedonaconference.org)isanonprofit,501(c)(3)researchandeducationalinstitute,foundedin1997byRichardG.Braman,dedicatedtotheadvancedstudyoflawandpolicyintheareasofantitrust,complexlitigation,andintellectualpropertyrights.Sedonasponsorsapreeminentthink-tankintheareaofElectronicDiscoveryknownasWorkingGroup1onElectronicDocumentRetentionandProduction.Sedonaiswellknownforitsthoughtful,balanced,andfreepublications,suchasTheSedonaConference®Glossary:E-Discovery&DigitalInformationManagement(ThirdEdition,Sept.2010),TheSedonaPrinciples


©2016EDRMLLC 274

AddressingElectronicDocumentProduction,SecondEdition(June2007),andTheSedonaConference®CooperationProclamation(July2008).


SeedSet

TheinitialTrainingSetprovidedtothelearningAlgorithminanActiveLearningprocess.TheDocumentsintheSeedSetmaybeselectedbasedonRandomSamplingorJudgmentalSampling.SomecommentatorsusethetermmorerestrictivelytoreferonlytoDocumentschosenusingJudgmentalSampling.OthercommentatorsusethetermgenerallytomeananyTrainingSet,includingthefinalTrainingSetinIterativeTraining,ortheonlyTrainingSetinnon-IterativeTraining.


Acollectionofpre-categorizeddocumentsthatisusedastheinitialtrainingforapredictivecodingsystem.


SelfCollection

Aprocesswhereindividualcustodiansidentifyandcopypotentiallyrelevantfilesfordiscovery.


Sender/RecipientFilter

Afilteroptionthatallowsforincluding/excludingselectedsendersandrecipientsofe-mailmessages.


Seealso:

Datefilter


Filter

MD5-knownfilter

Sensor

Amechanismformeasuringsomefeatureoftheenvironmentordevicethatcanbeusedcomputationally.



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SentimentAnalysis

Aprocessforidentifythesentimentinatext(forexample,aTweet,blogpost,ordocument).Typicallysentimentanalysisidentifieswhetherthetextexpressesapositive(e.g.,happiness)ornegative(e.g.,anger)emotion,thoughmoresubtledistinctionsarealsopossible.


SEO

See: SearchEngineOptimization(SEO)

SEP

See: SearchEnginePositioning(SEP)

SequencedPacketExchange(SPX)

AcommunicationsprotocolusedbyNovellnetworks.


Externallinks:

WebopediaComputerDictionary,http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SPX.html.

Serial

Datastoredortransmittedsequentially,asopposedtoparallel.


SerialLineInternetProtocol(SLIP)

AcommunicationsstandardusedinInternetcommunications.


Serif

Thelittlecrossbarsorcurlsattheendofstrokesontypefonts.Forexample,inthissentence,thehorizontallineatthebottomoftheletter‘r’.


Server

AnycomputeronanetworkthatcontainsdataorapplicationssharedbyusersofthenetworkontheirclientPCs.


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ServiceBureau

AvendorwhichperformsALSservicessuchasphotocopying,scanning,imaging,codingand,morerecently,e-discoveryservices.


ServiceLevelAgreement(SLA)

Aservice-levelagreementisacontractthatdefinesthetechnicalsupportorbusinessparametersthatanapplicationserviceproviderorotherIToutsourcingfirmwillprovideitsclients.Theagreementtypicallyspellsoutmeasuresforperformanceandconsequencesforfailure.


ServicePack

Softwareprogrambugfixes.Theyareavailableafterreleaseofthesoftwareprogram.Theyalsousuallyaddresscompatibilityissues.Often,acertainservicepackisrequiredtoenablecertainsoftwareeithertorunortorunwell.

SGML(StandardGeneralizedMarkupLanguage)

Aninformalindustrystandard(linguafranca)foropensystemsdocumentmanagementwhichspecifiesthedataencodingofadocument'sformatandcontent.


Atextbased“language”fordescribingthecontentandstructureofdocuments.SGMLisused,forexample,bysomegovernmentagenciestopublishreportsthatareuseablebybothmachinesandhumanreaders.HTMLisasimplifiedapplicationofSGML.

Seealso:

HTML

Java

JavaScript

SGML/HyTime

XML

SGML/HyTime

AmultimediaextensiontoSGML,sponsoredbyDOD.


Seealso:

©2016EDRMLLC

HTML

Java

JavaScript

SGML

XML

SHA-1

Incryptography,SHA-1(SecureHashAlgorithm1)isacryptographichashfunctiondesignedbytheUnitedStatesNationalSecurityAgencyandisaU.S.FederalInformationProcessingStandardpublishedbytheUnitedStatesNIST.SHA-1producesa160-bit(20-byte)hashvalueknownasamessagedigest.ASHA-1hashvalueistypicallyrenderedasahexadecimalnumber,40digitslong.

Source: Wikipedia,SHA-1,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1

Seealso:

Hash

Hashvalue


MD5

ShadowIT

Projects,devices,orsoftwarethatareusedbyemployeeswithoutthecontrol,permission,oreventheawarenessoftheorganization’sinformationtechnologyprogram.ShadowITisrelatedtoBYOD(bringyourowndevice),butshadowITimpliesanungoverneduseoftechnology,andBYODmayhavelimitedorevendeepcontrols.


Shingling

AFeatureEngineeringmethodinwhichtheFeaturesconsistofallN-Gramsinatext,forsomenumberN.Forexample,theTrigramShinglingofthetext“Tobeornottobe”consistsoftheFeatures“tobeor”;“beornot”;“ornotto”;and“nottobe.”NotethattheFeaturesoverlaponeanotherinthetext,suggestingthemetaphorofroofshingles.


Sibling

Asiblingisadocumentthatsharesacommonparentwiththedocumentinquestion(e.g.twoattachmentsthatsharethesameparentemailoraresiblingdocumentsinthesameZipfile).


SignalDetectionTheory

Inventedatthesametimeandinconjunctionwithradar,thescienceofdistinguishingtrueobservationsfromspuriousones.SignalDetectionTheoryiswidelyusedinradioengineeringandmedicaldiagnostictesting.ThetermsTruePositive,TrueNegative,FalsePositive,False


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Negative,Sensitivity,Specificity,ReceiverOperatingCharacteristicCurve,AreaUndertheROCCurve,andInternalResponseCurve,allarisefromSignalDetectionTheory.


Significance/Significant

Theconfirmation,withagivenConfidenceLevel,ofapriorhypothesis,usingaStatisticalEstimate.TheresultissaidtobeStatisticallySignificantifallvalueswithintheConfidenceIntervalforthedesiredConfidenceLevel(typically95%)areconsistentwiththehypothesisbeingtrue,andinconsistentwithitbeingfalse.Forexample,ifthehypothesisisthatfewerthan300,000DocumentsareRelevant,andaStatisticalEstimateshowsthat,290,000DocumentsareRelevant,plusorminus5,000Documents,wesaythattheresultisSignificant.Ontheotherhand,iftheStatisticalEstimateshowsthat290,000DocumentsareRelevant,plusorminus15,000Documents,wesaythattheresultisnotSignificant,becausetheConfidenceIntervalincludesvalues(i.e.,thevaluesbetween300,000and305,000)thatcontradictthehypothesis.


Statisticallysignificantmeansthattheobservedresultsareunlikelytohaveoccurredbychance.Usedinstatisticaldecisionstodecidewhetheradifference,forexample,islargeenoughthatitisunlikelytohappenedbychancefromthesamplingdistribution.Instatistics,ingeneral,significance,referstowhethertheoutcomeissounlikelyunderthenullhypothesis(norealdifference)thatwerejectthenullhypothesisandacceptthealternative.Forexample,weselectarandomsampleofstudentsfromeachoftwoschoolsandwemeasuretheirreadingcomprehension.Thenullhypothesisisthatthereisnodifferencebetweenschoolsonreadingcomprehension.Themotivatedhypothesisisthatthereisadifference.Ifthedifferencebetweenmean(average)readingcomprehensionofthesetwosamplesissufficientlylargethatitisunlikely,thenwesaythatthedifferenceissignificant,andthatthetwoschoolsdifferintheirreadingcomprehension.Itisamisnomertospeakaboutasignificantrandomsample.Significancereferstothiskindofhypothesistest,notthesizeofthesample.



SimilarDocumentSearch

Asearchthatfindsalldocumentssimilartotheprimarydocument.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch


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Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search

Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

SIMM(Single,In-LineMemoryModule)

Asearchthatfindsalldocumentssimilartotheprimarydocument.


SimpleMailTransferProtocol

See: SMTP(SimpleMailTransferProtocol)

Simplex

One-sidedpage(s).


SimplexScanner

Adocumentscannerthatcopiessingle-sideddocuments.


Seealso:

Double-sidedscanner

Duplexscanner

Flatbedscanner

Scanner

Single,In-LineMemoryModule

See: SIMM(Single,In-LineMemoryModule)


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Single-MailArchive

Anaggregateofe-mailmessagesandattachmentssavedoutsideofmulti-mailcontainerslikePSTorNSF.Single-mailarchivescantaketheformofMSG,EML,TXT,HTML,orotherfileformats.


Seealso:

Container

EML

Mailcontainer

Mailbox

MSG

Multi-mailcontainer

NSF

OST

PST

RFCcompliantemail

RFC822


SMTP

Single-MailContainer

Acontainer,orfile,thatholdsasinglee-mailmessage,suchasEMLandMSG.

Seealso:

Container

EML

Mailcontainer

Mailbox

MSG

Multi-mailcontainer

NSF

OST

PST

RFCcompliantemail

RFC822

Single-mailarchive

SMTP

Single-PageText

Extracted,single-pagetextfiles.


Single-PageTIFF

ThestandardoutputformatforTIFFimages,whereonepage=oneTIFFimage.SomeloadfileformatsrequiremultipleTIFFfilesmergedintooneTIFFfilewithmultiplepages.

Seealso:

GIF


Imagefileformat


JPEG

Multi-pageTIFF

PDF

PNG



SearchableTIFF

TIFF

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SingularValueDecomposition

Amathematicaltechniquethatsummarizesthecorrelationbetweenitemsandtheirfeatures.OneofthetechniquesusedineDiscoveryasthebasisforconceptsearch,wheretheitemsaredocumentsandthefeaturesarewords.


Skew

Duringprintingorscanning,thecontentsofapagearealmostneverexactlyvertical,whichreferredtoasbeingskewed.


Seealso:

De-Skew

SLA

See: ServiceLevelAgreement(SLA)

SlackSpace

Aformofresidualdata,slackspaceistheamountofon-diskfilespacefromtheendofthelogicalrecordinformationtotheendofthephysicaldiskrecord.Slackspacecancontaininformationsoft-deletedfromtherecord,informationfrompriorrecordsstoredatthesamephysicallocationascurrentrecords,metadatafragmentsandotherinformationusefulforforensicanalysisofcomputersystems.


Remnantdatafromdeletedfilesstilllocatedinclustersonaharddrive.


Thedifferenceinemptybytesofthespacethatisallocatedinclustersminustheactualsizeofthefiles.Alsodescribedasthedatafragmentsstoredrandomlyonaharddriveduringthenormaloperationofacomputer,ortheresidualdataleftontheharddriveafternewdatahasoverwrittensomeofthepreviouslystoreddata.



