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KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National
Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics
www.kit.edu
m = ½
m = -½
ħ ω = ΔE = ħ γB0
BoEm
0 ΔE
up
down
NMR and MRI in Chemical and Process EngineeringEdme H. Hardy
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics2 2.11.2009
Contents
1 Basics of NMR and MRI2 Examples of in situ applications3
Requirements, limitations4 Compact, mobile systems5 Contact
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics3 2.11.2009
1 Basics of NMR and MRI
For dN NMR-active nuclei in a volume dV in an external flux
density B a nuclear magnetization M is observed in thermal
equilibrium.
The nuclear magnetization is proportional to the density of
nuclear spin I:
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics4 2.11.2009
1 Basics of NMR and MRI
In an external field B the magnetization experiences a torque
density T:
The torque density results in a change of density of spin:
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics5 2.11.2009
1 Basics of NMR and MRI
These three relations lead to the classical equations of
motion:
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics6 2.11.2009
1 Basics of NMR and MRI
NMR, MRI: manipulation of magnetization dynamics via B(r,
t)Sample: NMR-relevant parameter vector
and associated distribution („spin density“)
NMR signal and sample properties: integral transform
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics7 2.11.2009
2 Examples of in situ applications
Solid-liquid separationDust separation Microwave heating and
dryingTrickle bed
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics8 2.11.2009
2 Examples of in situ applications
Solid-liquid separation
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics9 2.11.2009
2 Examples of in situ applications
Solid-liquid separation
Filter-cake buildup, SimulationFilter-cake buildup, MRI
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics10 2.11.2009
2 Examples of in situ applications
Dust separation
Structure of fibrous filter(MRI, detail, 30 µm resolution)
Oil-filled microcapsules as test particles,6 µm diameter
(SEM)
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics11 2.11.2009
2 Examples of in situ applications
Dust separation
Dust-loading profile after 2 hours Dust-loading profile after
8.5 hours
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics12 2.11.2009
2 Examples of in situ applications
Microwave heating and drying
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics13 2.11.2009
2 Examples of in situ applications
Microwave heating and drying
Simulation
Messung
x / mm y / mm
z / m
m
x / mm y / mm
Simulation
Experiment
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics14 2.11.2009
2 Examples of in situ applications
Trickle bed
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics15 2.11.2009
2 Examples of in situ applications
Trickle bed
Structure for Spheres and Trilobes Radial Porosity Profiles
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics16 2.11.2009
2 Examples of in situ applications
Trickle bed
Velocity field (mm/s) for one-phase liquid flow through a
ceramic sponge
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics17 2.11.2009
2 Examples of in situ applications
Trickle bed
Identification of individual particles Differentiation of
catalyst and supportvia NMR-Relaxation
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics18 2.11.2009
3 Requirements, limitations
NMR-active nuclei (1H, 19F, 31P, …)Transparency for radio waves
(not optical waves)No electrically conducting material within the
measuring zoneNo ferromagnetic devices near a superconducting
magnetSample must fit into the magnet (KIT: ~ 5 to 65 mm)Tomography
is difficult for dry, solid samples
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics19 2.11.2009
3 Requirements, limitations
Spatial resolution: typically up to 256x256x256 sampling
pointsTemporal resolution: ~second to hoursVelocity range: ~mm/s to
cm/sTemperature resolution: ~K
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics20 2.11.2009
4 Compact, mobile systems
Ferromagnetic devices permitted close to the permanent magnetNMR
apparatus can be brought to the samplePossibilities for
single-sided and inside-out NMR
NMR-based Capillary RheometryRheo-TD-NMRMoisture ProfilesMedium
ResolutionDroplets Size DistributionSFC, Oil and Water Content,
Spin finish, H content,…
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics21 2.11.2009
4 Compact, mobile systems
NMR-based Capillary Rheometry: in situ Velocimetry
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics22 2.11.2009
4 Compact, mobile systems
NMR-based Capillary Rheometry: in situ Velocimetry
Velocity Probability Density FunctionOlive Oil (∇) and
Mayonnaise (◊)
Viscosity Function (Olive Oil,Mayo., PVP Solution,
Dispersion)
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics23 2.11.2009
4 Compact, mobile systems
Rheo-TD-NMR
T p ω
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics24 2.11.2009
4 Compact, mobile systems
Moisture Profiles
Test sample
Experiment
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Dr. E. H. Hardy, Lv-Nr: 22954 Inst. f. Mechanical Process
Engineering and Mechanics25 2.11.2009
5 Contact
Spokesperson tomography group:Prof. R. Reimert, CIW-VT, EBI-GEK,
KIT CSLocal contact tomography laboratory:Dr. G. Guthausen, CIW-VT,
IMVM, SRG 10-2, KIT CSLow-field NMR Medium Resolution and
Droplets-Size Distribution: Dr. G. GuthausenLow-field NMR-based
Capillary Rheometry, Rheo-TD NMR and Imaging: Dr. E. H. Hardy,
CIW-VT, IMVM, KIT CS
Thanks to D. Mertens, R. Reimert, H. Nirschl, H. Buggisch, DFG,
SRG 10-2 C2F Excellence Initiative