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EditorialBone Tissue Engineering for Dentistry and
Orthopaedics
Yin Xiao1,2
1 Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland
University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove,Brisbane,
QLD 4059, Australia
2 Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine (ACCTERM), Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
Correspondence should be addressed to Yin Xiao;
[email protected]
Received 5 November 2014; Accepted 5 November 2014; Published 26
November 2014
Copyright © 2014 Yin Xiao. This is an open access article
distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
whichpermits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Bone has a strong capacity for self-repair; however, condi-tions
such as complex trauma, tumor, infection, and con-genital
disorders, which can cause large bone defects andresorption, often
result in devastating deficits of dental andskeletal tissues.
Clinically, this can lead to nonunion of boneand the loss of
functional support to surrounding tissues,with the consequence of
significant impact on the qualityof life of patients.This is a
challenging situation that typicallyrequires bone grafting and
complicated and expensive treat-ment strategies.
Currently the gold standard material for bone defectrepair is
autografts; however, donor site morbidity and lim-ited supply
prevent the wide application of this method. Allo-grafts and
xenografts can address the supply issue but faceissues such as
immune rejection and potential transmissionof infectious diseases.
In view of the limitations inherent withconventional bone graft
strategies, tissue engineering repre-sents a promising approach for
bone repair and regeneration.Advances in tissue engineering have
led to innovative scaffolddesigns, complemented by progress in the
understanding ofcell-based therapies and bioactive growth factor
delivery.
Bone tissue engineering strategies have demonstratedthat there
is great potential to address the ever-pressing clin-ical need and
have attracted attention from scientists, engi-neers, and
clinicians worldwide over the past 25 years.This isreflected by the
increasing interest shown by our readershipand authors in this
promising field and we are, therefore,pleased to present this
special issue. In this issue, we havecompiled fourteen exciting
papers, including research articlesand reviews that reflect the
diversity of this fascinating subject
and provide a better understanding of recent advances in
thefield of bone tissue engineering.
The fundamental concept of bone tissue engineering isto combine
progenitor cells or osteogenically differentiated/mature cells (for
osteogenesis) seeded onto biocompatiblescaffolds and ideally in
three-dimensional structures (forosteoconduction and vascular
ingrowth), with appropriategrowth factors (for osteoinduction) to
generate functionalbone structures. Effective cell-based therapies
for bone tissueengineering typically employ the coordinated
manipulationof cells and biologically active signaling molecules.
Y. Wuet al. have demonstrated the potential use of
temporo-mandibular joint derived synovial stem cells (TMJ-SDSCs)
inTMJ disc repair and regeneration. Y. Zhou et al. report thata
hypoxic microenvironment can maintain cell proliferationcapacity,
enhance pluripotency, and promote differentiation,indicating that
effective cell isolation and expansion underhypoxic conditions may
be a viable technique for autologouscell-based therapies. S. Tuan
et al. present a review on thefunctional regulation of osteoblast
lineage cells in healthand osteoporosis, with an emphasis on the
application ofstrontium and its role in regulating bone remodeling
via itsinvolvement in a number of pathways. B. Chen et al.
havefocused on the role of nuclear factor-𝜅B ligand (RANKL)in
periodontal bone resorption and explored the factorsinvolved in the
regulation of the RANKL expression. Q.Zhang et al. provide an
overview of the role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in bone loss
diseases and discuss the possibilityof IL-10 adoption in the
treatment of bone-related diseases,whereasK. Luo et al. show
evidence that suggests that changes
Hindawi Publishing CorporationBioMed Research
InternationalVolume 2014, Article ID 241067, 2
pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/241067
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2 BioMed Research International
of the expression of cytokines and bone turnover markersin
periodontium of ovariectomized rats can contribute to thedamage of
periodontal tissues.
Optimizing and refining the use of scaffolds is anotherimportant
aspect for bone tissue engineering. Taking theircues from the
extracellular matrix, C. Rentsch et al. havedeveloped embroidered
polycaprolactone-co-lactide (PCL)scaffolds that are coated with
collagen/chondroitin sul-phate and which can enhance de novo bone
forma-tion and be used as skull bone implants for large invivo
defects. M. Shi et al. have constructed multifunc-tional nanosized
mesoporous bioactive glass/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
composite-coated CaSiO
3scaffolds that
have improved mechanical strength,
apatite-mineralizationactivity, cytocompatibility, and
drug-delivery properties andwhich have promising applications in
bone tissue engineer-ing. G. Wu et al. have shown that the drug
loading efficiencyand release profile of bioactive scaffolds can be
adjustedby changing the internal phase of the microparticles.
Thisprovides better understanding when fabricating multipur-pose in
situ drug releasing scaffolds for future clinical appli-cations. X.
Yu et al. report that the cellular responses tobiomimetic calcium
phosphate coatings are inferior to analkaline-treated titanium
surface, highlighting that substratesurface properties directly
influence cell adhesion ondifferentbiomaterials.
With a firm focus on maintaining biomechanical proper-ties, Z.
Zhou et al. report that injection of hydrogel into
theintervertebral discs can greatly restore the shock absorptionof
this tissue, suggesting that hydrogel injections may be apromising
clinical approach to manage intervertebral discdegeneration. B.
Lohberger et al. have evaluated the effectsof cyclic tensile strain
on the cell differentiation towards anosteogenic lineage, thereby
contributing to a better under-standing of strain-induced bone
remodeling. E. Chung et al.further demonstrate that the combination
of tensile andthermal stress conditioning over a short period has
thepotential to modify cellular performance and thus
syner-gistically promotes bone regeneration. In order to
providescientific and empirical evidence for the clinical
applicationof the polyaxial self-locking anatomical plate, W. Liang
et al.have gathered geometrical data on the distal tibias
andmanufactured a variable locking screw trajectory to
improvescrew-plate stability through the design of a polyaxial
self-locking anatomical plate.
Bone tissue engineering has become increasingly depen-dent on
the emergence of innovations from all of these fields,even as they
have continued to evolve independently. Bygathering these papers in
this issue, we seek to incorporatethe diverse areas of research in
order to reflect current trends.It is our hope that this will
enrich our readers and the widerange of researchers in the field of
bone tissue engineering forthe application in orthopaedics and
dentistry.
Yin Xiao
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