Thedifferencebetweenthesizeofafileandthesizeofthevariousclusterswhereitisstored,sincethefilesegmentsmaybesmallerthantheclusterswheretheyreside.Mayalsorefertodatafragmentsstoredrandomlyonaharddriveduringthenormaloperationofacomputerorresidualdataleftonaharddriveafternewdatahasoverwrittendeletedfiles.


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Seealso:

Ambientdata

Fragmenteddata

Freespace

Residualdata

Swapfile

Unallocatedspace

SLIP

See: SerialLineInternetProtocol(SLIP)

SmallComputerSystemsInterface

See: SCSI(SmallComputerSystemsInterface)

SmartCard

Acreditcardsizedevicewhichcontainsamicroprocessor,memoryandabattery.


SMP(SymmetricMulti-Processing)

AsystemdesignofmultipleCPUsinwhichanyCPUcanbeassignedanyapplicationtask.Typically,oneCPUisthecontrollerandhandlessystemboot,I/Orequests,anddistributionoftaskstotheotherCPUs.


SMTP(SimpleMailTransferProtocol)

SimpleMailTransferProtocol(SMTP)isanInternetstandardforelectronicmail(email)transmission.FirstdefinedbyRFC821in1982,itwaslastupdatedin2008withtheExtendedSMTPadditionsbyRFC5321—whichistheprotocolinwidespreadusetoday.

Source: Wikipedia,SimpleMailTransferProtocol,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol

(pronouncedasseparateletters)ShortforSimpleMailTransferProtocol,aprotocolforsendinge-mailmessagesbetweenservers.Moste-mailsystemsthatsendmailovertheInternetuseSMTPtosendmessagesfromoneservertoanother;themessagescanthenberetrievedwithane-mailclientusingeitherPOPorIMAP.Inaddition,SMTPisgenerallyusedtosendmessagesfromamailclienttoamailserver.ThisiswhyyouneedtospecifyboththePOPorIMAPserverandtheSMTPserverwhenyouconfigureyoure-mailapplication.

Source: Webopedia,SMTP-SimpleMailTransferProtocoldefinition,http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SMTP.html


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Seealso:

Container

EML

Mailcontainer

Mailbox

MSG

Multi-mailcontainer

NSF

OST

PST

RFCcompliantemail

RFC822

Single-mailarchive


SocialNetworkAnalysis

Investigationsofwhoinanorganizationiscommunicatingwithwhom.Theseconnectionsareoftendisplayedasanetworkdiagram,withindividualsasnodesandtheemailsorothercommunicationsbetweenthemaslinks.Socialnetworksareoftenusefultodeterminehowinformationhasbeenflowingthroughanorganization.Theycanalsohelptoidentifyindividualswithspecifickindsofknowledge.


Software

Anysetofinstructionsstoredoncomputer-readablemediathattellsacomputerwhattodo.Includesoperatingsystemsandsoftwareapplications.



Aseriesoffilescontaininginstructionstothecomputerforperformingfunctions.Asoftware“program”containstheinstructionstoacceptdataincertainformats.


Codedinstructions(programs)thatmakeacomputerdousefulwork.


SoftwareApplication

See: Application

Sort

Puttingareportinaparticularorder,suchaschronologicalornumerical.



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Sound-Alike

Asearchmethodwherebythecomputerproducesalistofwordsthat“sound”similartothedesiredwordandcanthemselvesbesearched.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

SourceFile

Therawdatareceivedfromaclient,eitherondigitalmediaoruploadedtothenetwork.


Splatter

Datathatshouldbekeptononediscofajukeboxgoesinsteadtomultipleplatters.


Spoliation

Spoliationisthedestructionoralterationofevidenceduringon-goinglitigationorduringaninvestigationorwheneithermightoccursometimeinthefuture.Failuretopreservedatathatmaybecomeevidenceisalsospoliation.

Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingNorcrossGroupFAQ's,http://norcrossgroup.com/faq.html#14.

Generally,theintentionalornegligentdestructionoralterationofevidencewhenthereiscurrentlitigationoraninvestigationorthereisreasonableanticipationthateithermayoccurinthenearfuture.Somejurisdictionsalsodefineitasafailuretopreserveinformationthatmaybecomeevidence.


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Theintentionalalterationordestructionofarelevantdocumentordocuments.


Theoriginallegaldefinitionwasthedestructionofathingbytheactofastranger;asintheerasureoralterationofawritingbytheactofastranger.Ine¬discoverycasesthefocushasbeenontheintentionalnatureoftheact,whichcanincludedeletion,partialdestructionoralteration,generallybyapartytotheactionorsomeoneundertheircontrol.


Spoliationisthedestructionofrecordswhichmayberelevanttoongoingoranticipatedlitigation,governmentinvestigationoraudit.Courtsdifferintheirinterpretationofthelevelofintentrequiredbeforesanctionsmaybewarranted.


Theintentional,negligent,orreckless,loss,destruction,alterationorobstructionofrelevantevidence.

SPP(StandardParallelPort)

Astandardparallelport(SPP)isaportforconnectingvariousrelativelyhighbandwidthperipherals,mostcommonlyprinters,toaPC.LaterversionsoftheSPPallowduplexcommunication.TheyusetheDB-25connector.TheoriginalSPP,byCentronics,wasintroducedin1970andsoonbecamethedefactoindustrystandard.However,anumberofdifferentmanufacturersusedtheSPPwithavarietyofconnectors,suchastheDC-35,theDD50andtheM50.

Source: Techopedia,StandardParallelPort(SPP),https://www.techopedia.com/definition/3667/standard-parallel-port-spp

Spreadsheet

Asoftwareprogramthatarrangesdatainamatrixofcellsandperformscalculationsbasedonthearrangementofthecells.ThemostpopularspreadsheetsareLotus1-2-3andMicrosoftExcel.


Acompilationofdataintableformarrangedincolumnsandrows.ProgramssuchasExcelbuildfilesthatcontainoneormorespreadsheets.Spreadsheetsmayalsocontaingraphicandotherelementsandmayhiddendata.


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SpreadsheetFormula

Amathematicalformulaappliedtoacelltocalculatethecontents,e.g.cellA3=cellA1+cellA2.

SPX

See: SequencedPacketExchange(SPX)

SQL(StructuredQueryLanguage)

Atypeofrelationaldatabasemanagementsystem(RDBMS).Relationshipsinarelationaldatabasearerepresentedbylinkagesthatexistbetweentwoormorepiecesofdata.ThefinaldefiningfeatureofSQLisitsabilitytoreturndatafromonedatafieldbasedonitsrelationshipwithanotherdatafield.SeealsoRelationalDatabaseManagementSystems.


SQLisastandardprogramminglanguageforgettinginformationfromandupdatingadatabase.AlthoughSQLisastandard,manydatabaseproductssupportSQLwithproprietaryextensionstothestandardlanguage.


Thepopularstandardforrunningdatabasesearches(queries)andreports.


StructuredQueryLanguage,thelanguageusedtocontroltraditionalrelationaldatabases.Arelationaldatabasestoresdatainoneormoretables.Itcanalsorepresentrelationsbetweenthecolumnsofonetable(variablesinthattable)andcolumns(variables)inanothertable,hencethename“relationaldatabase.”


Seealso:

Database

Flatfiledatabase

Fulltextdatabase

Relationaldatabase


StandAloneComputer

Asinglecomputernotconnectedtoanetwork.


Asinglecomputer,asdistinctfromacomputerattachedtoanetwork.


Apersonalcomputerthatisnotconnectedtoanyothercomputerornetwork,exceptpossiblythroughamodem.


©2016EDRMLLC 287


Seealso:




Network

Peer-to-peernetwork


WAN-wideareanetwork

StandardGeneralizedMarkupLanguage

See: SGML(StandardGeneralizedMarkupLanguage)

StandardParallelPort

See: SPP(StandardParallelPort)

StatisticalEstimate

AquantitativeestimateofaPopulationcharacteristicusingStatisticalEstimation.ItisgenerallyexpressedasaPointEstimateaccompaniedbyaMarginofErrorandaConfidenceLevel,orasaConfidenceIntervalaccompaniedbyaConfidenceLevel.


StatisticalEstimation

TheactofestimatingtheProportionofaDocumentPopulationthathasaparticularcharacteristic,basedontheProportionofaRandomSamplethathasthesamecharacteristic.MethodsofStatisticalEstimationincludeBinomialEstimationandGaussianEstimation.


StatisticalModel

AmathematicalabstractionoftheDocumentPopulationthatremovesirrelevantcharacteristicswhilelargelypreservingthoseofinterestforaparticularpurpose.ForthepurposeofcomputingRecall,aStatisticalModelneedonlyconsiderwhetherornottheDocumentsareRelevant,andwhetherornottheDocumentsareCodedRelevant,notanyothercharacteristicsoftheDocuments.



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StatisticalSample/StatisticalSampling

AmethodinwhichaSampleoftheDocumentPopulationisdrawnatrandom,sothatstatisticalpropertiesoftheSamplemaybeextrapolatedtotheentireDocumentPopulation;theSampleresultingfromsuchaction.


Status

Acommonelementwithineache-discoveryPhasewhichreferstotheactivities,tasksandmethodsundertakeninrelationtoadefinedobjectivewithinaPhase.InProjectManagement,benchmarkingofcurrentworkagainstexpressed,intendedorexpectedoutcome,andreportingonsame.


Stemming

Asearchoptionthatreturnsmatchesforallvariationsoftherootwordoftheinitialqueryword.Forexample,ifthequerywordwassing,thenifasearchusedstemmingthesearchresultswouldmatchsinging,sang,sung,song,andsongsaswellassing.



InKeywordorBooleanSearch,orFeatureEngineering,theprocessofequatingallformsofthesamerootword.Forexample,thewords“stem,”“stemming,”“stemmed,”and“stemmable”wouldallbetreatedasequivalent,andwouldeachyieldthesameresultwhenusedasaSearchTermsinaQuery.Insomesearchsystems,stemmingisimplicitandinothers,itmustbemadeexplicitthroughparticularQuerysyntax.


Theprocessofremovingprefixesandsuffixesfromwordsbeforeindexingthemandaspartofqueryprocessing.Forexample,theword“swimming”couldbestemmedto“swim.”Ifwordsarestemmedastheyareindexed,thequerymustalsostemthewordssothatthequerycanmatchtheindex.Inasystemthatusesstemming,severalwordformscanbeindexedidentically,forexample,“swimmer”and“swimming”wouldbothbeindexedas“swim.”


Seealso:



Booleansearch


©2016EDRMLLC 289

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

Stipulation

Stipulationisanagreementmadebetweenopposingpartiespriortoapendinghearingortrial.Forexample,bothpartiesmightstipulatetocertainfacts,andthereforenothavetoarguethosefactsincourt.Afterthestipulationisenteredinto,itispresentedtothejudge.


StopWord

AcommonwordthatiseliminatedfromIndexing.EliminatingStopWordsfromIndexingdramaticallyreducesthesizeoftheIndex,whileonlymarginallyaffectingthesearchprocessinmostcircumstances.ExamplesofStopWordsinclude“a,”“the,”“of,”“but,”and“not.”Becausephrasesandnamessuchas“Tobeornottobe,”and“TheWho,”containexclusivelyStopWordsthatwouldnotbeIndexed,theywouldnotbeidentified(oridentifiable)throughaKeywordSearch.


Wordsthataresocommonlyusedthatthereislittlelossbyignoringtheminaqueryorwhenthedocumentsareindexed.Manysystemsinvolvestopwordlists,whichmayincludewordslike“I”,“he”,“are”,and“is.”


StorageAreaNetwork

See: SAN(StorageAreaNetwork)

StorageDevice

Anydevicethatacomputerusestostoreinformation.



©2016EDRMLLC 290



Seealso:

Diskdrive

Floppydiskdrive

Jazdrive


Portabledrive

Tapedrive

Zipdrive

StorageMedia

Anyremovabledevicethatstoresdata.Seemagneticoropticalstoragemedia.




Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

WORMdisk

Zipdisk

Store

Toplaceinformationontoadiskwhereitisavailableforlateruse.


StratifiedSampling

Aformofrandomsamplinginwhichthepopulationisformedintosubgroupsor“strata.”Objectsineachgrouparesampledinthesameproportionasthesizeofthegroupistothewholepopulation.Eachobjecthasanequalchanceofbeingsampled,butitalsoensuresthateachgroupissampledproportionately.



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StructuredData

StructuredDataisdatathatisorganized.Themostcommontypeisdatabasecontent.ItreferstoanytypeofdataorganizedsuchasInternetdataorothertypesofdatathathasbeenindexed.


Datathatresidesinafixedfieldwithinarecordorfileiscalledstructureddata.Thisincludesdatacontainedinrelationaldatabasesandspreadsheets.

Source: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/structured_data.html.

StructuredQueryLanguage

See: SQL(StructuredQueryLanguage)

SubjectCategory

Adatafieldinadatabaseusedtocapturespecificsubjectcodes.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Summary

Text

SubjectCode

Acodeforacase-specificlegalorfactualsubject.


SubjectMatterExpert(s)

Oneormoreindividuals(typically,butnotnecessarily,attorneys)whoarefamiliarwiththeInformationNeedandcanrenderanauthoritativedeterminationastowhetheraDocumentisRelevantornot.


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SubjectiveCoding

TheSubjectiveCodingofadocumentinvolveslinkingalegalinterpretationtoanindividualdocument.Indirectoppositiontoobjectivecoding,inwhichbibliographicdataaboutthedocumentisrecorded.SubjectiveCodingtypesincludetheclassificationofdocumentsasprivilegedandresponsive,andthecategorizationofdocumentsbylegalissue(“issuecoding”).


Enteringinformationfromadocumentthatrequiresthecodertoexercisejudgment,suchassubjectorissuecodes.Thisfieldisoftenleftblankforthelawfirm’sparalegalsorassociatestofillin.


Thecodingofadocumentusinglegalinterpretationasthedatathatfillsafield.Performedbyparalegalsorothertrainedlegalpersonnel.


Categorizingdocumentsbytheirresponsivenesstospecificcaseissuesortopics.

Seealso:

BibliographicCoding

Coding

Indexing

IssueCode

Issuecoding

Levelcoding

Objectivecoding

Tag

Taxonomiccoding

Verbatimcoding

SubtractiveColors

Sincethecolorsofobjectsarewhitelightminusthecolorabsorbedbytheobject,theyarecalledsubtractive.Thisishowinkonpaperworks.ThesubtractivecolorsofprocessinkareCMYK(Cyan,Magenta,YellowandBlack)andarespecificallybalancedtomatchadditivecolors(RGB).


Summary

Adatafieldinadatabasethatrecordsthesummaryofadocument.


©2016EDRMLLC 293


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Text

SuperVideoGraphicAdapter(SVGA)

AvideographicadapterwhichexceedstheminimumVGAstandardof640by480by16colors.Canreach1600by1280and256colors.


SupervisedLearning

AMachineLearningmethodinwhichthelearningAlgorithminfershowtodistinguishbetweenRelevantandNon-RelevantDocumentsusingaTrainingSet.SupervisedLearningcanbeastand-aloneprocess,orusedrepeatedlyinanActiveLearningprocess.


Akindofmachinelearningwheretheobjectsarelabeledbyanexteriorsource,typically,asubjectmatterexpert.Thegoalofsupervisedlearningistypicallytoreplicatethedecisionpatternoftheoutsideexpertandapplythesamepatternstopreviouslyunseenobjects.


SupportVectorMachine

Astate-of-the-artSupervisedLearningAlgorithmthatseparatesRelevantfromNon-RelevantDocumentsusinggeometricmethods(i.e.,geometry).EachDocumentisconsideredtobeapointin[hyper]space,whosecoordinatesaredeterminedfromtheFeaturescontainedintheDocument.TheSupportVectorMachinefindsa[hyper]planethatbestseparatesRelevantfromNon-RelevantTrainingExamples.DocumentsoutsidetheTrainingSet(i.e.,uncodedDocumentsfromtheDocumentCollection)arethenClassifiedasRelevantornot,dependingonwhichside


©2016EDRMLLC 294

ofthe[hyper]planetheyfallon.AlthoughaSupportVectorMachinedoesnotcalculateaProbabilityofRelevance,onemayinferthattheClassificationofDocumentsclosertothe[hyper]planeislesscertainthanforthosethatarefarfromthe[hyper]plane.


Amachine-learningapproach,usedforcategorizingdata.ThegoaloftheSVMistolearntheboundariesthatseparatetwoormoreclassesofobjects.Givenasetofalreadycategorizedtrainingexamples,anSVMtrainingalgorithmidentifiesthedifferencesbetweentheexamplesofeachtrainingcategoryandcanthenapplysimilarcriteriatodistinguishingfutureexamples.



SVGA

See: SuperVideoGraphicAdapter(SVGA)

SwapFile

Aswapfile(orswapspaceor,inWindowsNT,apagefile)isaspaceonaharddiskusedasthevirtualmemoryextensionofacomputer'srealmemory(RAM).Havingaswapfileallowsyourcomputer'soperatingsystemtopretendthatyouhavemoreRAMthanyouactuallydo.TheleastrecentlyusedfilesinRAMcanbe"swappedout"toyourharddiskuntiltheyareneededlatersothatnewfilescanbe"swappedin"toRAM.Inlargeroperatingsystems(suchasIBM'sOS/390),theunitsthataremovedarecalledpagesandtheswappingiscalledpaging.

Source: TechTarget,swapfile(swapspaceorpageful)definition,http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/definition/swap-file-swap-space-or-pagefile

Seealso:

Ambientdata

Fragmenteddata

Freespace

Residualdata

Slackspace

Unallocatedspace

SymmetricMulti-Processing

See: SMP(SymmetricMulti-Processing)

SynonymSearch

Asynonymsearchreturnsdocumentsthatcontaintermssimilarinmeaningtothequerywords,usuallyusingathesaurustodeterminewhichtermswouldmatchthequerywords.




©2016EDRMLLC 295

Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

Synonymy

Havingtheequivalenceofmeaning;havingthesamedefinitionwithouthavingthesameexpression.


SyntheticDocument

Anindustry-specifictermgenerallyusedtodescribeanartificialDocumentcreatedbyeithertherequestingpartyortheproducingparty,aspartofaTechnology-AssistedReviewprocess,foruseasaTrainingExampleforaMachineLearningAlgorithm.SyntheticDocumentsarecontrivedDocumentsinwhichonepartyimagineswhattheevidencemightlooklikeandreliesontheMachineLearningAlgorithmtofindactualDocumentsthataresimilartotheartificialDocument.


Sysadmin

Asystemadministrator,orsysadmin,isapersonwhoisresponsiblefortheupkeep,configuration,andreliableoperationofcomputersystems;especiallymulti-usercomputers,suchasservers.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_administrator.

Thepersoninchargeofkeepinganetworkworking.Alsoreferredtoassysadminorsysop.



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Sysop

See: Sysadmin

SystemAdministrator

See: Sysadmin

SystemProgram

Programsthatcontroltheinternaloperationsofacomputersystem.Examplesareoperatingsystems,compilers,interpreters,assemblers,andmathematicalroutines.


SystemRegistry

ThesystemconfigurationfilesusedbyMicrosoftWindowstostoresettingsaboutuserpreferences,installedsoftware,hardwareanddriversandothersettingsrequiredforWindowstoruncorrectly.


SystematicSample/SystematicSampling

ASamplingmethodinwhicheveryNthDocument(forsomefixednumberN)isselected,whentheDocumentsareconsideredinsomeprescribedorder;theSampleresultingfromsuchaction.ASystematicSampleisrandom(andhenceatrueStatisticalSample)onlywhentheprescribedorderisitselfrandom.SometimesreferredtoasanIntervalSample/IntervalSampling.


Systems

Acommonelementwithineache-discoveryPhasewhichreferstocomputerstoragedevices,activeapplicationsforthestorageoruseofdataorESI;ortoworkprocessesdesignedtoachieveaspecifiedresult.


T

Tag

Anemendationaddedtoadocumentduringthereviewprocess.Tagscanbeusedtoassigndocumentstoissues,toindicatewhichonesshouldbeprinted,orforanyotherreasonthecaserequires.


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TaggedImageFileFormat(TIFF)

Agraphicfileformatusedforstoringstill-imagebitmaps.TIFFsarestoredintaggedfields,andprogramsusethetagstoacceptorignorefields,dependingontheapplication.


Source: Fenwick&WestLLP,FWPSeDiscoveryTerminology(11/6/2005).CitingFios'eDiscoveryGlossary,http://discoveryresources.org/01_electronic_discovery_glossary_sz.html.



Awidelyusedbit-mappedgraphicsfileformat.Thisisessentiallyapictureofadocument.


Abitmappedgraphicsfileformatthatcontainsapictureofadocument.


Graphicfilesthatportrayasinglepageofafileforviewingpurposeswitha.tifextension(inthecaseofMulti-pageTIFFs,outputimagescanconsistofmultiplepages).


Oneofseveralstandardsformakingelectronicimages.


The"defacto"electronic/computerstandardforscanned,bit-mappedimages–8bitcolorandgrayscale.Originatedin1986asajointprojectofMicrosoftandAldus.Includesseveraltypesandgroupswhicharecompressed&uncompressed.


Oneofthemostwidelysupportedfileformatsforstoringbit-mappedimages.FilesinTIFFformatoftenendwitha.tifextension.10

Thisimageformatiscommonlyusedasthestandardfiledeliveryformatforproduction.


Seealso:

GIF


Imagefileformat


JPEG

Multi-pageTIFF

PDF

PNG



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Portablenetworkgraphic SearchableTIFF Single-pageTIFF

Tape

Randommemorywhichcanbereadbutnotwritten(i.e.changed).


Seealso:

Backup

Backuptape


Dataextraction

Digitalaudiotape




Media


TapeBackup

Aprocessofcopyingelectronicdatafromastoragedevice,suchasacomputer'sharddrive,toatapecartridgedevice.Thissecuritymeasureensuresthatthedataisnotlostintheeventofanequipmentfailureordisaster.Tapebackupcanbeachievedmanuallyorprogrammedtooccurautomatically.


TapeDrive

Ahardwaredeviceusedtostoredataonamagnetictape.Tapedrivesareusuallyusedtobackuplargequantitiesofdataduetotheirlargecapacityandcheapcostrelativetootherdatastorageoptions.




Seealso:

Diskdrive

Floppydiskdrive

Jazdrive


Portabledrive

Storagedevice

Zipdrive

TAPI(TelephonyApplicationProgrammingInterface)

AMicrosoft-basedstandardforbasictelephoneservicesthatallowsaPCtoaccessphonebooks,controlphoneequipment,andinterfacewithvoice-mailande-mailsystems.


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TAR

See: Technology-AssistedReview(TAR)

TargaImageFileFormat(TGA)

Thisisa"scannedformat"–widelyusedforcolor-scannedmaterials(24-bit)aswellasbyvarious"paint"anddesktoppublishingpackages


TargetedCollectionStrategies

Atargetedcollectionstrategyisonethatisspecificallydesignedtoavoidovercollectionofdatathatisknowntobeirrelevantorpotentiallyirrelevant.Anon-targetedstrategyisdesignedtocollectallthedatafromaparticularstoragedeviceorrepositoryinacomprehensivemanner.Cullingandfilteringprotocolsaresubsequentlyappliedtothedatacorpustoeithereliminatenon-responsivedataorisolateresponsivedata.Atargetedstrategytakesintoconsiderationcullingandfilteringprotocolsatthepointofcollection(e.g.onlycollectingacustodian’semailinboxasopposedtoimagingtheirentireharddrive).


TaxonomicCoding

Seealso:

BibliographicCoding

Coding

Indexing

IssueCode

Issuecoding

Levelcoding

Objectivecoding

Subjectivecoding

Tag

Verbatimcoding

Taxonomy

Ahierarchicalorganizationalschemethatarrangesthemeaningsofwordsintoclassesandsubclasses.Forexample,vehicles,aircraft,andshipsaremodesoftransportation;cars,trucks,andbicyclesarevehicles,andFordsandChryslersarecars.


Aspecificcodinglanguageandterminologydevelopedforuseinaparticularcase.


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Ahierarchicalcategoricalstructurewhereeachclassmaycontainoneormoresubclasses.Thescientificclassificationsystemoforganizingplantsandanimalsintoaspecificphylum,family,genus,species,etc.isanexampleofataxonomicsystem.Eachsubclassisanexampleofitsparentclass.


TB(Terabyte)

Atrillionbytes,oramillionmegabytes.TheentirecollectionoftheLibraryofCongresswouldequalapproximately20terabytesifdigitized.


Atrillionbytes,ormorecorrectly1,024megabytes.


Aterabyteisameasureofcomputerdatastoragecapacityandisonethousandbillion(1,000,000,000,000)bytes.


A1000Gigabytes(GB)or1,099,511,627,776bytes.

Seealso:

Bit

Byte

KB-kilobyte

MB-megabyte

GB-gigabyte

PB-petabyte

EB-exabyte

TCP(TransmissionControlProtocol)

TheprotocolusedinconjunctionwithInternetProtocol(IP)totransmitinformationovertheInternetintheformofunits.


TCP/IP(TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol)

AcollectionofprotocolsthatdefinethebasicworkingsofthefeaturesoftheInternet.


Networkcommunicationsprotocol.ThisistheprotocolusedbytheInternet.



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Technology-AssistedReview(TAR)

AprocessforPrioritizingorCodingaCollectionofDocumentsusingacomputerizedsystemthatharnesseshumanjudgmentsofoneormoreSubjectMatterExpert(s)onasmallersetofdocumentsandthenextrapolatesthosejudgmentstotheremainingDocumentCollection.SomeTARmethodsuseMachineLearningAlgorithmstodistinguishRelevantfromNon-RelevantDocuments,basedonTrainingExamplesCodedasRelevantorNon-RelevantbytheSubjectMatterExperts(s),whileotherTARmethodsderivesystematicRulesthatemulatetheexpert(s)’decision-makingprocess.TARprocessesgenerallyincorporateStatisticalModelsand/orSamplingtechniquestoguidetheprocessandtomeasureoverallsystemeffectiveness.


Anyofanumberoftechnologiesthatusetechnology,usuallycomputertechnology,tofacilitatethereviewofdocumentsfordiscovery.


Seealso:

CAR PredictiveCoding TAR

Telecommunications

Datatransmissionbetweenacomputersystemandremotedevices,usuallyovertelephonelines.


Telephony

Convertingsoundsintoelectronicsignalsfortransmission.


TelephonyApplicationProgrammingInterface

See: TAPI(TelephonyApplicationProgrammingInterface)

Terabyte

See: TB(Terabyte)

TermFrequencyandInverseDocumentFrequency(TF-IDF)

AnenhancementtotheBagofWordsmethodinwhicheachwordhasaweightbasedonTermFrequency–thenumberoftimesthewordappearsintheDocument–andInverseDocumentFrequency–reciprocalofthenumberofDocumentsinwhichthewordoccurs.


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TermSearch

Avariantofkeywordsearch,withtheemphasisonsearchingforcombinationsofwordssuchasphrases.

Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcardsearch

Terminal

Adevicewithinputandoutputdevices(keyboardandmonitor)connectedtoacomputersystem.


Text

Adatafieldthatallowstheentryoftextinamannersimilartowordprocessingsoftware,butislimitedtoaspecificnumberofcharacters.Textfieldscanbesortedandaretypicallyusedfornames.


Seealso:

Attachmentfield

Attorneynotesfield

Authorfield



Copyeefield


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Customizeddatafield


Datafielddefinition

Datefield

Enddocumentnumber

Field

Index/codingfield

Keyfield

Marginalia


Notefield

Othernumberfield

Productionsource

Recipient

Subjectcategory

Summary

TextClustering

Textclusteringisatechnologythatanalyzesadocumentcollectionandorganizesthedocumentsintogroupsbasedonfindingdocumentsthataresimilartoeachotherbasedonwordscontainedwithinit(suchasnounphrases).Textclusteringestablishesanotionof“distancebetweendocuments”andattemptstoselectenoughdocumentsintotheclustersoastominimizetheoverallpair-wisedistanceamongallpairsofdocuments.


TextExtraction

Theprocessofpullingthetextanddatafromelectronicdocumentsforthepurposesofloadingthedataintoadatabase.Theprocessremovesformatting,andgraphicsfromadocumentleavingonlythetext.

TextREtrievalConference

See: TREC

TF-IDF

See: TermFrequencyandInverseDocumentFrequency(TF-IDF)

TF-IDF

Ininformationretrieval,aweightingproceduresothatsomewordsinaqueryordocumentgetemphasizedmorethanothers.AdocumentisrankedhigherusingTF-IDFwhenithasmoreoccurrencesofthequeryterm(TFortermfrequency)andrankslowerwhenthewordoccursinmoredocuments(IDForinversedocumentfrequency).TherearedifferentrulesfordecidinghowtocombineTFwithIDF,oncommonruleistorankthedocumentsbasedontheratioofTFtolog(IDF).


TGA

See: TargaImageFileFormat(TGA)


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TheGenerallyAcceptedRecordkeepingPrinciples®(“ThePrinciples”)

ThePrinciplesreflectstandardsandguidelinesrelatedtorecordsmanagement,developedbyARMAInternational,anot-for-profitprofessionalassociationandawidely-recognizedauthorityonmanagingrecordsandinformation.ThePrinciplesinclude:(1)PrincipleofAccountability,(2)PrincipleofIntegrity,(3)PrincipleofProtection,(4)PrincipleofCompliance,(5)PrincipleofAvailability,(6)PrincipleofRetention,(7)PrincipleofDisposition,and(8)PrincipleofTransparency.


ThesaurusExpansion

InKeywordorBooleanSearch,replacingasingleSearchTermbyalistofitssynonyms,aslistedinathesaurus.


Thing

AthinginthecontextofInternetofthings(IoT),isanyobjectthatcouldbeconnectedtotheInternet,eachofwhichwouldhaveauniqueURI.


Threading

Organizingemailsintoconversationalgroups.Forexample,ifJohnsendsanemailtoMaryandshereplies,bothemailsarepartofthesameconversationalthread.


ThumbDrive

Alsoknownaskeychaindrive,thumbdriveandUSBflashdrive.

Thumbnail

Asmallversionofanimageusedforquickoverviewsortogetageneralideaofwhattheimagelookslike.


TIFF

See: TaggedImageFileFormat(TIFF)


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TIFFGroupIII

Aone-dimensionalcompressionformatforstoringblackandwhiteimagesthatisutilizedbymostfaxmachines.


TIFFGroupIV

Atwo-dimensionalcompressionformatforstoringblackandwhiteimages.Typicallycompressesata20-to-1ratioforstandardbusinessdocuments.


TIFFing

Theprocessofopeningfilesintheirnativeapplications,extractingtextandprintingthemasTIFFimages.


Time

Referstothemeasurablehoursinvolvedineachidentifiabletask,activityoraction.TimeisalsoavariableelementofCostandVolume.


Tokenization

Anoperationthatexaminesadocumentorblockoftextandbreaksthetextintowords.Typically,aspaceisusedtoseparatewords,butspecialcharacterssuchasahyphen,period,orquotationmarkcanalsobeused.



ToolKitWithoutAnInterestingName(TWAIN)

Auniversaltoolkitwithstandardhardware/softwaredriversformulti-mediaperipheraldevices.


TopicalSearch

Averticalsearchengineasdistinctfromageneralwebsearchengine,focusesonaspecificsegmentofonlinecontent.Theyarealsocalledspecialtyortopicalsearchengines.Theverticalcontentareamaybebasedontopicality,mediatype,orgenreofcontent.Commonverticalsincludeshopping,theautomotiveindustry,legalinformation,medicalinformation,scholarly


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literature,andtravel.Examplesofverticalsearchenginesinclude;Mocavo,Nuroa,TruliaandYelp.Incontrasttogeneralwebsearchengines,whichattempttoindexlargeportionsoftheWorldWideWebusingawebcrawler,verticalsearchenginestypicallyuseafocusedcrawlerwhichattemptstoindexonlyrelevantwebpagestoapre-definedtopicorsetoftopics.

Source: Wikipedia,Verticalsearch,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_search

Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch


Wildcardsearch

TrainingExample

OneDocumentfromaTrainingSet.


TrainingSet

ASampleofDocumentsCodedbyoneormoreSubjectMatterExpert(s)asRelevantorNon-Relevant,fromwhichaMachineLearningAlgorithmtheninfershowtodistinguishbetweenRelevantandNon-RelevantDocumentsbeyondthoseintheTrainingSet.


TransmissionControlProtocol

See: TCP(TransmissionControlProtocol)

TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol

See: TCP/IP(TransmissionControlProtocol/InternetProtocol)


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TransmissionSpeed

Therateatwhichdatapassesthroughcommunicationslines;usuallymeasuredinbitspersecond(bps).


TREC

TheTextREtrievalConference,sponsoredbytheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST),whichhasrunsince1992,to“supportresearchwithintheinformationretrievalcommunitybyprovidingtheinfrastructurenecessaryforlarge-scaleevaluationoftextretrievalmethodologies.Inparticular,theTRECworkshopserieshasthefollowinggoals:toencourageresearchininformationretrievalbasedonlargetestCollections;toincreasecommunicationamongindustry,academia,andgovernmentbycreatinganopenforumfortheexchangeofresearchideas;tospeedthetransferoftechnologyfromresearchlabsintocommercialproductsbydemonstratingsubstantialimprovementsinretrievalmethodologiesonreal-worldproblems;andtoincreasetheavailabilityofappropriateevaluationtechniquesforusebyindustryandacademia,includingdevelopmentofnewevaluationtechniquesmoreapplicabletocurrentsystems.”


TheTextREtrievalConference,organizedtheUSNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology.TRECisanannualconferenceandfriendlycompetitionamonginformationretrievalsystemsintendedtopromotethescienceoftextretrieval.ForseveralyearsTRECincludedalegaltrack,whichinvestigatedtextretrievalinthecontextofdiscovery.


Externallink:

TextREtrievalConference(TREC),http://trec.nist.gov

TRECLegalTrack

From2006through2011,TRECincludedaLegalTrack,whichsought“toassesstheabilityofinformationretrievaltechniquestomeettheneedsofthelegalprofessionfortoolsandmethodscapableofhelpingwiththeretrievalofelectronicbusinessrecords,principallyforuseasevidenceincivillitigation.”



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Triage

Theprocessofreviewingadocumentset(discoveryset)forresponsivenessand/orprivilege.Triagereferstothepracticeofquicklyidentifyingwhichdocumentsrequireadditionalattentionandwhichcanbeeasilyclassifiedaseitherresponsiveornonresponsive.

Trigram



TrueNegative(TN)

ANon-RelevantDocumentthatiscorrectlyidentifiedasNon-Relevantbyasearchorrevieweffort.


Oneoffourresponsestatesinacategorizationtask.Truenegativeresponsesarethosethataretrulyinthenegativecategoryandareclassifiedasnegative.


Seealso:

FalseNegative(FN) FalsePositive(FP) TruePositive(TP)

TrueNegativeRate(TNR)

Thefraction(orProportion)ofNon-RelevantDocumentsthatarecorrectlyidentifiedasNon-Relevantbyasearchorrevieweffort.


TruePositive(TP)

ARelevantDocumentthatiscorrectlyidentifiedasRelevantbyasearchorrevieweffort.


Oneoffourresponsestatesinacategorizationtask.Truepositiveresponsesarethosethataretrulyinthepositivecategoryandareclassifiedaspositive.



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Seealso:

FalseNegative(FN) FalsePositive(FP) TrueNegative(TN)

TruePositiveRate(TPR)

Thefraction(orProportion)ofRelevantDocumentsthatarecorrectlyidentifiedasRelevantbyasearchorrevieweffort.TruePositiveRateisatermusedinSignalDetectionTheory;RecallistheequivalentterminInformationRetrieval.


TrueResolution

The"true"opticalresolutionofascanneristhenumberofpixelsperinch(withoutanysoftwareenhancements).


Truncation

ASearchSpecificationthatindicatesthatmatchingdocumentsmustcontainwordsthatbeginwiththelettersentered,butthatthematchingwordscanendwithanycombinationofletters.



TWAIN

See: ToolKitWithoutAnInterestingName(TWAIN)

TWAINScannerDriver

Aspecializedapplicationusedforcommunicationbetweenscannersandcomputers.


Two-TailedDistribution

See: Two-TailedTest

Two-TailedTest

Aconfidenceintervalthatisarrangedsymmetricallyaroundtheaverageormeanofadistribution.Thetails,outsideoftheconfidenceintervalareofequalsize.Alsocalledtwo-taileddistribution.



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Typeface

Thereareover10,000typefacesavailableforcomputers.Thegeneralcategoriesare:

1. Oldstyle:Faceshaveslantedserifs,gradualthicktothinstrokesandaslantedstress(the"O"appearsslanted)

2. Modern:Faceshavethin,horizontalserifs,radicalthicktothinstrokesandaverticalstreet(the"O"doesnotappeartoslant.)

3. SlabSerif:Faceshavethick,horizontalserifs,littleornothick-to-thininthestrokesandaverticalstress(the"O"appearsvertical).

4. SansSerif:Faceshavenoserifs.5. Script:Fromelaboratehandwritingstylestocasual,freeform,unconnectedletterforms.6. Decorative:Unusualfonts,designedtobeverydifferentandattentiongetting.


U

Ultrafiche

Microfichewhichcanhold1,000documents/sheetasopposedtothenormal270.


UnallocatedSpace

Spaceonaharddrivethatpotentiallycontainsintactfiles,remnantsoffiles,subdirectories,ortemporaryfilesthatwerecreatedandthendeletedbyeitheracomputerapplication,theoperatingsystemortheoperator.



Seealso:

Ambientdata

Fragmenteddata

Freespace

Residualdata

Slackspace

Swapfile

UncertaintySampling

AnActiveLearningapproachinwhichtheMachineLearningAlgorithmselectstheDocumentsastowhichitisleastcertainaboutRelevance,forCodingbytheSubjectMatterExpert(s),andadditiontotheTrainingSet.



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Unicode/UnicodeTransformationFormat

Allelectronicdataisrepresentedassequencesofbits,ornumbers.Eachalphabetorscriptusedinalanguageismappedtoauniquenumericvalue,or‘encoded’foruseonacomputerusingastandardknownasUnicode.WithinUnicode,eachletterorcharacterhasbeenassigneditsownuniquevalueintheUnicodeencodingschemes,knownastheUnicodeTransformationFormat(UTF).TheUTFutilizesmultipleencodingschemes,ofwhichthemostcommonlyusedareknownasUTF-8andUTF-16.Forexample,theEnglishalphabetandthemorecommonpunctuationmarkshavebeenassignedvaluesbetween0and255,whileTibetancharactershavebeenassignedthevaluesbetween3,840(writtenasx0F00)and4,095(writtenasx0FFF).Allmodern(andmanyhistorical)scriptsaresupportedbytheUnicodeStandard.Unicodeprovidesauniquenumberforeverycharacter,regardlessoftheplatform,program,orlanguage.TheUnicodeStandardisdescribedindetailatthewebsitehttp://www.unicode.org.Seealso,CharacterEncoding.


UnifiedGovernance

UnifiedGovernanceisamarriagebetweenpolicyintegrationandprocesstransparency.Effectiveunifiedgovernancecreatesanorganizationalenvironmentwherebythekeystakeholdershaveadefinedpartnershipwithexecutivebuy-inandoversighttocreateauniformapproachandtoestablishastronglinkagebetweenlegalobligationsforinformation,recordsmanagement,andIT;andthedutyandvalueassociatedwiththedataasset.


UniformResourceIdentifier(URI)

Asymbolicstringrepresentationofthelocationofaninternetresource.AURL,UniformResourceLocatorisonetypeofURIforobjectsontheWorldWideWeb."Webaddress"isaURLthatusestheHTTPorHTTPSprotocol.


Unitization






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UniversalSerialBus(USB)

APlugandPlayinterfacebetweenacomputerandaperipheralsuchasamouse,keyboard,digitalcamera,printerorscanner.UnlikedevicesconnectedviaSCSIports,USBdevicescanbeaddedtoandremovedfromthecomputerwithouthavingtorebootthecomputer.


UNIX

Pronouncedyoo-niks,apopularmulti-user,multitaskingoperatingsystemdevelopedatBellLabsintheearly1970s.Createdbyjustahandfulofprogrammers,UNIXwasdesignedtobeasmall,flexiblesystemusedexclusivelybyprogrammers.

Source: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/UNIX.html

AnoperatingsystemdevelopedbyBellLaboratoriesthatoffersmulti-userfunctionalityanduseshigh-levelprograms.OnPCs,itisoftenmarketedunderthenameXenix.


Asoftwareoperatingsystem.OriginallypioneeredbyBellLabs–nowwidelyusedbyworkstations.

Source:FormerlyAmericanDocumentManagement,GlossaryofTerms,now5iSolutionsGlossary.

Seealso:

DOS

Linux

MicrosoftDOS

MicrosoftWindows


NOS

Operatingsystem

OS

Windows

Xenix

UnstructuredData

Datathatisnotintabularordelimitedformat.Filetypesincludewordprocessingfiles,htmlfiles(webpages),projectplans,presentationfiles,spreadsheets,graphics,audiofiles,videofilesandemails.


UnsupervisedLearning

AMachineLearningmethodinwhichthelearningAlgorithminferscategoriesofsimilarDocumentswithoutanytrainingbySubjectMatterExpert(s).ExamplesofUnsupervisedLearningmethodsincludeClusteringandNear-DuplicateDetection.


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Akindofmachinelearningwheretheobjectsarenotlabeledbyanexteriorsource.Instead,themachinelearningsystemorganizestheobjectsbasedonimplicitcriteriathatitderives.Theselectionofcriteriaisafunctionofthespecificlearningmethodsthatareemployed,thenatureoftheobjects,andthewayinwhichfeaturesoftheobjectarerepresented.Clusteringisanexampleofanunsupervisedmachinelearningmethod.Thegoalofunsupervisedlearningistypicallytoidentifyhiddenstructureinunlabeleddata,tosummarizekeyfeaturesofthedata.


Upload

Totransferdatafromauser’scomputertoaremotecomputersystem.


URI

See: UniformResourceIdentifier(URI)

USB

See: UniversalSerialBus(USB)

USBFlashDrive

See: JumpDrive

UserCreatedFile

Afilethatwascreatedbecauseoftheactionsoftheuser,withorwithoutintentorawareness.Excludessystemgeneratedlogfiles.

Source: DavidGreetham,[email protected](2008).

Datacreatedbyapersonoraperson'sinteractionwithacomputer.

Source: JohnMartin,[email protected](2008).

UserGroup

Anyorganizationmadeupofcomputerusers(asopposedtovendors)designedtogivetheusersaforumtoshareinformationaboutaparticularsystem.



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UserGuide

Asetofinstructionsoramanualforasoftwareprogramorhardwaresystem.


User-Friendly

Termusedtodescribeasoftwareprogramthatisbotheasytolearnandeasytouse.


UTBMS:ConversiontoProductionFormat

Theprocessofrestoringdatathathasbeen“deleted”fromastoragedeviceorretrievingdatafromadevicethathasfailed,beencorrupted,isdamaged,orconsideredinaccessible.


UTBMS:DataRecovery

Theprocessofrestoringdatathathasbeen“deleted”fromastoragedeviceorretrievingdatafromadevicethathasfailed,beencorrupted,isdamaged,orconsideredinaccessible.


UTBMS:DataSteward

Adatastewardissomeonethatisresponsibleformaintainingandmanagingthedataassetsofaparticularorganization.Theroleofdatastewardcanbecontrastedfromadatacustodianinthat,thoughtheybothmaysharecertainresponsibilitieswithregardstodata,adatacustodian,inthee-discoverycontext,isoftenusedtodescribetheindividualresponsiblefortheday-to-daycontrolofacertaindataset(i.e.anindividualisthedatacustodianfortheiremailinbox,anITmanageristhedatacustodianforfilesharesonanetworkserver).


UTBMS:Defensibility

AhighlyprizedInformationGovernance(IG)solutionattributetodayandintheforeseeablefutureisDefensibility.CE-discoveryandarchivingvendorstoutthisconcept,especiallyasitrelatestoanentity’slitigationorregulatoryactivitiesanditsabilitytoproduce,inatimelyfashion,writtendocumentsorESI.However,inpractice,defensibilityisamuchbroaderconcept.

IntheparlanceoftheIGspace,defensibilitycanapplyto:

• Theabilitytodemonstratethatappropriate,achievable,consistentpoliciesgoverningthemanagementofphysicalandelectronicrecordshavebeendevelopedand


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implementedandthatemployeeshavebeeninformedandeducatedonthosepoliciesaswellasofferedongoingtrainingandupdates.

• Theabilitytodemonstraterepeatableprocessesthatsupportafirm’sneedtocomplywithlegalorregulatoryrequirements.

• TheabilitytorespondtolegalorregulatoryediscoveryrequestsinatimelyfashiontothwartquestionablelitigationsorpotentialfinesthatcouldbeleviedduetoinabilitytoproduceESI.

• Theimplementationofsolutionsthatofferpredictabilitywhetheritbetosupportcompliancewithretentionpolicies,theabilitytocaptureallappropriateESIortheabilitytoscaleasmorecontentismanagedelectronicallywithassurancethatallneededESIiscapturedandpreserved.

• Thecreationofaninformationsecuritystrategythatlimitsbothexternalandinternalrisksandbreacheswhentheyoccur.

• Ariskmanagementstrategythatidentifiespotentialliabilities,improvesdisasterpreparednessandprotectscorporateandpersonalassets.

Source: http://wikibon.org/wiki/v/Not_your_Fathers_Enterprise_Information_Archiving_Solution:_The_Next_Generation_Defined


UTBMS:ESIDataMap

Datamappingfindsorsuggestsassociationsbetweenfileswithinalargebodyofdata,whichmaynotbeapparentusingothertechniques.


UTBMS:ESIInventory

AnESIinventoryisasystematicprocessforidentifyingalloftherecordsandnon-recordinformationinanorganization,whocreates,uses,orreceivestheinformation,andwhereusersstoreit.Acompletedinventoryprovidesacompletepictureoftheinformationenvironment.ThispictureisveryhelpfulforassessingtheneedsofyourRIMprogram.

Source: http://www.aiim.org/community/blogs/expert/carrying-out-a-records-inventory#sthash.TUKP9zzt.dpuf

UTBMS:ESIPreparation

PreparingESI(electronicallystoredinformation)forprocessingandpresentation.



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UTBMS:ESIPresentation

PresentingESI(electronicallystoredinformation)tothedesiredviewer,whetheritbeindepositions,production,trial,etc.ESImaybepresentedinnativeformat,nearnativeformat,orinsomeotherformacceptabletotheparties.


UTBMS:ESIProcessing

Anyactiontakenondatausingtechnologytoreduceadatacorpusbasedonspecificcriteria,organizedataaccordingtocertainparameters,orconvertdatatoanotherformatmoresuitableforreviewandanalysis.


UTBMS:ESIStaging

DatastagingistheprocessbywhichoriginalESIfilesarecopied,isolated,andstoredinaforensicallysoundmannerforfutureuse.


UTBMS:ExceptionHandling

Exceptionhandlingistheprocessofrespondingtotheoccurrence,duringcomputation,ofexceptions–anomalousorexceptionaleventsrequiringspecialprocessing–oftenchangingthenormalflowofprogramexecution.Itisprovidedbyspecializedprogramminglanguageconstructsorcomputerhardwaremechanisms.Exceptionsalsooccurwhendoingareview,forexample.

Ingeneral,anexceptionishandled(resolved)bysavingthecurrentstateofexecutioninapredefinedplaceandswitchingtheexecutiontoaspecificsubroutineknownasanexceptionhandler.Iftheexceptionstatepermitscontinuation,thehandlermaylaterresumetheexecutionattheoriginalstateusingthesavedinformation.Forexample,afloatingpointdividebyzeroexceptionwilltypically,bydefault,allowtheprogramtoberesumed,whileanoutofmemoryconditionmightnotberesolvabletransparently.

Alternativeapproachestoexceptionhandlinginsoftwareareerrorchecking,whichmaintainsnormalprogramflowwithsubsequentexplicitchecksforcontingenciesreported,usingspecialreturnvaluesorsomeauxiliaryglobalvariablesuchasC’serrnoorfloatingpointstatusflags;orinputvalidationtopreemptivelyfilterexceptionalcases.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_handling.Formoreinformationonexceptionhandling,seehttp://www.meridiandiscovery.com/articles/exception-handling-and-reporting-in-e-discovery/.



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UTBMS:FirstPassDocumentReview

Whereadocumentreviewisorganizedinstages,thefirstpassdocumentreviewisthefirstlookatthedocumentsthatwereidentifiedaspotentiallyresponsiveorrelevantfromtheinitialdocumentcollection.Typically,afirstpassrevieweranalyzesthedocumentsforrelevanceorresponsivenessandcodesormarksthemassuch.Often,thereviewerwillcodeforconfidentialityandmakeaninitialprivilegedeterminationduringthefirstpassreview.


UTBMS:ForensicAnalysisActivity

Forensicanalysisistheuseofcontrolledanddocumentedanalyticalandinvestigativetechniquestoidentify,collect,examine,andpreservedigitalinformation.Recognizingthefragilenatureofdigitaldata,andthelegalandregulatoryrequirementstoproperlypreserveelectronicallystoredinformation(ESI)duringforensicinvestigations.


UTBMS:HostingCosts

Thecosttohostdataonadatabaseorreviewplatform;traditionally,thehostingphaseoccursafterdataiscollected,processed,andloadedtothereviewtool.CostofhostingistypicallybyGBpermonth.


UTBMS:LegalHold

Alegalholdisacommunicationissuedasaresultofcurrentoranticipatedlitigation,audit,governmentinvestigationorothersuchmatterthatsuspendsthenormaldispositionorprocessingofrecords.Legalholdscanencompassbusinessproceduresaffectingactivedata,including,butnotlimitedto,backuptaperecycling.ThespecificcommunicationtobusinessorITorganizationsmayalsobecalleda“hold,”“preservationorder,”“suspensionorder,”“freezenotice,”or“holdnotice.”

Source: SharonD.Nelson,BruceOlson,JohnW.Simek,TheElectronicEvidenceandDiscoveryHandbook:Forms,ChecklistsandGuidelines,AmericanBarAssociationLawPracticeDivision(2006).


UTBMS:NativeFormat

Electronicdocumentshaveanassociatedfilestructuredefinedbytheoriginalcreatingapplication.Thisfilestructureisreferredtoasthe“nativeformat”ofthedocument.Becauseviewingorsearchingdocumentsinthenativeformatmayrequiretheoriginalapplication(i.e.,viewingaMicrosoftWorddocumentmayrequiretheMicrosoftWordapplication),documentsareoftenconvertedtoastandardfileformat(i.e.,tiff)aspartofelectronicdocumentprocessing.


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UTBMS:Near-LineStorage

Near-linestorageisusedasaninexpensive,scalablewaytostorelargevolumesofdata.Near-linestoragedevicescanincludeDATandDLTtapes,opticalstorage,andstandardalsoslowerP-ATAandSATAharddiskdrives.Near-Lineimpliesthatthestorageisnotimmediatelyavailable,butcanbemadeonlinequicklywithouthumanintervention.Near-linecanbeslower,butgenerally,thetypeofdatastoredinnear-linesystemsdoesnotrequireinstantaccess.

Source: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/near-line_storage.html.


UTBMS:Near-NativeForms

Anear-nativeformatdescribesanelectronicdocumentthathasbeenalteredorconvertedfromitsoriginalforminordertoprovideenhancedcontentcontroltoaproducingpartywhilemaintainingalevelofusabilityconsistentwithitsoriginalformat(e.g.conversionofaworddocumenttoaTIFFimagewithOCRtosupportredactions).


UTBMS:Non-CustodialData

Dataorrecordsthatarenotcreatedormaintainedbyanindividualuser,orwhosephysicalstorageandprotectionduringtheretentioncyclearemaintainedbyasystemcustodianandnotend-users.Examplesofnon-custodialdatamayincludedataincertainstructuredsystems,oraccesscontrolorsimilarlogs.Itmaynotbepossibletoattributeauthorshiptonon-custodialdata.IncontrasttoCustodialData.


UTBMS:ObjectiveCoding

Therecordingofbasicdatasuchasdate,author,ordocumenttype,fromdocumentsintoadatabase.


Extractinginformationfromelectronicdocumentssuchasdatecreated,authorrecipient,CCandlinkingeachimagetotheinformationinpre-definedobjectivefields.IndirectoppositiontoSubjectivecodingwherelegalinterpretationsofdatainadocumentarelinkedtoindividualdocuments.Alsocalledbibliographiccoding.



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Extractingvarioussegmentsofinformationfromadocumentsuchasitsauthor,recipient,mailingdate,orotherfields,etc.ObjectiveCodingisusuallydonefromthedocumenttextorimagebecausemetadataorsearchabletextmaybeunavailable(e.g.ahandwrittendocumentthathasbeenscanned),orthedocumentmaycontaininaccuratemetadata(e.g.metadataassociatedwithadocumentwrittenandsignedbyapartnermightreflecttheadministrativeassistantastheauthorwherethedocumentwasoriginallytypedontheassistant’scomputer).

Seealso:

BibliographicCoding

Coding

Indexing

IssueCode

Issuecoding

Levelcoding

Subjectivecoding

Tag

Taxonomiccoding

Verbatimcoding

UTBMS:Off-LineStorage

Anystoragemediumthatisnotimmediatelyavailable,andmustbeinsertedintoastoragedrivebyapersonbeforeitcanbeaccessedbythecomputersystem.ExamplesincludeCD/DVDopticalmedia,USBmemorysticks,andtapecartridges.Offlinestorageisalsocalledremovablestorage.

Source: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/O/offline_storage.html.


UTBMS:On-LineStorage

Onlinestorageisfullyaccessibleandimmediatelyavailable.ThisincludesDRAMmemory,solid-statedrives(SSD),andalways-onspinningdisk,regardlessofrotationalspeed.Incontrasttonear-linestorageandoff-linestorage.


UTBMS:PreservationOrder

Alsocalleda“legalhold,”“hold,”“holdorder,”“holdnotice,”“suspensionorder,”or“freezenotice”.APreservationOrderisacommunicationissuedasaresultofpendingorreasonablyanticipatedlitigationorgovernmentinvestigationoractiondirectingthesuspensionofthenormaldispositionorprocessingofrecords,includingelectronicallystoredinformation.


UTBMS:PrivilegeReview

Areviewofthedocumentsidentifiedasresponsiveorrelevantinaparticularlegalproceedingfortheadditionallegalclassificationofprivilegewhetherasattorney-clientcommunicationorunderthework-productdoctrine.Thelawpermitsadisclosingpartytowithholdproductionof


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documentsonthegroundsoflegalprivilege.Usually,aPrivilegeLogisgeneratedinconjunctionwiththePrivilegeReview.SeealsoPrivilegeLog.


UTBMS:ProductionFormat

Theformatinwhichvariousdocumentsaredeliveredfromonepartytoanotherduringthecourseofalegalproceeding.Availableformatsfordocumentproductionarenative,nearorquasi-native,image(e.g.TIFForPDFimages),andpaper.Rule26(f)setsanexpectationthatthemethodandformatbywhichESIistobeproducedshouldbeconsideredandnegotiatedbythepartiesearlyinthediscoveryprocess.FRCP34(b)(1)(E)(ii)statesthat“ifarequestdoesnotspecifyaformforproducingESI,apartymustproduceitinaformorformsinwhichitisordinarilymaintainedorinareasonablyusableformorforms.”Akeyquestionregardingproductionformatsiswhethertoincludeassociatedmetadata.Seealso:native,near-native,image,andpaper.


UTBMS:ProjectManagement

Projectmanagementisthedisciplineofplanning,organizing,motivating,andcontrollingresourcestoachievespecificgoals.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management.

Aprojectisatemporaryendeavorwithadefinedbeginningandend,undertakentomeetspecificgoalsandobjectivesandcanbedistinguishedfromoperations(businessasusual).Theprimaryobjectiveofprojectmanagementistodelivertheprojectgoalswhilemanagingtheconstraintsonprojectdelivery.Theprimaryconstraintsarescope,time,qualityandbudget.

Source: PMI(2010).AGuidetotheProjectManagementBodyofKnowledgep.27-35.

Thesecondarychallengesaretooptimizetheallocationofnecessaryinputsandintegratethemtomeetpre-definedobjectives.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management.

Projectmanagementprinciplesapplytoe-discovery,andmoste-discoveryactivitiesareprojects.

UTBMS:Redaction

Theprocessingofeditingthecontentofadocument,usuallybyobscuringorremovingcertainsensitive,confidentialorprivilegedinformation,priortoitsproductionfromonepartytoanother.



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UTBMS:SecondPassDocumentReview

Whereadocumentreviewisorganizedinstages,thesecond-passdocumentreviewisthesecond,moredetailedreviewofdocumentsthatwereidentifiedaspotentiallyresponsiveorrelevantinthefirst-passreview.Second-passreviewcanconsistofadetailedreviewofdocumentstodeterminewhatdocumentsshouldbewithheldproductiononthegroundsofprivilege,relevanceorotherfactorsandwhichdocumentsshouldberedacted.Second-passreviewcanalsobeusedtoquality-check(QC)thefirst-passreview.Second-passreviewisfrequentlyperformedbymoreseniorattorneys.Incontrasttofirst-passreview.Seealso:DocumentReview.


UTBMS:SecondaryLineStorage

Computerstorage,asondiskortape,supplementaltoandslowerthanmainstorage,andnotunderthedirectcontroloftheCPUandgenerallycontainedoutsideit.

Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/secondary+storage.


UTBMS:StructuredData

StructuredDataisdatathatisorganized.Themostcommontypeisdatabasecontent.ItreferstoanytypeofdataorganizedsuchasInternetdataorothertypesofdatathathasbeenindexed.


Datathatresidesinafixedfieldwithinarecordorfileiscalledstructureddata.Thisincludesdatacontainedinrelationaldatabasesandspreadsheets.

Source: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/structured_data.html.

UTBMS:SubjectiveCoding

TheSubjectiveCodingofadocumentinvolveslinkingalegalinterpretationtoanindividualdocument.Indirectoppositiontoobjectivecoding,inwhichbibliographicdataaboutthedocumentisrecorded.SubjectiveCodingtypesincludetheclassificationofdocumentsasprivilegedandresponsive,andthecategorizationofdocumentsbylegalissue(“issuecoding”).

Source:EDRMMetricsGlossary

Enteringinformationfromadocumentthatrequiresthecodertoexercisejudgment,suchassubjectorissuecodes.Thisfieldisoftenleftblankforthelawfirm’sparalegalsorassociatestofillin.



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Thecodingofadocumentusinglegalinterpretationasthedatathatfillsafield.Performedbyparalegalsorothertrainedlegalpersonnel.


Categorizingdocumentsbytheirresponsivenesstospecificcaseissuesortopics.

Seealso:

BibliographicCoding

Coding

Indexing

IssueCode

Issuecoding

Levelcoding

Objectivecoding

Tag

Taxonomiccoding

Verbatimcoding

UTBMS:UnstructuredData

UnstructuredDataisthemajorityofdatacreatedtoday.Itistheoppositeof“structureddata”suchasindexeddatafoundinadatabasebecauseitisnotpre-organizedorpre-defined.ExamplesofunstructureddataincludeMicrosoftWordandotherwordprocessingdocuments;spreadsheets;email;Webpages;images;videos;andtext.


Utilities

Asetofroutinesdesignedtoserviceaprogramorsystem.Examplesareutilitiesfilemaintenance,informationrecoveryfromdamageddisks,diskinitializing,diskcopying,routinesystemmaintenancechecks,andsupervisoryfunctions.


V

V.32bis

TheITUstandardfor14.4kbsmodemcommunications.


V.34

TheproposedITUstandardfor28.8kbsmodemcommunications.



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VAD

See: VAR

Validation

Theactofconfirmingthataprocesshasachieveditsintendedpurpose.ValidationmayinvolveStatisticalorJudgmentalSampling.


ValidationMethodologies

ValidationmethodologiesinvolvethecaseteaminreviewingsamplesofdocumentstodeterminelitigationrelevancetoclassifydocumentsasResponsiveorNotResponsivetotheissuesofthecaseandthereforeincreasingtheprecisionofthesearchresults.Resultsofakeywordoriterativesearchmaybevalidatedbyobservingthefrequencyofhits,validatingdroppeditems,samplingnon-hits,andreviewcallfeedbackanalysis.


ValidationTable

Alsocalleda“lookuptable.”Apre-definedsetofentriesforaspecificfield,oftenabbreviations,whichappearwhenthecodermovestothatfield.Validationtablesareusedtocutdownonerrorsduringdataentry.


Value

Utilityorbusinesspurposeofspecificinformation.Thelineofbusinesshasaninterestininformationproportionaltoitsvalue—thedegreetowhichithelpsdrivethe“Profit”orpurposeoftheenterpriseitself,itsmissionandgoals.


Value-AddedDealer

See: VAR

Value-AddedReseller

See: VAR

Value-AddedSpecialtyDistributor

See: VAR


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VAR

Value-AddedResellerValue-AddedDealerValue-AddedSpecialtyDistributor

Companiesorpeoplewhosellcomputerhardwareorsoftwareand"add-value"intheprocess.Mostusuallythevalueaddedisspecifictechnicalormarketingknowledgeand/orexperience.


VASD

See: VAR

VDT(VideoDisplayTerminal)

Genericnameforalldisplayterminals.


VectorGraphics

Asetofroutinesdesignedtoserviceaprogramorsystem.Examplesareutilitiesfilemaintenance,informationrecoveryfromdamageddisks,diskinitializing,diskcopying,routinesystemmaintenancechecks,andsupervisoryfunctions.


Vendor

Thesellerofcomputersorapplications.


Vendor-AddedMetadata

Datacreatedandmaintainedbytheelectronicdiscoveryvendorasaresultofprocessingthedocument.Whilesomevendor-addedmetadatahasdirectvaluetocustomers,muchofitisusedforprocessreporting,chainofcustody,anddataaccountability.Contrastwithcustomer-addedmetadata.





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Seealso:


Documentmetadata

Emailmetadata

Extrinsicdata

Fileparameters

Filesystemmetadata


Generalmetadata

Metadata

VerbatimCoding

Extractingdatafromdocumentsinacollectioninawaythatmatchesexactlyastheinformationappearsinthedocuments.Theoppositeofthestandardizationtypecodingtreatment.


Seealso:

BibliographicCoding

Coding

Indexing

IssueCode

Issuecoding

Levelcoding

Objectivecoding

Subjectivecoding

Tag

Taxonomiccoding

Version

Areleaseofasoftwareprogram.Normally,newversionsincludeadditionalfeatures.


Deduplicationwithinacustodian;identicalcopiesofaDocumentheldbydifferentcustodiansarenotDeduplicated.(Cf.HorizontalDeduplication.)


Seealso:

Basicde-duplication

Casede-duplication


De-duplication

Duplicate


GlobalDeduplication



VESA(VideoElectronicsStandardsAssociation)

Concentratesoncomputervideostandards.



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VGA(VideoGraphicsAdapter)

APCindustrystandard,firstintroducedbyIBMin1987,forcolorvideodisplays.Theminimumdot(pixel)displayis640by480by16colors.Then"SuperVGA"wasintroducedat800x600x16,then256colors.VGAcanextendto1024by768by256colors.ReplacesEGA,anearlierstandardandtheevenolderCGA.Newerstandarddisplayscanrangeupto1600by1280.


VideoDisplayTerminal

See: VDT(VideoDisplayTerminal)

VideoElectronicsStandardsAssociation

See: VESA(VideoElectronicsStandardsAssociation)

VideoGraphicsAdapter

See: VGA(VideoGraphicsAdapter)

VideoScannerInterface

Atypeofdeviceusedtoconnectscannerswithcomputers.ScannerswiththisinterfacerequireascannercontrolboarddesignedbyKofax,XionicsorDunord.


Videoblog(Vlog)

AvlogisaWeblogthatusesvideoasitsprimarymediumfordistributingcontent.Vlogpostsareusuallyaccompaniedbytext,image,andothermetadatatoprovideacontextoroverviewforthevideo.


Virtual

Thecreationofcase-specificwordsandcodestoensureuniformdataentry.Usedinconjunctionwithvalidationtables.


VirtualPrivateNetwork(VPN)

Awaytoprovideremoteaccesstoanorganization'snetworkviatheInternet.VPNssenddataoverthepublicInternetthroughsecure"tunnels."



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Avirtuallyprivatenetworkthatisconstructedbyusingpublicwirestoconnectnodes.


Vlog

See: Videoblog(Vlog)

VocabularyControl

Thecreationofcase-specificwordsandcodestoensureuniformdataentry.Usedinconjunctionwithvalidationtables.


Volume

VolumeistheprincipalvariableofMetrics.VolumeistheamountofdatathatispartoftheeDiscoverycollection.VolumewillsettheestimateforCostandTime.Forexample,alargedataVolumewillcauseanincreaseintheTimerequiredtocompletethePhasesforProcessing,ReviewandProduction,thusincreasingtheCostoftheproject.Ifthevolumeofdatadecreases,Time&Costwillalsolikelydecrease.


VPN

See: VirtualPrivateNetwork(VPN)

W

WAIS(WideAreaInformationServer)

Acentraldatabaseusedforinformationaccessbynetworkusersinmultiplephysicallocations.OftenreferstoanInternetdatabase,butWAISservershaveexistedforsometimeoutsidetheInternetarena.


Seealso:

Database

Flatfiledatabase

Fulltextdatabase

Relationaldatabase

SQL

WAN(WideAreaNetwork)

Acentraldatabaseusedforinformationaccessbynetworkusersinmultiplephysicallocations.OftenreferstoanInternetdatabase,butWAISservershaveexistedforsometimeoutsidetheInternetarena.


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Asystemoflocalareanetworksindifferentphysicallocationsconnectedthroughcommunicationssoftware.


GenerallyanetworkofPC's,remotetoeachother,connectedbytelecommunicationslines.

Seealso:




Network

Peer-to-peernetwork


Standalonecomputer

WAP(WirelessApplicationProtocol)

Awidelyusedsetofprotocolsthatstandardizethemannerinwhichwirelessdevices,suchascellphonesandsomePDAsareabletoaccesspartsoftheInternet,suchase-mailandtheWeb.


WAV

FileextensionnameforWindowssoundfiles.Compressionisnotrequired..WAVfilescanreach5megabytesforoneminuteofaudio.


Web(WorldWideWeb)

TheWWWismadeupofallofthecomputersontheInternetwhichuseHTML-capablesoftware(Netscape,Explorer,etc.)toexchangedata.DataexchangeontheWWWischaracterizedbyeasy-to-usegraphicalinterfaces,hypertextlinks,images,andsound.TodaytheWWWhasbecomesynonymouswiththeInternet,althoughtechnicallyitisreallyjustonecomponent.


TheportionoftheInternetwithaGUI.



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WebReview

Allowsclientsandlitigatorstoreviewmetadata,text,images,ornativefiles,inanycombination,viaaWebbrowserconnectedtoadocumentrepositoryviaasecureon-lineconnection.


WebSite

AcollectionofUniformResourceIndicators(URIs,includingURLs(UniformResourceLocators))inthecontrolofoneadministrativeentity.MayincludedifferenttypesofURIs(i.e.,filetransferprotocolsites,telnetsites,aswellasWorldWideWebsites).


WeightedRelevanceSearch

Atypeofsearchthatwillallowtheusertosortandretrievedocumentsaccordingtoastatistical“weight”givenbytheuseofamathematicalrelevancyevaluationprogram.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch

Wildcardsearch

WhatYouSeeIsWhatYouGet(WYSIWYG)

Pronounced“wizeewig.”Asystemthatallowstheusertoseeonscreenexactlywhatwillbeprintedout.


Display&softwaretechnologywhichshowsonthecomputerscreenexactlywhatyou'llgetwhenyouprintthatscreen.Usuallyrequiresalarge,high-densitymonitor.


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WideAreaInformationServer

See: WAIS(WideAreaInformationServer)

WideAreaNetwork

See: WAN(WideAreaNetwork)

WildcardSearch

Thewildcardsymbol,typically"*",canbeusedwithanyothersearchtoretrievedifferentvariationsofthesameword,e.g.,“insur*”forinsurance,orinsured.


Seealso:

AdHocSearch



Booleansearch

Combinedwordsearch

ComplianceSearch

Conceptsearch

ExploratorySearch

Fulltextsearch

Fuzzysearch

Index

Index/codingfield

Keyword

Keywordsearch


Numericrangesearch

Phonicsearch

Phrasesearch

Proximitysearch

Rangesearch

Search


Sound-alike

Stemming

Synonymsearch

Termsearch

Topicalsearch


Wildcards

Symbolssuchas*or?includedwithinaKeywordtoindicatethatthelocationwherethesymbolsareusedmaymatchasingleletterormultipleletters.



Windows

AsoftwareproductthatprovidesanoperatingenvironmentthatrunsunderMS-DOS,usingaGUIthatcanrundifferentprogramsatthesametimeindifferentwindows.


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Seealso:

DOS

Linux

MicrosoftDOS

MicrosoftWindows


NOS

Operatingsystem

OS

UNIX

Xenix

WindowsNTFileSystem

See: NTFilingSystem(NTFS)

WinZip

WinZipisaprogramcommonlyutilizedtozipfiles.


Wipe

Termfordeliberatelyoverwritingapieceofmediaandremovinganytractoffilesorfilefragments.


WirelessApplicationProtocol

See: WAP(WirelessApplicationProtocol)

Wordnet

AnelectronicthesaurusdevelopedbyGeorgeMillerandhisstudentsatPrincetonUniversity.Usedbysomesystemstoprovidesynonymsforqueryexpansion.


Workflow

Thestreamofinformationprocessingthroughanorganization.


Workgroup

Agroupofcomputerusersconnectedtoshareindividualtalentsandresourcesaswellascomputerhardwareandsoftware–oftentoaccomplishateamgoal.


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Workstation

Asinglecomputer,eitheradesktopwithaharddiskoradumbterminal.


ApowerfulmicrocomputerorminicomputerwithaRISCchip,typicallyusedbyengineersorgraphicstechnicians.


Seealso:

Computer

Fileserver

Laptopcomputer

Microcomputer

Minicomputer

Notebookcomputer

Personalcomputer

WorldWideWeb

See: Web(WorldWideWeb)

WORM(WriteOnce,ReadMany)

AnopticaldiscstoragedevicethatuseslasertechnologysimilartotheCD-ROM.InformationwrittentotheWORMdisc,cannotbealtered.TheadvantagesofWORMareincreaseddiscdensityandlifeexpectancy.


Datastoragedevices(e.g.CD-ROM's)wherethespaceonthediskscanonlybewrittenonce.Thedataispermanentlystored.Thisisoftentoday'sprimarymediaforarchivalinformation.TheexpectedviablelifetimeofaWORMisatleast50years.Sinceit'simpossibletochange,thegovernmenttreatsitjustlikepaperormicrofilmanditisacceptedinlitigationandotherrecord-keepingapplication.Onthenegativeside,thereisnocurrentstandardforhowWORM'sarewritten.TheonlyISOstandardisforthe14"version,manufacturedonlybyonevendor.A5.25"standardisemergingfromtheEuropeanComputerManufacturingAssociationbutisnotyetaccepted.Further,WORMdiscsarewrittenonbothsides,buttherearecurrentlynodrivesthatreadbothsidesatthesametime.Asforspeed,WORMisfasterthantapeorCD-ROM,butslowerthanmagnetic.Typicaldiskaccesstimesrunbetween40and150milliseconds(comparedwith11msforfastmagneticdisksand300msforCD-ROM.Datatransferratesrunbetween1and2MB/sec(comparedwith5to10formagneticdiscsand600KB/secforCD-ROM.Disksizesrunfrom5.25"(1.3gigabytes)to12"(8to10gigabytes)capacities.Thereis


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alsoa14'"disc(13to15gigabytes),onlymanufacturedbyKodak'sopticalstoragegroup.WORM'scanalsobeconfiguredintojukeboxes.Therearevarioustechnologies:

TechnologyDescription Benefit DrawbackAblative:Laserburnsholesindisk

Unalterabledata

Dust,moisturemayaffectmedia

Bubble-forming:Laserformsbubblesinthemedia

Unalterabledata

Fewdrivesavailable

DyePolymer:Laserheatsdyedlayertoformbumps

Potentiallowmediacost

Lasermechanismmoreexpensive;diskswearoutfaster;fewdrivesavailable

Magneto:Laserfocusesmagneticfield

Manysuppliers,longdisklife

NotrueWORMinmulti-function;datatheoreticallyalterable

Phasechange:Laserheatchangesdisk'smolecularstructure

One-passdata(noerasestep)

SameasDyePolymer

FromImagingMagazine,September,1994


WORMDisk

Apopulararchivalstoragemediaduringthe1980s.Acknowledgedasthefirstopticaldisks,theyareprimarilyusedtostorearchivesofdatathatcannotbealtered.WORMdisksarecreatedbystandalonePCsandcannotbeusedonthenetwork,unlikeCD-Rs.


Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

Zipdisk

WriteOnce,ReadMany

See: WORM(WriteOnce,ReadMany)


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WriteProtect

Restrictadiskettefromhavinginformationrecordedtoit.Usedtopreventtheerasureofvaluableinformation.


WYSIWYG

See: WhatYouSeeIsWhatYouGet(WYSIWYG)

X

X.25

Astandardprotocolfordatacommunications.


Xerography

Abeamoflighthitsanelectricallychargeddrumandcausesadischargeatthatpoint.Toneristhenappliedwhichstickstothenon-chargedareas.Paperispressedagainstthedrumtoformtheimageandisthenheatedtodrythetoner.Usedinlaserprintersandcopyingmachines.


XML

See: ExtensibleMarkupLanguage(XML)

Y

Yield

SeePrevalenceorRichness.


Z

Z-TestofProportions

Astatisticalhypothesistestcomparingtwoproportions.Thistestassumesthatthetwoproportionsaredistributedapproximatelyaccordingtothenormaldistribution.Withsamplesizesmorethanafewtens,thisisanappropriateassumption.Itteststhehypothesisthatthereisnodifferencebetweenthetwopopulationproportions.


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Zero-LengthFile

Afilewithfileproperties,0bytesize,(0Bor0K)butnocontent,ormetadata(includingcommercialapplicationdata).


Zip

Theactofcompressinglargefilesintoasinglefile,calledazipfile.Zipfilestakeuplessstoragespacesotheyeasytosendviaemail.NottobeconfusedwithZipdrive,aportablestorageperipheral.


Acommonfilecompressionformatthatallowsquickandeasystoragefortransport.Compressesandcombinesoneormoredocumentsbyutilizinganalgorithmthat'removes'whitespaceandreplacesitwhendecompressiontakesplace.Commonlyusedtocombineandsendlargedocumentsviaemail.


AnopenstandardforcompressionanddecompressionusedwidelyforPCdownloadarchives.ZIPisusedonWindows-basedprogramssuchasWinZipandDragandZip.ThefileextensiongiventoZIPfilesis.zip.


Analgorithmusedtocreateacompressedarchive.Thearchivecancontainmanydifferentfiles,eachofwhichcanberecoveredby“unzipping”thearchive.

ZipDisk

Alargecapacityfloppydiskthatcanonlybereadfromorwrittentousingaproprietaryzipdiskdrive.

Seealso:

CD

CD-R

CD-ROM

CD-RW

Disc

Disk

Diskette

DVD

DVD-ROM

Floppydisk

Harddisk

Harddrive

Jazdisk

Laserdisc

Magneticdisk


Media

Opticaldisk

Storagemedia

WORMdisk

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ZipDrive

Abrand-namemagneticstoragedevicethatcanholdbetween100and250megabytesofdata.




Seealso:

Diskdrive

Floppydiskdrive

Jazdrive


Portabledrive

Storagedevice

Tapedrive

ZoneOCR

Anadd-onfeatureoftheimagingsoftwarethatpopulatesdocumenttemplatesbyreadingcertainregionsorzonesofadocument,andthenplacingthetextintoadocumentindex.


.

.E01File

".E01"isalegacyEnCaseevidencefileformat.An".E01"fileisabyte-for-byterepresentationofaphysicaldeviceoralogicalvolume.

Source: EnCaseForensicImager,Version7.06,User'sGuide.GuidanceSoftware.

.Ex01File

".Ex01"isthecurrentEnCaseevidencefileformat.An".Ex01"fileisabyte-for-byterepresentationofaphysicaldeviceoralogicalvolume.IthasLZcompression,AES256encryptionwithkeypairsorpasswords,andoptionsforMD5hashing,SHA-1hashing,orboth.

Source: EnCaseForensicImager,Version7.06,User'sGuide.GuidanceSoftware.